scholarly journals Adaptive PVD Steganography Using Horizontal, Vertical, and Diagonal Edges in Six-Pixel Blocks

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Pradhan ◽  
K. Raja Sekhar ◽  
Gandharba Swain
Keyword(s):  
Hiding Capacity ◽  
Adaptive Quantization ◽  
Hide Data ◽  
Pixel Value ◽  
Pixel Value Differencing ◽  
Difference Histogram ◽  
Adaptive Pvd ◽  
Middle Column

The traditional pixel value differencing (PVD) steganographical schemes are easily detected by pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis. This problem could be addressed by adding two tricks: (i) utilizing horizontal, vertical, and diagonal edges and (ii) using adaptive quantization ranges. This paper presents an adaptive PVD technique using 6-pixel blocks. There are two variants. The proposed adaptive PVD for 2×3-pixel blocks is known as variant 1, and the proposed adaptive PVD for 3×2-pixel blocks is known as variant 2. For every block in variant 1, the four corner pixels are used to hide data bits using the middle column pixels for detecting the horizontal and diagonal edges. Similarly, for every block in variant 2, the four corner pixels are used to hide data bits using the middle row pixels for detecting the vertical and diagonal edges. The quantization ranges are adaptive and are calculated using the correlation of the two middle column/row pixels with the four corner pixels. The technique performs better as compared to the existing adaptive PVD techniques by possessing higher hiding capacity and lesser distortion. Furthermore, it has been proven that the PDH steganalysis and RS steganalysis cannot detect this proposed technique.

scholarly journals Digital Image Steganography Using Eight-Directional PVD against RS Analysis and PDH Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gandharba Swain
Keyword(s):  
Least Significant Bit ◽  
Hiding Capacity ◽  
Central Pixel ◽  
Rs Analysis ◽  
Pixel Value ◽  
Pixel Value Differencing ◽  
Difference Histogram ◽  
Lsb Substitution

The least significant bit (LSB) substitution techniques are detected by RS analysis and the traditional pixel value differencing (PVD) approaches are detected by pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis. The PVD steganography can escape from PDH analysis by using the edges in multiple directions. This paper proposes a steganography technique by exploiting the edges in eight directions and also using LSB substitution to resist from both RS analysis and PDH analysis. For every 3×3 pixel block the central pixel is embedded with 3 or 4 bits of data by modified LSB substitution technique. Then this new value of the central pixel is utilized to calculate eight difference values with eight neighboring pixels. These eight difference values are used to hide the data. There are two types with regard to two different range tables. Type 1 uses 3 bit modified LSB substitution and range table 1. Type 2 uses 4 bit modified LSB substitution and range table 2. Type 1 and type 2 are also known as variant 1 and variant 2, respectively. Type 1 possesses higher PSNR and type 2 possesses higher hiding capacity.

Pixel Value Differencing Steganography

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-74
Keyword(s):  
Embedding Capacity ◽  
Pixel Value ◽  
Block Based ◽  
Pixel Value Differencing ◽  
Difference Histogram ◽  
Adaptive Pvd ◽  
Pixel Value Difference

In this chapter, the author describes the different categories of pixel value differencing (PVD) techniques and their performances. The main goal in PVD technique is to find the pixel value difference. If it is large, hide the larger number of bits; otherwise, hide the lesser number of bits. The traditional PVD techniques operates on 2, 4, and 8 pixel blocks to calculate the pixel value difference and then take the embedding decision. The traditional PVD techniques use a range table to decide the embedding capacity in a block. The adaptive PVD techniques do not use any range table and calculate the embedding capacity dynamically for every block based on the pixel values of that block. Most of the traditional PVD techniques are attacked by pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis, but adaptive PVD techniques are tolerant to PDH analysis.

scholarly journals High Capacity Image Steganography Using Modified LSB Substitution and PVD against Pixel Difference Histogram Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gandharba Swain
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Problem ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Least Significant Bit ◽  
Rs Analysis ◽  
Distortion Measure ◽  
Pixel Value ◽  
Pixel Value Differencing ◽  
Difference Histogram ◽  
Lsb Substitution

