scholarly journals Cryptosporidium Contamination and Attributed Risks in Yunlong Lake in Xuzhou, China

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadong Kong ◽  
Ping Lu ◽  
Tao Yuan ◽  
Jinghui Niu ◽  
Zhaoji Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Risk Period ◽  
Substantial Risk ◽  
One Year

Swimming in surface water bodies (e.g., lakes, rivers) can expose the human body to substantial risk of infection by Cryptosporidium. These findings are from a one-year investigation on the occurrence and distribution of the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium in Yunlong Lake, Xuzhou, China. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected by immunofluorescence microscopy. From January to November of 2015, 180 samples (120 water samples and 60 sediment samples) were collected and analyzed. Among them, 42 (35%) water samples and 28 (47%) sediment samples tested positive for Cryptosporidium. The concentration of Cryptosporidium oocysts in the water samples was 0–8/10 L and 0–260/g in sediment samples. Results revealed that July was the highest risk period for both swimming and diving with an estimated probability of infection from swimming of greater than 18 per 10,000 swim sessions. It was concluded that swimming or diving in Yunlong Lake has a higher risk of Cryptosporidium infection than the acceptable risk level set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Thus, regular monitoring of water quality in recreation water bodies is strongly recommended.

Cancer and non-cancer health risk assessment of occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene in a petrochemical plant in Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 960-970
Author(s):  
Mohsen Sadeghi-Yarandi ◽  
Ali Karimi ◽  
Vahid Ahmadi ◽  
Ali Asghar Sajedian ◽  
Ahmad Soltanzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Average Lifetime ◽  
Petrochemical Plant

1,3-Butadiene is classified as carcinogenic to humans by inhalation. This study aimed to assess cancer and non-cancer risk following occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene. This cross-sectional study was conducted in a petrochemical plant producing acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer in Iran. Occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene was measured according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 1024 method. Cancer and non-cancer risk assessment were performed according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency method. The average occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene during work shifts among all participants was 560.82 ± 811.36 µg m−3. The average lifetime cancer risk (LCR) in the present study was 2.71 × 10−3; 82.2% of all exposed workers were within the definite carcinogenic risk level. Also, the mean non-cancer risk (hazard quotient (HQ)) among all participants was 10.82 ± 14.76. The highest LCR and HQ were observed in the safety and fire-fighting station workers with values of 7.75 × 10−3 and 36.57, respectively. The findings revealed that values of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk in the majority of participants were within the definitive and unacceptable risk levels. Therefore, corrective measures are necessary to protect these workers from non-cancer and cancer risks from 1,3-butadiene exposure.

The Concentration Levels of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) in Qiantang River Waters of China

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 2106-2109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Ying Xu ◽  
Jian Qing Zhu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yin Lu ◽  
Xiao Lu Xu
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Advisory ◽  
River Waters ◽  
Qiantang River ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Textile Dyeing ◽  
Pfoa Concentration ◽  
Concentration Levels

To characterize the concentration levels of PFOS and PFOA in the Qiantang River waters of China, 12 water samples were collected in May 2013 and analyzed. The concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were from n.d to 0.798 ng/L and from 65.9 to 102.4 ng/L, respectively. PFOS has been observed at a low concentration in these samples, while PFOA was detected in 100% of the samples with higher PFOA concentrations. PFOA concentrations were far higher than those of PFOS in all the samples, which subjected to be influenced by the inflows of the chemicals from a lot of the textile dyeing industry along the south bank of the river. Although the PFOS and PFOA concentration in Qiantang River water samples did not exceeded this provisional health advisory level (limit) established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency for PFOS and PFOA in drinking waters of 200 ng/L and 400 ng/L respectively, continued exposure to even relatively low PFOS and PFOA concentrations in drinking water may increase the risk of health effects.

scholarly journals Phosphate Level in Some Selected Surface and Ground Water Bodies of Rajshahi City Corporation

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-133
Author(s):  
MA Habib ◽  
MA Hoque ◽  
MS Islam ◽  
MM Islam ◽  
MN Islam
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Good Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Tube Well ◽  
Surface Water Bodies ◽  
Rajshahi City

Optimum PO4-P level in surface and ground water is essential for maintaining good health and environment. In this study, the PO4-P level was measured for 148 different water samples collected from ponds, supply tape and tube-well of 8 different areas of Rajshahi City Corporation. All the sites of surface water bodies crossed the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) criterion of 0.01-0.03 mg L-1 PO4–P to be free from eutrophication. Among the samples, 4.2% were within the range (0.025-0.1 mg L-1) of onset of eutrophication while 95.8% crossed the hyper-eutrophication level (> 0.10 mg L-1). However, most of the ground (83.1%) and tap (92.7%) water were excellent in quality for drinking with respect to PO4–P level (<1 mg L-1). Only 15.3% of ground water and 7.3% of tap water were good quality and a negligible amount (1.6%) of ground water was fair quality.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 8(1): 129-133 2015

