scholarly journals AlternariaMycotoxins in Food and Feed: An Overview

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Escrivá ◽  
Souheib Oueslati ◽  
Guillermina Font ◽  
Lara Manyes
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ether ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Strand Break ◽  
Sphingolipid Metabolism ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Methyl Ether ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Dna Strand ◽  
Review Reports ◽  
Solid Liquid

Alternariais one of the major mycotoxigenic fungal genera with more than 70 reported metabolites.Alternariamycotoxins showed notably toxicity, such as mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, induction of DNA strand break, sphingolipid metabolism disruption, or inhibition of enzymes activity and photophosphorylation. This review reports on the toxicity, stability, metabolism, current analytical methods, and prevalence ofAlternariamycotoxins in food and feed through the most recent published research. Half of the publications were focused on fruits, vegetables, and derived products—mainly tomato and apples—while cereals and cereal by-products represented 38%. The most studied compounds were alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, tentoxin, and tenuazonic acid, but altenuene, altertoxins (I, II, and III), and macrosporin have been gaining importance in recent years. Solid-liquid extraction (50%) with acetonitrile or ethyl acetate was the most common extraction methodology, followed by QuEChERS and dilution-direct injection (both 14%). High- and ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was the predominant determination technique (80%). The highest levels of alternariol and alternariol methyl ether were found in lentils, oilseeds, tomatoes, carrots, juices, wines, and cereals. Tenuazonic acid highest levels were detected in cereals followed by beer, while alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, tenuazonic acid, and tentoxin were found in legumes, nuts, and oilseeds.

Mycotoxins - Their Biosynthesis in Alternaria

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. STINSON
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Methyl Ether ◽  
Current View ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Methyl Ether ◽  
Wide Assortment

Alternaria produce a wide assortment of toxic and nontoxic secondary metabolites. A brief summary of the numerous secondary metabolites of Alternaria and their toxicity is followed by a presentation of the current view of the polyketide biosynthetic mechanism and its application to the biosynthesis of these compounds. Possible mechanisms for the biosynthesis of alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, and other dibenzo-α-pyrones are presented, as well as mechanisms for the biosynthesis of tenuazonic acid and altertoxin I. Bioregulation of the production of these materials by light, heat, nutrients and NADPH production, and the role of mannitol in NADPH formation are also discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of temperature and incubation period on production of toxic metabolites by Alternaria radicina and A. alternata

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-18
Author(s):  
Krystyna Tylkowska ◽  
Jadwiga Grabarkiewicz-Szczęsna ◽  
Dorota Szopińska ◽  
Hanna Dorna ◽  
Michele Solfrizzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Methyl Ether ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Methyl Ether ◽  
Rice Grains ◽  
Toxic Metabolites ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

The production of toxic metabolites by four isolates of <i>Alternaria radicina</i> and two isolates of <i>A. alternata</i> in rice grains and carrot discs at 1, 10 and 20<sup>°</sup>C was investigated. Incubation lasted 21 and 35 days or 14 and 28 days for rice grains and carrot discs, respectively. Accumulation of toxins in inoculated carrot roots stored for 24 weeks and in inoculated dried carrots stored for 48 weeks was also determined. It was found that <i>A. radicina</i> produced radicinin (RAD) and <i>epi</i>-radicinol (<i>epi</i>-ROH), whereas tenuazonic acid (TeA), altertoxin I (ATX I), alternariol (AOH) and alternariol methyl ether (AME) were produced by <i>A. alternata</i>. Although the isolates tested were capable of producing toxins in rice grains at 1<sup>°</sup>C, none of them was detected in carrot discs. Accumulation of <i>epi</i>-ROH was observed in carrot roots stored for 24 weeks, whereas decreased amounts of RAD and <i>epi</i>-ROH were observed in dried carrots stored for 48 weeks. No <i>A. alternata</i> toxins were detected in stored carrot roots, whereas trace amounts of AOH were recorded in dried carrots after 32 and 48 weeks of storage.

