scholarly journals Experimentally Induced Bleaching in the Sea Anemone Exaiptasia Supports Glucose as a Main Metabolite Associated with Its Symbiosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor Hugo Molina ◽  
Raúl Eduardo Castillo-Medina ◽  
Patricia Elena Thomé
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Main Metabolite ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Carbon Translocation ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Glycerol 3 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Exaiptasia Pallida ◽  
Photosynthate Translocation

Our current understanding of carbon exchange between partners in the Symbiodinium-cnidarian symbioses is still limited, even though studies employing carbon isotopes have made us aware of the metabolic complexity of this exchange. We examined glycerol and glucose metabolism to better understand how photosynthates are exchanged between host and symbiont. The levels of these metabolites were compared between symbiotic and bleached Exaiptasia pallida anemones, assaying enzymes directly involved in their metabolism. We measured a significant decrease of glucose levels in bleached animals but a significant increase in glycerol and G3P pools, suggesting that bleached animals degrade lipids to compensate for the loss of symbionts and seem to rely on symbiotic glucose. The lower glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase but higher glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase specific activities measured in bleached animals agree with a metabolic deficit mainly due to the loss of glucose from the ruptured symbiosis. These results corroborate previous observations on carbon translocation from symbiont to host in the sea anemone Exaiptasia, where glucose was proposed as a main translocated metabolite. To better understand photosynthate translocation and its regulation, additional research with other symbiotic cnidarians is needed, in particular, those with calcium carbonate skeletons.

Catalase released from beneficial and plant-pathogenic pseudomonads by water and chloroform treatments

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 630-636
Author(s):  
J. I. Pounder ◽  
A. J. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Periplasmic Proteins ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Leaf Pathogen ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Survival of pseudomonads during plant colonization may involve bacterial catalases to degrade the hydrogen peroxide produced by the plant. The specific activities of catalases in lysates from two saprophytic isolates of Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens and three races of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea were similar. To explore the location of the bacterial catalases, cells of the pathogenic and saprophytic pseudomonads were treated with chloroform, which is reported to release periplasmic proteins. Although catalase was released by chloroform treatment, the cytoplasmic enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were also detected. These proteins may have come from lysis of a small proportion of the cells rather than the periplasm. Water treatment of cells also released amounts of protein similar to those derived from chloroform treatment. Similar responses were found from both pathogenic and saprophytic strains. The release of catalase and proteins from the leaf pathogen P. syringae pv. glycinea race 0 and the root-associated saprophyte P. putida decreased as the cultures aged. With P. putida and P. syringae pv. glycinea race 0, the single isozyme of catalase released by water and chloroform treatment also was detected in lysates. Additional catalase isozymes were present in lysates as the cultures aged.Key words: periplasmic proteins, survival.

scholarly journals Hepatic lipogenesis in young rats given proteins of different quality

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Herzberg ◽  
Minda Rogerson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthetase ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Hepatic Lipogenesis ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

1. The effect of feeding casein, lactalbumin, soya-bean protein, gluten or gelatin on hepatic lipogenesis and the levels of hepatic fatty acid synthetase (FAS), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1. 1. 1.49; G6PD), malic enzyme (EC 1. 1. 1.40; ME) ATP-citrate lyase (EC 4. 1. 3. 8; CL), acetyl CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2; ACCx) and glucokinase (EC 2. 7. 1. 2; GK) was examined in young growing rats.2. The total activities of ACCx, FAS, CL, GK, G6PD, GK, ME and fatty acid synthesis in vivo were positively correlated with protein quality.3. The specific activities of ACCx, FAS, CL, G6PD and fatty acid synthesis in vivo were positively correlated with protein quality.4. The specific activities of GK and ME were unrelated to protein quality.5. The results demonstrate a dissociation between ME and hepatic lipogenesis and suggest a role for the NADPH generated by ME which is not related to the needs of fatty acid synthesis.

Assessing the chronic toxicity of copper and aluminium to the tropical sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 408-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie A. Trenfield ◽  
Joost W. van Dam ◽  
Andrew J. Harford ◽  
David Parry ◽  
Claire Streten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Tropical Sea ◽  
Exaiptasia Pallida

scholarly journals The Rapid Regenerative Response of a Model Sea Anemone Species Exaiptasia pallida Is Characterised by Tissue Plasticity and Highly Coordinated Cell Communication

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-307
Author(s):  
Chloé A. van der Burg ◽  
Ana Pavasovic ◽  
Edward K. Gilding ◽  
Elise S. Pelzer ◽  
Joachim M. Surm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Communication ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Regenerative Response ◽  
Exaiptasia Pallida

PYOCYANINE FORMATION FROM LABELLED SUBSTRATES BY PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Blackwood ◽  
A. C. Neish
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Carbonate Salts ◽  
Cell Carbon

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was grown under conditions suitable for pyocyanine production in a medium containing glycerol, L-leucine, DL-alanine, calcium carbonate, salts, and small amounts of various C14-labelled substrates. A comparison of the specific activities of the cell carbon, respiratory carbon dioxide, and pyocyanine carbon showed that glycerol and dihydroxyacetone were the only substrates from which pyocyanine having a specific activity higher than the cell carbon was formed. Glucose, fructose, pyruvate, acetate, and the 13 amino acids tested were inferior in this respect. Alanine, leucine, isoleucine, and glycine were incorporated into pyocyanine more readily than the other amino acids. Phenylalanine and tyrosine, although possessing preformed rings, were poor precursors of pyocyanine and were oxidized more readily than they were assimilated. These results suggest that pyocyanine originates from trioses but gives little indication of the nature of the intermediates.

scholarly journals Worldwide exploration of the microbiome harbored by the cnidarian model,Exaiptasia pallida(Agassiz in Verrill, 1864) indicates a lack of bacterial association specificity at a lower taxonomic rank

