scholarly journals Neural Energy Supply-Consumption Properties Based on Hodgkin-Huxley Model

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yihong Wang ◽  
Rubin Wang ◽  
Xuying Xu
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Integral Model ◽  
Energy Calculation ◽  
Cognitive Behaviors ◽  
Neural Energy ◽  
Utilization Ratio

Electrical activity is the foundation of the neural system. Coding theories that describe neural electrical activity by the roles of action potential timing or frequency have been thoroughly studied. However, an alternative method to study coding questions is the energy method, which is more global and economical. In this study, we clearly defined and calculated neural energy supply and consumption based on the Hodgkin-Huxley model, during firing action potentials and subthreshold activities using ion-counting and power-integral model. Furthermore, we analyzed energy properties of each ion channel and found that, under the two circumstances, power synchronization of ion channels and energy utilization ratio have significant differences. This is particularly true of the energy utilization ratio, which can rise to above 100% during subthreshold activity, revealing an overdraft property of energy use. These findings demonstrate the distinct status of the energy properties during neuronal firings and subthreshold activities. Meanwhile, after introducing a synapse energy model, this research can be generalized to energy calculation of a neural network. This is potentially important for understanding the relationship between dynamical network activities and cognitive behaviors.

Beyond Malthus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Primary Energy Supply

This chapter explores the evolving understanding of carbon and sustainability since the 18th and 19th centuries. Relevant applications of influential ideas are then identified with respect to knowledge, innovation, policy, and meta-level change. More than 100 years ago, Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius hypothesized about the onset of ice ages and interglacial periods by considering high latitude temperature shifts (NASA Earth Observatory, n.d.). Applying an energy budget model and ideas of other scientists, like John Tyndall, Arrhenius argued that changes in trace atmospheric constituents, particularly carbon dioxide, could significantly alter the Earth’s heat budget (Arrhenius, 1896, 1897; NASA Earth Observatory, n.d.). Today, science indicates that the global, average surface temperature has continued to rise alongside the increase in greenhouse gases. Among global GHGs, CO2 emissions have increased by more than a factor of 1,000 in absolute terms since 1800. During that time, global carbon emissions found in the primary energy supply increased by roughly 6% per year (Grubler, 2008a). This growth in carbon emissions from energy is significant because CO2 from fuel combustion dominates global GHG emissions (IEA, 2015a and 2015b; IPCC, 2013). As noted earlier, 68% of the global GHGs that are attributed to human activity are linked to the energy sector; namely, fuel combustion and fugitive emissions (IEA, 2015a). Within this share, 90% consisted of CO2 (IEA, 2015a). In contrast to the rise in absolute numbers, carbon emissions per unit of output in the global primary energy supply has decreased 36% overall or by slightly less than 0.2% per year over the past two centuries (Grubler, 2008a). This subtle decarbonizing pattern in the energy mix is explained by the faster growth rate of energy use in relation to the rate of carbon emissions from that use. The delinking of energy utilization and carbon emissions occurred in part with the introduction of less carbon-intensive fossil fuel sources, like natural gas, in which a higher hydrogen-to-carbon ratio is evident (Gibbons and Gwin, 2009; Grubler, 2004, citing Marchetti, 1985).

scholarly journals ANALISA ENERGI DAN EKSERGI PADA PENGERINGAN TEPUNG TAPIOKA MENGGUNAKAN PENGERING KONTINYU UNGGUN FLUIDISASI GETAR

REAKTOR ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suherman Suherman ◽  
Rona Trisnaningtyas
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Exergy Analysis ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Exergetic Efficiency ◽  
Energy And Exergy ◽  
Vibrated Fluidized Bed ◽  
Energy And Exergy Analysis ◽  
Utilization Ratio

