scholarly journals Nanofibrillated Cellulose from Appalachian Hardwoods Logging Residues as Template for Antimicrobial Copper

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoumeh Hassanzadeh ◽  
Ronald Sabo ◽  
Alan Rudie ◽  
Richard Reiner ◽  
Roland Gleisner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Metallic Copper ◽  
Nanofibrillated Cellulose ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Tempo Oxidation ◽  
Mechanical Fibrillation ◽  
Appalachian Hardwoods

TEMPO nanofibrillated cellulose (TNFC) from two underutilized Appalachian hardwoods, Northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), was prepared to determine its feasibility to be used as template for antimicrobial metallic copper particles. In addition, a comparison of the TNFC from the two species in terms of their morphological, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties was also performed. The woody biomass was provided in the form of logging residue from Preston County, West Virginia. A traditional kraft process was used to produce the pulp followed by a five-stage bleaching. Bleached pulps were then subjected to a TEMPO oxidation process using the TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO system to facilitate the final mechanical fibrillation process and surface incorporation of metallic copper. The final TNFC diameters for red oak and yellow poplar presented similar dimensions, 3.8±0.74 nm and 3.6±0.85 nm, respectively. The TNFC films fabricated from both species exhibited no statistical differences in both Young’s modulus and the final strength properties. Likely, after the TEMPO oxidation process both species exhibited similar carboxyl group content, of approximately 0.8 mmol/g, and both species demonstrated excellent capability to incorporate antimicrobial copper on their surfaces.

Lower Bole Diameter and Volume of Four Appalachian Hardwoods

1987 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 212-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry V. Wiant ◽  
Thomas B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Appalachian Hardwoods

Abstract Coefficients are provided for estimating dbh from stump measurements and estimating diameter and volume from groundline to dbh for northern red oak, white oak, red maple, and yellow-poplar. North. J. Appl. For. 4:212, December 1987.

Comparison of the Centroid Method and Taper Systems for Estimating Tree Volumes

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Patterson ◽  
Harry V. Wiant ◽  
Geoffrey B. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Red Pine ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Centroid Method ◽  
Poplar Trees ◽  
Control Volumes

Abstract There is a need to be able to accurately determine the volumes of trees. Current methods include the use of volume tables or taper systems which should be tested for applicability before use in a given stand. This can be costly and time consuming. The objective of this study was tocompare the estimates made using accepted taper systems and the more "generic" centroid method and determine which gives the best results. Twenty trees each of northern red oak and red pine and 19 yellow-poplar trees were harvested. Diameter measurements were taken every 4 in. with calipersfor the first 40 ft of each stem. These measurements were used to calculate the "true" or control volumes. The appropriate taper system for each species and the centroid method were used to estimate the tree volumes, and these estimates were compared with the control volumes. The centroidmethod was less biased than taper systems for all three species. Precision was better for the centroid method than taper systems for yellow-poplar and red pine, but not for northern red oak. North. J. Appl. For. 10(1): 8-9.

scholarly journals Effects of Landform on Site Index for Two Mesophytic Tree Species in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina, USA

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Henry McNab
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Appalachian Mountains ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Environmental Variable ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Yellow Poplar

The effects of soil and topographic variables on forest site index were determined for two mesophytic tree species, northern red oak (Quercus rubraL.) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipiferaL.) in the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina. Stand variables included soil solum thickness, soil A-horizon thickness, elevation, aspect, slope gradient, and landform index. Landform index is a recently devised environmental variable that has been used to quantify the influence of topography surrounding a stand on productivity. Regression analysis indicated that among the variables only landform index had a significant () relationship with site index and explained 46 percent of the variation for northern red oak and 56 percent for yellow-poplar. Plot data from this study were also used to validate a previously developed prediction equation for estimating yellow-poplar site index and results indicated that unbiased estimates would be within 2.5 m. Results from this study suggest that landform accounts for variation in site index of mesophytic species in mountainous terrain that is not explained by conventional stand variables associated with soil and topography.

scholarly journals Accuracy of Tree Grade Projections for Five Appalachian Hardwood Species

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Miller ◽  
Aaron T. Graves ◽  
Kurt W. Gottschalk ◽  
John E. Baumgras
Keyword(s):  
Surface Defects ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Epicormic Branches

Abstract The potential value increase of individual trees is an important factor in planning effective forest management strategies. Similar to other investments, trees with high potential value increase are retained and allowed to grow, and those with relatively low potential value increaseare harvested so that the proceeds may earn a higher rate of return elsewhere. Tree grade is used to assess the quality and value of wood within a tree; thus, projecting tree grade is an integral part of estimating potential value increase. This study measured the accuracy of projected treegrades over a period of 12–15 years for 588 black cherry, 404 northern red oak, 167 red maple, 191 white and chestnut oaks, and 450 yellow-poplar sawtimber trees in both thinned and unthinned stands. Projected grade was based on surface defects and percent volume deductions for sweep,crook, and rot at the time of the projection with the assumption that the threshold dbh for the highest possible grade would be reached in the future. This approach allows the forest manager to make grade projections based on what is visible and measurable on the tree, even if the tree iscurrently too small to qualify for higher grades. In general, grade projections were somewhat accurate, with 9% of trees higher than the projected grade, 80% projected correctly, and 11% lower than the projected grade. Trees that had a lower-than-projected grade usuallyexhibited additional deductions for percent cull volume and/or new epicormic branches. Grade projections were less accurate for larger, higher-quality trees because requirements for the top grade are more constraining and sensitive to changes in butt log characteristics than lower grades.For black cherry and northern red oak, grade projections in thinned stands were less accurate compared with unthinned stands because of resulting logging wounds or new epicormic branches.

scholarly journals Crown Class Dynamics of Oaks, Yellow-Poplar, and Red Maple after Commercial Thinning in Appalachian Hardwoods: 20-Year Results

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 156-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Rentch ◽  
Gary W. Miller ◽  
Kurt W. Gottschalk
Keyword(s):  
Retention Rates ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Transition Rates ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Commercial Thinning ◽  
Mature Stands ◽  
Appalachian Hardwoods

Abstract Silvicultural strategies are often planned to favor the growth and survival of desired species until they reach a competitive position in the upper canopy. Once desired species reach the upper canopy, they can persist and provide a variety of benefits for decades. Later, they can serveas a source of natural regeneration for sustaining species composition. Although information is available for promoting desired advance seedlings in the understory of mature stands and culturing desired saplings in the upper canopy of young stands, additional information is needed on promoting desired species at mid-rotation, when the stand first reaches commercial size classes. Crown class transition rates for a total of 2,668 white and chestnut oaks, northern red oak, scarlet and black oaks, yellow-poplar, red maple, blackgum, and black birch were observed for 20 years in a 53-year-old central Appalachian mixed-hardwood stand. Treatments included three residual stand densities after commercial thinning and an unthinned control. In general, the thinning treatments reduced mortality, increased crown class retention rates of codominant trees, and increased the ascension rates of trees in the intermediate crown class. After thinning, codominant trees exhibited the crown class stability of dominant trees, and intermediate trees exhibited greater survival and ascension to the upper canopy compared with unthinned controls. Very few suppressed trees improved canopyposition in thinning treatments; however, thinning did tend to reduce mortality of these trees. Crown class transition rates are presented to help forest managers understand how commercial thinning treatments can affect the composition of the upper canopy in the latter stages of stand development.

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