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya Brown ◽  
Christopher Otero ◽  
Alejandro Grajales ◽  
Estefania Rodriguez ◽  
Mauricio Rodriguez-Lanetty
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Core Microbiome ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Exaiptasia Pallida

Examination of host-microbe interactions in early diverging metazoans, such as cnidarians, is of great interest from an evolutionary perspective to understand how host-microbial consortia have evolved. To address this problem, we analyzed whether the bacterial community associated with the cosmopolitan and model sea anemoneExaiptasia pallidashows specific patterns across worldwide populations ranging from the Caribbean Sea, and the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. By comparing sequences of the V1–V3 hypervariable regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, we revealed that anemones host a complex and diverse microbial community. When examined at the phylum level, bacterial diversity and abundance associated withE. pallidaare broadly conserved across geographic space with samples, containing largelyProteobacteriaandBacteroides.However, the species-level makeup within these phyla differs drastically across space suggesting a high-level core microbiome with local adaptation of the constituents. Indeed, no bacterial OTU was ubiquitously found in all anemones samples. We also revealed changes in the microbial community structure after rearing anemone specimens in captivity within a period of four months. Furthermore, the variation in bacterial community assemblages across geographical locations did not correlate with the composition of microalgalSymbiodiniumsymbionts. Our findings contrast with the postulation that cnidarian hosts might actively select and maintain species-specific microbial communities that could have resulted from an intimate co-evolution process. The fact thatE. pallidais likely an introduced species in most sampled localities suggests that this microbial turnover is a relatively rapid process. Our findings suggest that environmental settings, not host specificity, seem to dictate bacterial community structure associated with this sea anemone. More than maintaining a specific composition of bacterial species some cnidarians associate with a wide range of bacterial species as long as they provide the same physiological benefits towards the maintenance of a healthy host. The examination of the previously uncharacterized bacterial community associated with the cnidarian sea anemone modelE. pallidais the first global-scale study of its kind.

Adipocyte size and lipogenic enzyme activities in different adipose tissue depots in steers of local Spanish breeds

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Mendizabal ◽  
P. Albertí ◽  
P. Eguinoa ◽  
A. Arana ◽  
B. Soret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Lipogenic Enzyme ◽  
Adipocyte Size ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Adipose Tissue Depots ◽  
Fat Depot ◽  
Glycerol 3 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

AbstractThe effect of genotype on the size of adipocytes and on the lipogenic enzyme activities in different fat depots in Asturiana, Avilena, Morucha, Parda Alpina, Pirenaica, Retinta and Rubia Gallega steers was studied (six animals per breed). Steers were weaned at about 6 to 8 months of age and 220 to 260 kg live weight (LW). During the fattening period the steers were given commercial concentrates and straw, both ad libitum, until slaughter at 470 kg average LW. Adipocyte size and activity of the following lipogenic enzymes were studied: glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G 3-PDH); fatty acid synthase (FAS); NADP-malate dehydrogenase (MD), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G 6-PDH) and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) in the omental, perirenal, subcutaneous and intermuscular adipose depots. Also the perirenal fat depot was removed and weighed and the 10th rib was dissected. Differences between breeds were significant for the amount of fat in the different adipose depots (P < 0·001), for adipocyte size (except in intermuscular depot) and for G 3-PDH, FAS, MD, ICDH (P < 0·001) and G 6-PDH (P < 0·01). In general, steers of breeds that had more fat also had bigger adipocytes and higher lipogenic enzyme activities. In this way, Asturiana breed (lean breed) had smaller adipocytes and lower lipogenic enzyme activities than Morucha breed (fatter breed). Finally, adipocytes from the perirenal depot were the biggest and showed the highest G 3-PDH and FAS activities while adipocytes from the intermuscular depot had the smallest size and the lowest lipogenic activities.

scholarly journals Growth and energy metabolism of Nile tilapia juveniles fed glycerol

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 347-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Vicente da Costa ◽  
Renan Rosa Paulino ◽  
Daniel Okamura ◽  
Marinez Moraes de Oliveira ◽  
Priscila Vieira e Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Glycerol Kinase ◽  
Liver Protein ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Liver Triglycerides ◽  
Isocaloric Diets ◽  
The One ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of dietary glycerol in replacement to starch on the growth and energy metabolism of Nile tilapia juveniles. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 5, 10, and 15% purified glycerol) and six replicates. Pelleted, isonitrogenous, and isocaloric diets were provided for 60 days. Growth performance parameters and muscle glucose and protein concentrations were not affected by dietary glycerol levels. The treatment with 15% glycerol presented higher levels of muscle and liver triglycerides. A quadratic effect of treatments on muscle and liver triglyceride concentrations was observed. The treatment with 0% glycerol presented higher hepatic glucose levels than the one with 15%. Treatments did not differ for concentrations of liver protein, as well as of plasma glucose, triglycerides, and protein. Treatments with 10 and 15% glycerol showed higher activity of the glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase enzyme than the treatment with 5%; however, there were no significant differences in the hepatic activities of the malic and glycerol kinase enzymes. A linear positive effect of treatments was observed on the activity of the glycerol kinase enzyme in liver. Levels of glycerol inclusion above 10% in the diet of Nile tilapia juveniles characterize it as a lipogenic nutrient.

Responses of the sea anemone, Exaiptasia pallida , to ocean acidification conditions and zinc or nickel exposure

2017 ◽  
Vol 182 ◽  
pp. 120-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina G. Duckworth ◽  
Codie R. Picariello ◽  
Rachel K. Thomason ◽  
Krina S. Patel ◽  
Gretchen K. Bielmyer-Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Nickel Exposure ◽  
Exaiptasia Pallida
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