scholarly journals Reduction of Mosquito Survival in Mice Vaccinated with Anopheles stephensi Glucose Transporter

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Couto ◽  
S. Antunes ◽  
J. Ferrolho ◽  
J. de la Fuente ◽  
A. Domingos
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Protective Antigen ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Peptide Vaccination ◽  
Immunogenic Peptide ◽  
Mosquito Survival ◽  
Mosquito Salivary Gland ◽  
Global Health Challenge

Despite the fact that recent efforts to control/eradicate malaria have contributed to a significant decrease in the number of cases and deaths, the disease remains a global health challenge. Vaccines based on mosquito salivary gland antigens are a potential approach for reducing vector populations and malaria parasites. The Anopheles AGAP007752 gene encodes for a glucose transporter that is upregulated during Plasmodium infection, and its knockdown decreases the number of sporozoites in mosquito salivary glands. These results together with the fact that glucose is a vital source of energy suggested that a glucose transporter is a candidate protective antigen for the control of mosquito infestations and Plasmodium infection. To address this hypothesis, herein we investigate the effect of mice vaccination with an immunogenic peptide from mosquito glucose transporter on Anopheles stephensi fitness and Plasmodium berghei infection. We showed that vaccination with a peptide of glucose transporter reduced mosquito survival by 5% when compared to controls. However, the reduction in Plasmodium infection was not significant in mosquitoes fed on vaccinated mice. The effect of the peptide vaccination on mosquito survival is important to reduce infestation by malaria vectors. These results support further research on developing glucose transporter-based vaccines to reduce mosquito fitness.

scholarly journals Glucose transporter GLUT1 influences Plasmodium berghei infection in Anopheles stephensi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengfei Wang ◽  
Jingwen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Global Influence

Abstract Background: Sugar feeding provides energy for mosquitoes. Facilitated glucose transporters (GLUTs) are responsible for the uptake of glucose in animals. However, the knowledge of GLUTs function in Anopheles mosquito is limited. Methods: Phylogenetic analysis of GLUTs in Anopheles stephensi (Asteglut) was performed by the maximum likelihood and Bayesian method. The spatial and temporal expression patterns of the four Astegluts were analyzed by qPCR. The function of Asteglut1 was examined using a dsRNA-mediated RNA interference method. Transcriptome analysis was used to investigate the global influence of Asteglut1 on mosquito physiology. Results: We identified 4 glut genes, Asteglut1 , Asteglutx , Asteglut3 and Asteglut4 in An. stephensi . Asteglut1, Asteglut3 and Asteglut4 were mainly expressed in the midgut. Plasmodium berghei infection differentially regulated the expression of Astegluts with significant downregulation of Asteglut1 and Asteglut4 , while upregulation of Asteglutx . Only knocking down Asteglut1 facilitated Plasmodium berghei infection in An. stephensi . This might be due to the accumulation of glucose prior to blood feeding in dsAsteglut1-treated mosquitoes. Our transcriptome analysis revealed that knockdown of Asteglut1 differentially regulated expression of genes associated with multiple functional clusters, especially those related to detoxification and immunity. The dysregulation of multiple pathways might contribute to the increased P. berghei infection. Conclusions: Our study shows that Asteglut1 participates in defense against P. berghei in An. stephensi . The regulation of Asteglut1 on vector competence might through modulating multiple biological processes, such as detoxification and immunity.

scholarly journals Glucose transporter GLUT1 influences Plasmodium berghei infection in Anopheles stephensi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengfei Wang ◽  
Jingwen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Global Influence

