scholarly journals Relevance of the Physicochemical Properties of Calcined Quail Eggshell (CaO) as a Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Marques Correia ◽  
Juan Antonio Cecilia ◽  
Enrique Rodríguez-Castellón ◽  
Célio Loureiro Cavalcante ◽  
Rodrigo Silveira Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Activity Phase ◽  
Temperature Programmed ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

The CaO solid derived from natural quail eggshell was calcined and employed as catalyst to produce biodiesel via transesterification of sunflower oil. The natural quail eggshell was calcined at 900°C for 3 h, in order to modify the calcium carbonate present in its structure in CaO, the activity phase of the catalyst. Both precursor and catalyst were characterized using Hammett indicators method, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), CO2temperature-programmed desorption (CO2-TPD), X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2adsorption-desorption at −196°C, and distribution particle size. The maximum biodiesel production was of 99.00 ± 0.02 wt.% obtained in the following transesterification reaction conditions:XMR(sunflower oil/methanol molar ratio of 1 : 10.5 mol : mol),XCAT(catalyst loading of 2 wt.%),XTIME(reaction time of 2 h), stirring rate of 1000 rpm, and temperature of 60°C.

Efficient Synthesis of Diethyl Carbonate by Mg, Zn Promoted Hydroxyapatite via Transesterification Reaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kartikeya Shukla ◽  
Vimal Chandra Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Diethyl Carbonate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Basicity ◽  
Temperature Programmed ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

AbstractTransesterification of propylene carbonate (PC) and ethanol is a potent non-phosgene route for the synthesis of diethyl carbonate (DEC). In the present study, hydroxyapatite was synthesized and modified using Zn and Mg (Zn/HAP and Mg/HAP). Modified hydroxyapatite was used as catalyst for the synthesis of DEC. The thermal analysis of the catalytic precursor was studied using thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis. The structural analysis, surface morphology, and nature of active sites over the catalyst surface were studied using techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy, and CO2 temperature-programmed desorption. Effects of reaction conditions like reaction temperature, reaction time and ethanol/PC molar ratio on DEC yield were also studied. The effects of Mg and Zn on HAP were found to be promotional for the synthesis of DEC using PC and ethanol. Mg/HAP was found to be the best among the three catalysts studied owing to its high basicity. Maximum DEC yield of 52.1 % was obtained in 5 h at 433 K using Mg/HAP catalyst.

scholarly journals Single-Pot Synthesis of Biodiesel using Efficient Sulfonated-Derived Tea Waste-Heterogeneous Catalyst

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 2293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umer Rashid ◽  
Junaid Ahmad ◽  
Mohd Lokman Ibrahim ◽  
Jan Nisar ◽  
Muhammad Asif Hanif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Tea Waste ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Temperature Programmed ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

The main purpose of this manuscript is to report the new usage of tea waste (TW) as a catalyst for efficient conversion of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) to biodiesel. In this work, we investigate the potential of tea waste char as a catalyst for biodiesel production before and after sulfonation. The activated sulfonated tea waste char catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), elemental composition (CHNS), nitrogen adsorption-desorption using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and ammonia-temperature-programmed desorption (NH3-TPD). The activated tea waste char catalyst shows higher acid density of 31 μmol g−1 as compared to tea waste char of 16 μmol g−1 and higher surface area of 122 m2/g. The optimum fatty acid conversion conditions were found that 4 wt % of catalyst loading with 9:1 of methanol:PFAD for 90 min of reaction time at 65 °C gives 97% free fatty acid (FFA) conversion. In conclusion, the sulfonated tea waste (STW) catalyst showed an impressive catalytic activity towards the esterification of PFAD at optimum reaction conditions with significant recyclability in five successive cycles without any reactivation step.

scholarly journals Modeling the biodiesel production using the wheat straw ash as a catalyst

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 257-276
Author(s):  
Ana Velickovic ◽  
Jelena Avramovic ◽  
Milan Kostic ◽  
Jugoslav Krstic ◽  
Olivera Stamenkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Straw Ash