The combination of pixel value differencing (PVD) and least significant bit (LSB) substitution gives higher capacity and lesser distortion. However, there are three issues to be taken into account: (i) fall off boundary problem (FOBP), (ii) pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis, and (iii) RS analysis. This paper proposes a steganography technique in two variants using combination of modified LSB substitution and PVD by taking care of these three issues. The first variant operates on 2 × 3 pixel blocks and the second technique operates on 3 × 3 pixel blocks. In one of the pixels of a block, embedding is performed using modified LSB substitution. Based on the new value of this pixel, difference values with other neighboring pixels are calculated. Using these differences, PVD approach is applied. The edges in multiple directions are exploited, so PDH analysis cannot detect this steganography. The LSB substitution is performed in only one pixel of the block, so RS analysis also cannot detect this steganography. To address the FOBP, suitable equations are used during embedding procedure. The experimental results such as bit rate and distortion measure are satisfactory.

Steganography Using LSB Substitution and Pixel Value Differencing

2019 ◽  
pp. 108-135
Keyword(s):  
Block Size ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Value Differences ◽  
Central Pixel ◽  
Rs Analysis ◽  
Pixel Value ◽  
Addition And Subtraction ◽  
Pixel Value Differencing ◽  
Difference Histogram ◽  
Lsb Substitution

This chapter describes four techniques that use both the principles of LSB substitution and pixel value differencing (PVD). These techniques use 1×3, 2×2, 2×3, and 3×3 size pixel blocks. In a block, LSB substitution is applied on one of the pixels, which is designated as the central pixel. Using the new value of this central pixel, pixel differences are computed with all its neighboring pixels. Based on these pixel value differences, embedding capacity is decided, and embedding is performed by addition and subtraction operations. The experimental results reveal that when the block size increases, the tolerance to RS analysis and pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis also increases.

Statistical Feature–Based Steganalysis for Pixel-Value Differencing Steganography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Bin Lin ◽  
Tai-Hung Lai ◽  
Ko-Chin Chang
Keyword(s):  
Least Significant Bit ◽  
Stego Image ◽  
Image Steganalysis ◽  
Detection Analysis ◽  
Suitable Parameter ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
Pixel Value ◽  
Pixel Value Differencing ◽  
Difference Histogram ◽  
Advance Knowledge

Abstract The security and embedding capacity of pixel-value differencing (PVD) steganography is superior to that of least significant bit replacement steganography. Several studies have proposed extended PVD steganography methods that use the original concept of PVD steganography. The majority of the studies have verified their security against regular-singular detection analysis or pixel difference histogram attacks. Weighted stego image steganalysis is the state-of-the-art technology for PVD steganography. This study proposed a suitable parameter for the estimator based on different relative embedding ratios and the size of normal embedding blocks. The experimental results revealed that the proposed technology does not require advance knowledge of the original image. In addition, the proposed method is accurate and precise at any embedding ratio. In the future, this method may be utilized to analyze the security of extended PVD steganography.

A Review on LSB Substitution and PVD Based Image Steganography Techniques

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Kumar Sahu ◽  
Gandharba Swain
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Least Significant Bit ◽  
Hiding Capacity ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Distortion Measure ◽  
Pixel Value ◽  
Pixel Value Differencing ◽  
Lsb Substitution

<p>There has been a tremendous growth in Information and Communication technologies during the last decade. Internet has become the dominant media for data communication. But the secrecy of the data is to be taken care. Steganography is a technique for achieving secrecy for the data communicated in Internet. This paper presents a review of the steganography techniques based on least significant bit (LSB) substitution and pixel value differencing (PVD). The various techniques proposed in the literature are discussed and possible comparison is done along with their respective merits. The comparison parameters considered are, (i) hiding capacity, (ii) distortion measure, (iii) security, and (iv) computational complexity.</p>

scholarly journals A Steganographic Method with an Overlapping of Three Pixel Block of Image

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1427-1431
Keyword(s):  
Visual Quality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Embedding Capacity ◽  
Secret Data ◽  
Stego Image ◽  
Hiding Capacity ◽  
Pixel Value ◽  
The Common ◽  
Pixel Value Differencing