Abstract Background: Sugar feeding provides energy for mosquitoes. Facilitated glucose transporters (GLUTs) are responsible for the uptake of glucose in animals. However, the knowledge of GLUTs function in Anopheles mosquito is limited. Methods: Phylogenetic analysis of GLUTs in Anopheles stephensi (Asteglut) was performed by the maximum likelihood and Bayesian method. The spatial and temporal expression patterns of the four Astegluts were analyzed by qPCR. The function of Asteglut1 was examined using a dsRNA-mediated RNA interference method. Transcriptome analysis was used to investigate the global influence of Asteglut1 on mosquito physiology. Results: We identified 4 glut genes, Asteglut1 , Asteglutx , Asteglut3 and Asteglut4 in An. stephensi . Asteglut1, Asteglut3 and Asteglut4 were mainly expressed in the midgut. Plasmodium berghei infection differentially regulated the expression of Astegluts with significant downregulation of Asteglut1 and Asteglut4 , while upregulation of Asteglutx . Only knocking down Asteglut1 significantly increased the susceptibility of An. stephensi to Plasmodium berghei infection. This might be due to the accumulation of glucose prior to blood feeding in dsAsteglut1-treated mosquitoes. Our transcriptome analysis revealed that knockdown of Asteglut1 differentially regulated expression of genes associated with multiple functional clusters including detoxification and immunity. The dysregulation of multiple pathways might contribute to the increased P. berghei infection. Conclusions: Our study shows that Asteglut1 is essential in defense against P. berghei in An. stephensi . The regulation of Asteglut1 on vector competence might through modulating multiple biological processes, including detoxification and immunity.

scholarly journals Glucose transporter Glut1 influences Plasmodium berghei infection in Anopheles stephensi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengfei Wang ◽  
Jingwen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Expression Of Genes

Abstract Background Sugar feeding provides energy for mosquito. Facilitated glucose transporters (GLUT) are responsible for cellular uptake of glucose. However, the knowledge of GLUT function in Anopheles mosquito is limited. Methods Phylogenetic analysis of GLUTs in Anopheles stephensi (AsteGlut) was performed by the maximum likelihood and Bayesian method. The spatial and temporal expression patterns of three Astegluts were analyzed by qPCR. The function of AsteGlut1 was examined using a dsRNA-mediated RNA interference method. Transcriptome analysis was used to understand the influence of AsteGlut1 on mosquito vector competence. Results We identified 3 glut genes, Asteglut1 , Asteglutx and Asteglut3 in An. stephensi . Asteglut1 and Asteglut3 were mainly localized in the midgut. The expression of all three Astegluts were strongly induced after blood meal. All three genes were knocked down successfully, but only abrogation of Asteglut1 significantly increased the susceptibility of An. stephensi to Plasmodium berghei infection. Our transcriptome analysis revealed that knockdown of Asteglut1 differentially regulated expression of genes associated with the functional clusters including detoxification, serine proteases, and immunity. The dysregulation of multiple pathways might contribute to the increased P. berghei infection. Conclusions Our study shows that Asteglut1 plays a role in defense against P. berghei in An. stephensi . The regulation of Asteglut1 on vector competence might through modulating multiple biological processes, including detoxification and immunity.

scholarly journals Glucose transporter GLUT1 influences Plasmodium berghei infection in Anopheles stephensi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengfei Wang ◽  
Jingwen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Inference Methods ◽  
Global Influence

Abstract Background: Sugar-feeding provides energy for mosquitoes. Facilitated glucose transporters (GLUTs) are responsible for the uptake of glucose in animals. However, knowledge of GLUTs function in Anopheles spp. is limited. Methods: Phylogenetic analysis of GLUTs in Anopheles stephensi was performed by the maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The spatial and temporal expression patterns of four Asteglut genes were analyzed by qPCR. The function of Asteglut1 was examined using a dsRNA-mediated RNA interference method. Transcriptome analysis was used to investigate the global influence of Asteglut1 on mosquito physiology.Results: We identified 4 glut genes, Asteglut1, Asteglutx, Asteglut3 and Asteglut4 in An. stephensi. Asteglut1, Asteglut3 and Asteglut4 were mainly expressed in the midgut. Plasmodium berghei infection differentially regulated the expression of Asteglut genes with significant downregulation of Asteglut1 and Asteglut4, while upregulation of Asteglutx. Only knocking-down Asteglut1 facilitated Plasmodium berghei infection in An. stephensi. This might be due to the accumulation of glucose prior to blood-feeding in dsAsteglut1-treated mosquitoes. Our transcriptome analysis revealed that knockdown of Asteglut1 differentially regulated expression of genes associated with multiple functional clusters, especially those related to detoxification and immunity. The dysregulation of multiple pathways might contribute to the increased P. berghei infection. Conclusions: Our study shows that Asteglut1 participates in defense against P. berghei in An. stephensi. The regulation of Asteglut1 on vector competence might through modulating multiple biological processes, such as detoxification and immunity.