Wheat straw ash (WSA) was investigated as a new catalyst in biodiesel production from sunflower oil. The catalyst was characterized by temperature-programmed decomposition, X- ray powder diffraction, Hg porosimetry, N2 physisorption, and scanning electron microscopy - energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy methods. The methanolysis reaction was tested in the temperature range of 55?65?C, the catalyst loading range 10?20 % of the oil weight, and the methanol-to-oil molar ratio range 18 : 1?24 : 1. The reaction conditions of the sunflower oil methanolysis over WSA were optimized by using the response surface methodology in combination with the historical experimental design. The optimum process conditions ensuring the highest fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) content of 98.6 % were the reaction temperature of 60.3?C, the catalyst loading of 11.6 % (based on the oil weight), the methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 18.3 :1, and the reaction time of 124 min. The values of the statistical criteria, such as coefficients of determination (R2 = 0.811, R2 = 0.789, R2 = 0.761) and the mean relative percent deviation (MRPD) value of 10.6 % (66 data) implied the acceptability and precision of the developed model. The FAME content after 4 h of reaction under the optimal conditions decreased to 37, 12, and 3 %, after the first, second, and third reuse, respectively.

scholarly journals Utilisation of Non-Edible Source (Pongamia pinnata Seeds Shells) for Producing Methyl Esters as Cleaner Fuel in the Presence of a Novel Heterogeneous Catalyst Synthesized from Waste Eggshells

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (19) ◽  
pp. 5772
Author(s):  
Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Process Time ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Temperature Programmed

Waste eggshells were considered for synthesising a precursor (CaO) for a heterogeneous catalyst, further impregnated by alkali caesium oxide (Cs2O). The following techniques were used to characterise the synthesised catalysts: X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Temperature Programmed Desorption (CO2-TPD). The synthesised catalyst revealed its suitability for transesterification to produce biodiesel. The biodiesel production process was optimised, and it showed that the optimal biodiesel yield is 93.59%. The optimal set of process parameters is process temperature 80 °C, process time 90 min, methanol-to-oil molar ratio 8 and catalyst loading 3 wt.%. It has been found that the high basicity of the catalyst tends to give a high biodiesel yield at low methanol-to-oil ratio 8 when the reaction time is also less (90 min). The fuel properties of biodiesel also satisfied the standard limits defined by ASTM and the EN standards. Thus, the synthesised catalyst from waste eggshells is highly active, improved the biodiesel production conditions and PPSS oil is a potential nonedible source.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production on Monometallic Pt, Pd, Ru, and Ag Catalysts Supported on Natural Zeolite

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Pawel Mierczynski ◽  
Magdalena Mosińska ◽  
Lukasz Szkudlarek ◽  
Karolina Chalupka ◽  
Misa Tatsuzawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Noble Metals ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Yield Values ◽  
Temperature Programmed

Biodiesel production from rapeseed oil and methanol via transesterification reaction facilitated by various monometallic catalyst supported on natural zeolite (NZ) was investigated. The physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized catalysts were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method (BET), temperature-programmed-reduction in hydrogen (H2-TPR), temperature-programmed-desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD), Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with EDX detector (SEM-EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods. The highest activity and methyl ester yields were obtained for the Pt/NZ catalyst. This catalyst showed the highest triglycerides conversion of 98.9% and fatty acids methyl esters yields of 94.6%. The activity results also confirmed the high activity of the carrier material (NZ) itself in the investigated reaction. Support material exhibited 90.5% of TG conversion and the Fatty Acid Methyl Esters yield (FAME) of 67.2%. Introduction of noble metals improves the TG conversion and FAME yield values. Increasing of the metal loading from 0.5 to 2 wt.% improves the reactivity properties of the investigated catalysts.

Calcium Methoxide Synthesis from Quick Lime Using as Solid Catalyst in Refined Palm Oil Biodiesel Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 834-836 ◽  
pp. 550-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warakom Suwanthai ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon ◽  
Pilanee Vaithanomsat
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Quick Lime ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Refined Palm Oil

In this research, calcium methoxide was synthesized as solid base catalyst from quick lime for biodiesel production. The catalyst was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection fourier transform (ATR-FTIR) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies (EDX) to evaluate its performance. The transesterification of refined palm oil using calcium methoxide and the process parameters affecting the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content such as catalyst concentration, methanol:oil molar ratio and reaction time were investigated. The results showed that the FAME content at 97% was achieved within 3 h using 3 %wt catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol:oil molar ratio and 65 °C reaction temperature. The result of FAME suggested calcium methoxide was the promising solid catalyst for substitution of the conventional liquid catalyst.

scholarly journals Bulk Versus Surface Modification of Alumina with Mn and Ce Based Oxides for CH4 Catalytic Combustion