Post-fire mobilization of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a recently burnt eucalypt stand in North-Central Portugal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalila Serpa ◽  
Ana I. Machado ◽  
Martha Santos ◽  
Isabel Campos ◽  
Bruna R. F. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
North Central ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Central Portugal

&lt;p&gt;Wildfires constitute a diffuse source of contamination to aquatic ecosystems. In burnt areas, the increase in surface runoff and associated sediment losses after fire, promotes the mobilization of hazardous substances, such as metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), posing a risk for the adjacent water bodies. In the present study, post-fire metals and PAHs export by surface runoff was evaluated in 16 m&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;/sup&gt;bounded plots in a eucalypt stand in Albergaria-a-Velha (Aveiro district, North-Central Portugal) burnt in September 2019. Runoff samples were collected on a weekly to bi-weekly basis, depending on the occurrence of rainfall, during the first 6 months after fire. The metals analyzed in this study were, vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). As for PAHs, the analyses focused on the 16 compounds classified as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Both dissolved and particulate fractions of metals and PAHs in runoff waters were analysed in this work. Preliminary results suggest that metals are more likely to affect the water quality of fire-affected water bodies than PAHs, since low levels of PAHs were found in runoff waters. This work provides valuable information for water managers to minimize the risks of wildfires both to the environment and to public health.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Evaluation of Health Hazard Due to Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds from Various Processing Units of Wastewater Treatment Plant

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Byliński ◽  
Jacek Gębicki ◽  
Jacek Namieśnik
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
The United States ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Odour Concentration

The paper describes an attempt at health risk assessment and odour concentration determination in the most important units of a wastewater treatment plant. The cancer risk (CR) and hazard index (HI) parameters in selected measurement locations were calculated based on the results of chromatographic analyses (GCxGC-TOF-MS) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) guidelines. No exceedance of the CR and HI acceptable levels was observed for identified and quantitatively determined compounds from the VOCs group. The acceptable level was exceeded for the summary HI parameter. Following a classification of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), it was noticed that the highest hazard was connected to the presence of formaldehyde belonging to group 1—the compounds regarded as carcinogenic. Based on the olfactometric analyses, it was estimated that the highest odour concentration, 37.2 ou/m3, occurred at the solid waste composting piles. It was also revealed that an increase in odour concentration corresponded to a higher health risk for employees of the wastewater treatment plant, due to exposure to volatile odorous compounds. Accordingly, this method of odour measurement can be a fast indicator describing health risk level.

One-year monthly survey of rotavirus, astrovirus and norovirus in three sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Beijing, China and associated health risk assessment

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1202-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Q. He ◽  
L. Cheng ◽  
D. Y. Zhang ◽  
X. M. Xie ◽  
D. H. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Exposure Dose ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plants ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
One Year ◽  
Beijing China

To evaluate the presence and distribution of the three main viruses (rotavirus, astrovirus, and norovirus) responsible for human acute gastroenteritis in sewerage systems, a one-year study was carried out in Beijing, China. A total of 96 samples of influent and effluents from three sewage treatment plants (STPs) were collected from November 2006 to October 2007. Silica was used to concentrate viral particles from water samples and a reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR) method was used for detection of viruses. Virus(es) could be detected in 35.4% (34/96) of the water samples analysed, where human rotavirus was the most frequently detected one (32.3%, 31/96), followed by human astrovirus (6.3%, 6/96) and human norovirus (3.1%, 3/96). According to the quantitation results of rotaviruses, which were gained by the real-time quantitative RT-PCR method with SYBR Green I, it was known that the distributions of rotaviruses in influents and effluents of three STPs were quite similar, i.e., abundant in cold weather (from October to March) and less prevalent in warm weather (from April to September). According to the estimated exposure dose and exposure frequency, as well as the acceptable annual risk level, it was shown that the rotaviruses in the reused wastewater after conventional treatment process presented potential risk to human health through both occupational and accidental exposure.

scholarly journals Occurrence, Ecological and Health Risk Assessment of Phthalate Esters in Surface Water of U-Tapao Canal, Southern, Thailand

Toxics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Okpara Kingsley ◽  
Banchong Witthayawirasak
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Phthalate Esters ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
The United States ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Southern Thailand