In this paper a new image steganographic technique has been proposed which is capable of hiding data and produces a stego image that is totally indistinguishable from the original image by the human eye. To estimate the contrast and smoothness of pixels we check the relation between neighboring pixels. Our method first arranges the pixel in ascending manner, then takes the highest pixel value common with the other two pixels and then applies the pixel value differencing (PVD) method. To hide the secret data PVD technique is used in each pixel block. The two overlapping blocks are readjusted to attain the modified three-pixel components. Then calculate the new stego pixel block. In this way, take the middle and lowest pixel as the common pixel and apply the same procedure. In comparison, we get that if the highest value pixel value takes as a common one then the data hiding capacity is increased. The embedding capacity of the cover image is increased by using the pixel block overlapping mechanism. It has been tested on a set of images and also maintains the visual quality of the image.

scholarly journals A New Reversible Data Hiding Technique Combined with Interpolation and Pixel Value Differencing Method

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Jayeeta Majumder ◽  
Chittaranjan Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
High Capacity ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Image Steganography ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Secret Data ◽  
Stego Image ◽  
Hiding Capacity ◽  
Small Distortion ◽  
Pixel Value ◽  
Pixel Value Differencing

Steganography is the popular security method that provides complete security for communicating secret details. Image steganography is a very interesting field because of the imperceptible way of hiding data in images, since small distortion in the images cannot be identified by a human eye. This is the main idea to develop image steganography algorithms to improve visual quality. Pixel Value Differencing is able to provide a high quality stego image in spite of the high capacity of the concealed information. This paper proposes the first the interpolation techniques with the pixel block then applying then the Pixel Value Differencing method. Here in the first phase the original image is portioned into 2X2 block then applying the nearest neighbour interpolation technique after that in the second phase PVD is used to embed the secret data. Then the new pixel value of the neighbouring pixel also calculated. In this paper one variant are proposed by using single range table. We observed that for both the variant PSNR value and the hiding capacity are increased.

scholarly journals Statistical feature-based steganalysis for pixel-value differencing steganography

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Bin Lin ◽  
Tai-Hung Lai ◽  
Ko-Chin Chang
Keyword(s):  
Security Analysis ◽  
Least Significant Bit ◽  
Stego Image ◽  
Statistical Feature ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Rs Analysis ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
Pixel Value ◽  
Pixel Value Differencing ◽  
Difference Histogram

AbstractPixel-value differencing (PVD) steganography is a popular spatial domain technology. Several PVD-based studies have proposed extended PVD steganography methods. The majority of these studies have verified their security against the regular-singular (RS) analysis. However, RS analysis is aimed at the feature of the least significant bit substitution method, which is relatively less significant for PVD steganography. The pixel difference histogram (PDH) is generally utilized to attack PVD steganography. If the embedding capacity is high, then the features on the PDH are evident; otherwise, the features are less obvious. In this paper, we propose a statistical feature-based steganalysis technique for the original PVD steganography. Experimental results demonstrate that, compared with existing steganalysis technique with weighted stego-image (WS) method, the proposed method effectively detects PVD steganography at low embedding ratios, such that there is no need of using the original embedding parameters. Furthermore, the accuracy and precision of the method are better than those of existing PVD steganalysis techniques. Therefore, the proposed method contributes to the security analysis of the original PVD steganography as an alternative to the commonly used RS, PDH and WS attack techniques.

scholarly journals Digital Image Steganography Using LSB Substitution, PVD, and EMD

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Pradhan ◽  
K. Raja Sekhar ◽  
Gandharba Swain
Keyword(s):  
Image Steganography ◽  
Raster Scan ◽  
Pixel Value ◽  
Pixel Value Differencing ◽  
Difference Histogram ◽  
Pixel Value Difference ◽  
Two Hybrid ◽  
Lsb Substitution

To protect from pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis and RS analysis, two hybrid image steganography techniques by appropriate combination of LSB substitution, pixel value differencing (PVD), and exploiting modification directions (EMD) have been proposed in this paper. The cover image is traversed in raster scan order and partitioned into blocks. The first technique operates on 2 × 2 pixel blocks and the second technique operates on 3 × 3 pixel blocks. For each block, the average pixel value difference, d, is calculated. If d value is greater than 15, the block is in an edge area, so a combination of LSB substitution and PVD is applied. If d value is less than or equal to 15, the block is in a smooth area, so a combination of LSB substitution and EMD is applied. Each of these two techniques exists in two variants (Type 1 and Type 2) with respect to two different range tables. The hiding capacities and PSNR of both the techniques are found to be improved. The results from experiments prove that PDH analysis and RS analysis cannot detect these proposed techniques.

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