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Neatu ◽  
Mihaela M. Trandafir ◽  
Adelina Stănoiu ◽  
Ovidiu G. Florea ◽  
Cristian E. Simion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Catalytic Combustion ◽  
Mixed Oxides ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Temperature Programmed ◽  
Catalytic Combustion Of Methane ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of lanthanum-modified alumina supported cerium–manganese mixed oxides, which were prepared by three different methods (coprecipitation, impregnation and citrate-based sol-gel method) followed by calcination at 500 °C. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized materials were investigated by various characterization techniques, namely: nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and H2–temperature programmed reduction (TPR). This experimental study demonstrated that the role of the catalytic surface is much more important than the bulk one. Indeed, the incipient impregnation of CeO2–MnOx catalyst, supported on an optimized amount of 4 wt.% La2O3–Al2O3, provided the best results of the catalytic combustion of methane on our catalytic micro-convertors. This is mainly due to: (i) the highest pore size dimensions according to the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) investigations, (ii) the highest amount of Mn4+ or/and Ce4+ on the surface as revealed by XPS, (iii) the presence of a mixed phase (Ce2MnO6) as shown by X-ray diffraction; and (iv) a higher reducibility of Mn4+ or/and Ce4+ species as displayed by H2–TPR and therefore more reactive oxygen species.

Nanostructured Co3O4 Oxide for Low Temperature Ethanol Oxidation

2014 ◽  
Vol 798-799 ◽  
pp. 205-210
Author(s):  
Jairo Alberto Gomez-Cuaspud ◽  
Martin Schmal
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Oxidation ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Ethanol Oxidation Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Temperature Programmed ◽  
Combustion Technique

We investigated the synthesis of nanosized Co3O4 oxide by the polymerization-combustion technique, with different concentrations (3, 12 and 25% w/w) in the ethanol oxidation reaction. Characterization was done by X-ray fluorescence analysis, X-ray diffraction, temperature programmed reduction, scanning and transmission electronic microscopy and CO and H2 chemisorption. Principal results from physicochemical characterization show that the concentration of the metal oxide influence the product distribution and selectivity under isothermal conditions at 420 °C showed the formation of intermediate etoxi-species and preferential dehydrogenation reaction on stream of material. Specific concentrations result in high conversions and H2 selectivity under present reaction conditions.

scholarly journals ZnFe2O4-TiO2Nanoparticles within Mesoporous MCM-41

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidong Tang ◽  
Yuehua Deng ◽  
Jiao Jin ◽  
Huaming Yang
Keyword(s):  
Sol Gel ◽  
Rutile Phase ◽  
Band Gap Energy ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Agglomeration Of Nanoparticles ◽  
Adsorption Desorption ◽  
Mcm 41

A novel nanocomposite ZnFe2O4-TiO2/MCM-41 (ZTM) was synthesized by a sol-gel method and characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), N2adsorption-desorption, Raman spectroscopy, and ultraviolet visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry. The results confirmed the incorporation of ZnFe2O4-TiO2nanoparticles inside the pores of the mesoporous MCM-41 host without destroying its integrity. ZnFe2O4nanoparticles can inhibit the transformation of anatase into rutile phase of TiO2. Incorporation of ZnFe2O4-TiO2within MCM-41 avoided the agglomeration of nanoparticles and reduced the band gap energy of TiO2to enhance its visible light photocatalytic activity. UV-vis absorption edges of ZTM nanocomposites redshifted with the increase of Zn/Ti molar ratio. The nanocomposite approach could be a potential choice for enhancing the photoactivity of TiO2, indicating an interesting application in the photodegradation and photoelectric fields.

scholarly journals Effect of cerium content on textural and hydrodesulfurization performance for dibenzothiophene over a bulk Ni2P catalyst

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunwu Yu ◽  
Lianjie Liang ◽  
Changwei Xu ◽  
Yubo Dai ◽  
Wenhao Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Weight Hourly Space Velocity ◽  
Cerium Content ◽  
Adsorption Desorption ◽  
Hydrodesulfurization Activity

A series of ceria promoted Ni2P catalysts were prepared and evaluated in dibenzothiophene hydrodesulfurization steam. These catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption–desorption, CO chemisorptions, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results showed that the addition of ceria into the bulk Ni2P catalyst was conducive to the formation of the Ni2P phase and contributed to a higher surface area, leading to a better dispersion and smaller crystallite size of Ni2P particles. The CexNi2P catalysts showed higher dibenzothiophene hydrodesulfurization activity than Ni2P catalyst and the Ce0.09Ni2P catalyst showed the highest dibenzothiophene hydrodesulfurization activity. The Ce0.09Ni2P catalyst showed a dibenzothiophene hydrodesulfurization conversion of 94.5% at the reaction conditions of 320°C, 4.0 MPa, a H2/oil ratio of 500 (V/V), and a weight hourly space velocity of 8.0 h−1. The dibenzothiophene was mainly transformed through desulfurization pathway.

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