Phthalate esters (PAEs) are well known for their environmental contamination and endocrine-disrupting effects on wildlife and humans. In this study, the occurrence of PAEs and ecotoxicological risk assessments were performed in one of the significant canals in southern Thailand, named U-Tapao. Water samples were collected and analyzed for the six most common PAEs by using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Of the 6 PAEs analyzed, only three PAEs, including di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) were detected in water samples. The total concentration of PAEs ranged from 1.44 to 12.08 µg/L, with a mean level of 4.76 µg/L. The total average concentration of PAEs found in the canal was higher than the criteria of 3 µg/L for PAEs recommended for the protection of fish and other aquatic organisms by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The results of the potential ecological risk assessment of the risk quotient (RQ) method revealed that DEHP and DiNP posed a high risk to algae and crustacean and crustacean and fish, respectively, whereas DBP posed a medium risk to the different aquatic species. However, current levels of noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks via ingestion and dermal exposure in children and adults are within acceptable limits. The baseline data of PAEs in this canal will be beneficial to the strategic and future pollutant control along the canal network.

Investigation into the implementation of chloramination at Sedibeng Water

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 233-238
Author(s):  
N. Basson ◽  
D. Traut ◽  
G. Titus ◽  
C. vd Walt ◽  
J. Haarhoff
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
One Year

The Balkfontein and Virginia plants of Sedibeng Water, situated in the Free State Province of South Africa, treat water for potable purposes. Chlorine is used as disinfectant at both plants. Low levels of free chlorine measured in the water supplied from some reservoirs, logistics and costs, related to the application of chlorination at various points in the distribution system, were the main thrusts for an investigation into the use of chloramination as an alternative means of disinfection. The so-called contact time (CT)-approach from the United States Environmental Protection Agency was applied for the evaluation of disinfection efficiency. The distribution system was modelled by using a hydraulic computer system. Decay rates for both chlorine and monochloramine - a vital parameter for eventual determination of the amount of chlorine and ammonia to be dosed - were determined. The levels of disinfectant in the water at a specific location could be predicted by using the decay values. The main findings of this investigation are that chloramination is an attractive and cost-effective alternative for conventional chlorination for providing quality assurance to all. It is estimated that the capital layout will be recovered within one year of operation of the ammoniation system.

scholarly journals One-year monthly survey of rotavirus, astrovirus and norovirus in three sewage treatment plants in Beijing, China and associated health risk assessment

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Q. He ◽  
L. Cheng ◽  
D. Y. Zhang ◽  
X. M. Xie ◽  
D. H. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Exposure Dose ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plants ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
One Year ◽  
Beijing China

To evaluate the presence and distribution of the three main viruses (rotavirus, astrovirus, and norovirus) responsible for human acute gastroenteritis in sewerage system an one-year study was carried out in Beijing, China. A total of 96 samples of influent and effluents from three sewage treatment plants (STPs) were collected from November 2006 to October 2007. Silica was used to concentrate viral particles from water samples and a reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR) method was used for detection of viruses. Viruses could be detected in 35.4% (34/96) of the water samples analyzed, where human rotavirus was the most frequently detected (32.3%, 31/96), followed by human astrovirus (6.3%, 6/96) and human norovirus (3.1%, 3/96). According to the quantitation results of rotaviruses, which were gained by the real-time quantitative RT-PCR method with SYBR Green I , it was known that the distributions of rotaviruses in influents and effluents of three STPs were quite similar, i.e., abundant in cold weather (from October to March) and less prevalent in warm weather (from April to September). According to the estimated exposure dose, exposure frequency, as well as the acceptable annual risk level, it was shown that the rotaviruses in the reused wastewater after conventional treatment process presented potential risk to human health through both occupational and accidental exposure.

Scanning electron microscopy of asbestos-containing material where the asbestos fibers are considered locked in a binder

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 472-473
Author(s):  
J. R. Millette ◽  
R. S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Asbestos Fibers ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Binder Material ◽  
Scanning Electron

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has labeled as “friable” those building materials that are likely to readily release fibers. Friable materials when dry, can easily be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder using hand pressure. Other asbestos containing building materials (ACBM) where the asbestos fibers are in a matrix of cement or bituminous or resinous binders are considered non-friable. However, when subjected to sanding, grinding, cutting or other forms of abrasion, these non-friable materials are to be treated as friable asbestos material. There has been a hypothesis that all raw asbestos fibers are encapsulated in solvents and binders and are not released as individual fibers if the material is cut or abraded. Examination of a number of different types of non-friable materials under the SEM show that after cutting or abrasion, tuffs or bundles of fibers are evident on the surfaces of the materials. When these tuffs or bundles are examined, they are shown to contain asbestos fibers which are free from binder material. These free fibers may be released into the air upon further cutting or abrasion.

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