scholarly journals Insecticide resistance in Anopheles stephensi in Somali Region, eastern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon Yared ◽  
Araya Gebressielasie ◽  
Lambodhar Damodaran ◽  
Victoria Bonnell ◽  
Karen Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Resistance Locus ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Pirimiphos Methyl

Abstract Background The movement of malaria vectors into new areas is a growing concern in the efforts to control malaria. The recent report of Anopheles stephensi in eastern Ethiopia has raised the necessity to understand the insecticide resistance status of the vector in the region to better inform vector-based interventions. The aim of this study was to evaluate insecticide resistance in An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia using two approaches: 1) World Health Organization (WHO) bioassay tests in An. stephensi; and 2) genetic analysis of insecticide resistance genes in An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia. Methods Mosquito larvae and pupae were collected from Kebri Dehar. Insecticide susceptibility of An. stephensi was tested withmalathion 5%, bendiocarb 0.1%, propoxur 0.1%, deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, Pirimiphos-methyl 0.25% and DDT 4%, according to WHO standard protocols. In this study, the knockdown resistance locus (kdr) in the voltage gated sodium channel (vgsc) and ace1R locus in the acetylcholinesterase gene (ace-1) were analysed in An. stephensi. Results All An. stephensi samples were resistant to carbamates, with mortality rates of 23% and 21% for bendiocarb and propoxur, respectively. Adult An. stephensi was also resistant to pyrethroid insecticides with mortality rates 67% for deltamethrin and 53% for permethrin. Resistance to DDT and malathion was detected in An. stephensi with mortality rates of 32% as well as An. stephensi was resistance to pirimiphos-methyl with mortality rates 14%. Analysis of the insecticide resistance loci revealed the absence of kdr L1014F and L1014S mutations and the ace1R G119S mutation. Conclusion Overall, these findings support that An. stephensi is resistant to several classes of insecticides, most notably pyrethroids. However, the absence of the kdr L1014 gene may suggest non-target site resistance mechanisms. Continuous insecticide resistance monitoring should be carried out in the region to confirm the documented resistance and exploring mechanisms conferring resistance in An. stephensi in Ethiopia.

Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles stephensi in Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon Yared ◽  
Araya Gebressielasie ◽  
Lambodhar Damodaran ◽  
Victoria Bonnell ◽  
Karen Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Pirimiphos Methyl ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background: The movement of malaria vectors into new areas is a growing concern in the efforts to control malaria. The recent report of Anopheles stephensi in eastern Ethiopia has raised the necessity to understand the insecticide resistance status of the vector in the region to better inform vector-based interventions. The aim of this study was to evaluate insecticide resistance in An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia using two approaches: 1) World Health Organization (WHO) bioassay tests in An. stephensi and 2) genetic analysis of insecticide resistance genes in An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia. Methods: Mosquito larvae and pupae were collected from Kebridehar. Insecticide susceptibility of An. stephensi was tested with malathion 5%, bendiocarb 0.1%, propoxur 0.1%, deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, Pirimiphos-methyl 0.25% and DDT 4%, according to WHO standard protocols. Results: All An. stephensi samples were resistant to carbamates, with mortality rates 23% and 21% for bendiocarb and propoxur, respectively. Adult An. stephensi was also resistant to pyrethroid insecticides with mortality rates 67% for deltamethrin and 53% for permethrin. Resistance to DDT and malathion was detected in An. stephensi with mortality rates of 32% as well as An. stephensi was resistance to pirimiphos-methyl with mortality rates 14%. Analysis of the voltage gate sodium channel gene (vgsc) revealed the absence of kdr L1014 mutations. Conclusion: Overall, these findings support that An. stephensi is resistant to several classes of insecticides, most notably pyrethroids. However, the absence of the kdr L1014 gene may suggest non-target site resistance mechanisms. Continuous insecticide resistance monitoring should be carried out in the region to confirm the documented resistance and exploring mechanisms conferring resistance in An. stephensi in Ethiopia.

Hemolymph of Anopheles stephensi from Noninfected and Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mosquitoes. 3. Carbohydrates

1979 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Mack ◽  
Stanley Samuels ◽  
Jerome P. Vanderberg
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi
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