Energy and exergy analysis of cassava starch drying in continuous vibrated fluidized bed dryer were carried out to assess the performance of the system in terms of energy utilization ratio, energy efficiency, exergy inflow and outflow, exergy loss, and exergetic efficiency. The results showed cassava starch has starch content 87%, degree of whiteness 95%, negative fiber content, sperichal granula with average diameter12.32 μm, orthorhombic crystal structure and crystal size 47.467 nm . Energy utilization and energy utilization ratio increased from 0.08 to 0.20 J/s and 0.35 to 0.4 as the drying temperature  increased from 50 to 70 oC. Energy efficiency increased from 13.80 % to 23.31 %, while exergy inflow, outflow, and losses increased from 4.701 to 14.678, 2.277 to 6.344, and 2.424 to 8.334 J/s respectively in the above temperature range. Exergetic efficiency decreased with increase in drying air temperature, while exergetic improvement potential increased with increased drying air temperature. Keywords: Cassava starch, continuous drying, energy and exergy analysis, vibrated fluidized bed Abstrak Analisis energi dan eksergi pengeringan pati tapioka menggunakan pengering kontinu unggun fluidisasi getar, telah dilakukan untuk menilai kinerja sistem dalam bentuk utilisasi energi, efisiensi energi, eksergi masuk dan keluar, eksergi hilang dan efisiensi eksergi. Hasil analisis pati memiliki kandungan starch 87%, tingkat keputihan 95%, kandungan serat negatif, bentuk partikel granular spherical dengan diameter 12,32 μm, struktur kristal orthorhombic dan ukuran kristal sebesar 47,467 nm. Peningkatan suhu pengering dari 50 menjadi 70 0C akan meningkatkan utilisasi energi dan rasio utilisasi energi dari 0,08 menjadi 0,20 J/s dan 0,35 menjadi 0,4. Efisiensi energi meningkat dari 13,80% hingga 23,31%, sedangkan eksergi masuk dan keluar, eksergi hilang meningkat dari 4,701 menjadi 14,678, 2,277 menjadi 6,344, dan 2,424 menjadi 8,334 J/s. Efisiensi eksergi menurun dengan naiknya suhu sedangkan potensi pengembangan eksergi meningkat dengan naiknya suhu. Kata kunci:. Analisis energi dan eksergi, pati tapioka, pengeringan kontinu, unggun fluidisasi getar

TINJAUAN SINGKAT OPTIMALISASI PEMANFAATAN ENERGI SURYA PADA SEKTOR RUMAH TANGGA

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ligan Budi Pratomo ◽  
Nazaruddin Sinaga
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Household Sector ◽  
The Government

Energy use always increases, especially fossil energy. Through the National Energy Policy, the government continues to strive to increase the role of new and renewable energy sources so as to reduce dependence on fossil energy. Solar power generation is a type of renewable energy generator that capable to convert solar energy to electric energy. The main components of solar power generatios are batteries, solar panels, charger controllers, and inverters.  Solar power generations technology itself is always being developed, such as automatic monitoring and sun tracking systems designed to improve system performance. One of the applications of solar power generations is in the household sector. In this sector consumes 49% of the national electricity energy in 2018. This type of generator is categorized as a roof solar power generations. Based on existing data, there were 1400  roof solar power generations users in September 2019. The development of solar energy utilization for the household sector is very appropriate because it can help achieve renewable energy about 23% in 2025 and 31% in 2050 in the national energy mix.

CITIES, ENERGY AND CLIMATE: SEVEN REASONS TO QUESTION THE DENSE HIGH-RISE CITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-214
Author(s):  
Chris Butters ◽  
Ali Cheshmehzangi ◽  
Paola Sassi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Medium Density ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Operational Energy

ABSTRACT Dense high-rise cities offer some advantages in terms of sustainability but have considerable downsides. Low-dense and medium-rise typologies have been shown to offer good social qualities; their potential energy and carbon advantages have received less attention. As the energy consumption, emissions of cities and heat island effects increase; we question whether dense, high-rise cities offer optimal sustainability. We discuss seven areas where medium density and lower rise typologies offer advantages in terms of energy and climate including: land use/density; microclimate/green space; energy supply; transports; operational energy/carbon; embodied energy/carbon; and resilience. The aim is to discuss the cumulative importance of these areas in the context of sustainable energy use and climate emissions. These areas are subject to ongoing research and are only discussed briefly, since the overarching synthesis perspective for urban planning is our focus. The picture that emerges when these points are seen together, suggests that medium density and lower rise options—like traditional European typologies—may offer, in addition to social qualities, very significant advantages in terms of energy, carbon and climate emissions.

A Study on the Influence of Planar Mechanism Design on Energy Use During Controlled Movements

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Myszka ◽  
Austin M. Fischer ◽  
Andrew P. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Multiple Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Robotic Devices ◽  
Actuator Control

This paper presents a study on the energy utilization of planar automation mechanisms that operate with controlled moves. Designers of factory automation for pick & place tasks often select multiple degree-of-freedom robotic devices. With multiple degrees-of-freedom, task flexibility is available, but many operations require little or no flexibility. The majority of research on the energy usage of these robot devices for pick & place tasks focuses on path planning. The study presented in this paper explores the energy savings in using low degree-of-freedom devices and the influence of design parameter selection. Energy predictor equations are developed and confirmed through experimentation. Various positioning mechanisms of differing dimensions are studied for trends in energy utilization. Lastly, an actuator control strategy is proposed for further reducing energy requirements. The study concludes that energy usage can be substantially decreased in pick & place applications by reducing the degrees of freedom of the device, implementing a prudent mechanism architecture, ideally selecting mechanism dimensions and optimally controlling the actuator(s).

Measurement of protein turnover in the small intestine of lambs. 1. Development of an experimental model

1997 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-231
Author(s):  
S. A. NEUTZE ◽  
J. M. GOODEN ◽  
V. H. ODDY
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Protein Pool ◽  
Fractional Synthesis ◽  
The Mean

The objective of this study was to develop an experimental model to measure both fractional and absolute rates of protein synthesis in the small intestine of lambs. Six male castrate lambs (∼6 months old, mean liveweight 26 kg) were offered, via continuous feeders, 900 g/day lucerne chaff. They were prepared with catheters in the cranial mesenteric vein (CMV), femoral artery (FA), jugular vein and abomasum, and a blood flow probe around the CMV. Cr-EDTA (0·139 mg Cr/ml, ∼0·2 ml/min) was infused abomasally for 24 h and L-[2,6-3H]phenylalanine (Phe) (441±33·8 μCi into the abomasum) and L-[U-14C]phenylalanine (43·9±4·08 μCi into the jugular) were also infused during the last 8 h. Blood from the CMV and FA was sampled during isotope infusions. At the end of infusions, lambs were killed and tissue and digesta samples removed from four sites along the small intestine (SI). Transfers of labelled and unlabelled Phe were measured between SI tissue, its lumen and blood, enabling both fractional and absolute rates of protein synthesis and gain to be estimated. The total SI protein pool was 84 (±1·7) g and fractional gain rate was 7·5 (±5·5)% per day. Mean protein synthesis and fractional synthesis rates (FSR) were calculated from the mean retention of 14C and 3H in SI tissue. FSR tended to increase caudally along the SI (although P > 0·05). The choice of free Phe pool for estimating precursor specific radioactivity (SRA) for protein synthesis had a significant effect on FSR. Assuming that tissue free Phe SRA represented precursor SRA gave a mean FSR of 129 (±24)% per day. Corresponding estimates for free Phe SRA in the FA and CMV were 20 (±1·8) and 30 (±3·1)% per day respectively. The correct value for protein synthesis was therefore in doubt, although indirect evidence suggested that blood SRA (either FA or CMV) may be closest to true precursor SRA. This evidence included (i) comparison with flooding dose estimates of FSR, (ii) comparison of 3H[ratio ]14C Phe SRA in free Phe pools with this ratio in SI protein, and (iii) the proportion of SI energy use associated with protein synthesis. Advantages of the present experimental model compared to other methods included (i) measurements of both protein synthesis and gain, and hence, all components of turnover, (ii) measurement of absolute as well as fractional rates of synthesis and gain, (iii) inclusion of proteins which are synthesised and exported, and (iv) concurrent measurement of protein synthesis and energy utilization by the small intestine.

Design for Sustainable Data Center Energy Use and Eco-Footprint

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton Meckler
Keyword(s):  
Data Center ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Operational Reliability ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems

What does remain a growing concern for many users of Data Centers is their continuing availability following the explosive growth of internet services in recent years, The recent maximizing of Data Center IT virtualization investments has resulted in improving the consolidation of prior (under utilized) server and cabling resources resulting in higher overall facility utilization and IT capacity. It has also resulted in excessive levels of equipment heat release, e.g. high energy (i.e. blade type) servers and telecommunication equipment, that challenge central and distributed air conditioning systems delivering air via raised floor or overhead to rack mounted servers arranged in alternate facing cold and hot isles (in some cases reaching 30 kW/rack or 300 W/ft2) and returning via end of isle or separated room CRAC units, which are often found to fight each other, contributing to excessive energy use. Under those circumstances, hybrid, indirect liquid cooling facilities are often required to augment above referenced air conditioning systems in order to prevent overheating and degradation of mission critical IT equipment to maintain rack mounted subject rack mounted server equipment to continue to operate available within ASHRAE TC 9.9 prescribed task psychometric limits and IT manufacturers specifications, beyond which their operational reliability cannot be assured. Recent interest in new web-based software and secure cloud computing is expected to further accelerate the growth of Data Centers which according to a recent study, the estimated number of U.S. Data Centers in 2006 consumed approximately 61 billion kWh of electricity. Computer servers and supporting power infrastructure for the Internet are estimated to represent 1.5% of all electricity generated which along with aggregated IT and communications, including PC’s in current use have also been estimated to emit 2% of global carbon emissions. Therefore the projected eco-footprint of Data Centers into the future has now become a matter of growing concern. Accordingly our paper will focus on how best to improve the energy utilization of fossil fuels that are used to power Data Centers, the energy efficiency of related auxiliary cooling and power infrastructures, so as to reduce their eco-footprint and GHG emissions to sustainable levels as soon as possible. To this end, we plan to demonstrate significant comparative savings in annual energy use and reduction in associated annual GHG emissions by employing a on-site cogeneration system (in lieu of current reliance on remote electric power generation systems), introducing use of energy efficient outside air (OSA) desiccant assisted pre-conditioners to maintain either Class1, Class 2 and NEBS indoor air dew-points, as needed, when operated with modified existing (sensible only cooling and distributed air conditioning and chiller systems) thereby eliminating need for CRAC integral unit humidity controls while achieving a estimated 60 to 80% (virtualized) reduction in the number servers within a existing (hypothetical post-consolidation) 3.5 MW demand Data Center located in southeastern (and/or southern) U.S., coastal Puerto Rico, or Brazil characterized by three (3) representative microclimates ranging from moderate to high seasonal outside air (OSA) coincident design humidity and temperature.

Research of Contradiction between Energy Use and Industrial Development of Underdeveloped Regions in Northwest - Yinchuan City in Ningxia Autonomous Region as an Example

2014 ◽  
Vol 522-524 ◽  
pp. 1670-1674
Author(s):  
Qian Dong
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Great Pressure ◽  
Good Energy ◽  
Industry Planning

Industrialization brings great pressure to the construction of urban ecological environment. Yinchuan of Ningxia, located in the northwest economic underdeveloped regions, has good energy supply conditions. Unreasonable energy consumption structure and energy utilization way leads to massive energy consumption. Give some prediction for the possible future energy demand mode, and give suggestion on aspects of the urban heating and the development of energy industry planning.

scholarly journals TECHNOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC INNOVATIONS FOR IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF BUILDINGS (Review)

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
B.I. Basok ◽  
E.T. Baseyev
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Heat Supply ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Diagnostic Center ◽  
Total Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Audits

The communal heat power engineering of Ukraine and its main area - the heat supply of the settlements of Ukraine - is the main consumer of primary energy resources (more than 60% of the total energy balance of the country, mainly imported natural gas). At the same time, this sector has the greatest potential for energy saving if measures and mechanisms are used to increase the efficiency of energy use, first of all with energy supply in buildings (thermal losses here reach up to 40%). Low energy efficiency of heat supply is the main reason for high tariffs for the consumer of housing and communal services and the challenge of social tension. Increasing energy efficiency is a basic condition for national economic, environmental and social stability, a requirement for the safety of life and a guarantee of the entire national security of the country. An overview of technological, organizational and socio-economic innovations for increasing energy efficiency of buildings is presented. Innovative equipment and technologies for increasing the energy efficiency of buildings and innovative engineering systems for their energy supply have been carried out at ITTP NAS of Ukraine. The method of determination of energy efficiency indicators of buildings, enclosing structures of buildings and the practice of conducting energy audits with the use of such diagnostic center measures as demonstration building of the "zero energy" constructed on the territory of ITT of NAS of Ukraine with energy supply from renewable energy sources (heat of soil, insolation, wind). Such a demonstration facility serves as a scientific and methodological center for training students of heat energy specialties, as well as the training of specialists involved in the development of energy efficient energy supply technologies for buildings and their energy audit. On the problems of increasing energy efficiency of the building sector in the near future, the main objectives of scientific research, subjects of fundamental, applied research, subjects, methods and tools of such research were determined.

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