Alternaria Toxins and Their Importance in Food

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 886-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. DOUGLAS KING ◽  
JOHN E. SCHADE
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ether ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Diseased Plant ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Alternariol Methyl Ether ◽  
Alternaria Toxins ◽  
Test Organisms

Members of the genus Alternaria are known to produce compounds that are pathogenic to plants and other test organisms, including animals. Of the more than 30 compounds produced, tenuazonic acid, alternariol, alternariol methyl ether and altertoxin I are the most toxic to animals. These toxic compounds have been isolated from diseased plant tissue and could be a problem with foods, although only tenuazonic acid has been isolated in small amounts from wholesome foods. A number of Alternaria spp. can produce these compounds and some species produce many of the compounds. Growth conditions under which the compounds are produced are not well-defined; generally the optimum temperature for their production is near 20°C.

Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Tenuazonic Acid and Alternariol Methyl Ether in Tomatoes and Tomato Products

1985 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 640-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E Stack ◽  
Philip B Mislivec ◽  
John A G Roach ◽  
Albert E Pohland
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ether ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Alternariol Methyl Ether ◽  
Ultraviolet Detector ◽  
In Series ◽  
Tomato Products ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract A liquid chromatographic (LC) method for determining tenuazonic acid (TA) and alternariol methyl ether (AME) in tomatoes and tomato products is described. The Alternaria metabolites are extracted from a water slurry of the sample with CHCL3, the mixture is centrifuged, and the extract is fractionated on a silica gel column. Reverse phase LC with an ultraviolet detector (for TA) and a fluorescence detector (for AME) connected in series is used for final separation and determination. The limit of determination for TA and AME is 25 and 3 ng/g, respectively, with average recoveries from catsup of 83 and 68%, respectively. The LC method also detects alternariol, but interfering peaks in some samples prevent accurate quantitation. Chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CI MS) is used to confirm TA. Samples (142) of tomatoes collected from commercial processing lines were analyzed; TA was found in 73 samples (0.4-70 μg/g).

The invariance of the total direct DNA strand break yield

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 4147-4153 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Bernal ◽  
C. E. deAlmeida ◽  
C. Sampaio ◽  
S. Incerti ◽  
C. Champion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strand Break ◽  
Dna Strand Break ◽  
Dna Strand ◽  
Break Yield

scholarly journals Recombinogenic Flap Ligation Pathway for Intrinsic Repair of Topoisomerase IB-Induced Double-Strand Breaks

2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 8059-8068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chonghui Cheng ◽  
Stewart Shuman
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Strand Break ◽  
Strand Transfer ◽  
Strand Breaks ◽  
Genomic Deletions ◽  
Topoisomerase Ib ◽  
Dna Strand ◽  
Recombination Pathway

ABSTRACT Topoisomerase IB catalyzes recombinogenic DNA strand transfer reactions in vitro and in vivo. Here we characterize a new pathway of topoisomerase-mediated DNA ligation in vitro (flap ligation) in which vaccinia virus topoisomerase bound to a blunt-end DNA joins the covalently held strand to a 5′ resected end of a duplex DNA containing a 3′ tail. The joining reaction occurs with high efficiency when the sequence of the 3′ tail is complementary to that of the scissile strand immediately 5′ of the cleavage site. A 6-nucleotide segment of complementarity suffices for efficient flap ligation. Invasion of the flap into the duplex apparently occurs while topoisomerase remains bound to DNA, thereby implying a conformational flexibility of the topoisomerase clamp around the DNA target site. The 3′ flap acceptor DNA mimics a processed end in the double-strand-break-repair recombination pathway. Our findings suggest that topoisomerase-induced breaks may be rectified by flap ligation, with ensuing genomic deletions or translocations.

scholarly journals Particle characterization and toxicity in C57BL/6 mice following instillation of five different diesel exhaust particles designed to differ in physicochemical properties

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Maria Bendtsen ◽  
Louise Gren ◽  
Vilhelm Berg Malmborg ◽  
Pravesh Chandra Shukla ◽  
Martin Tunér ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Diesel Exhaust ◽  
Strand Break ◽  
Diesel Exhaust Particles ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
Dna Strand Break ◽  
Diesel Particles ◽  
Exhaust Particles ◽  
Dna Strand ◽  
Low Sulfur

Abstract Background Diesel exhaust is carcinogenic and exposure to diesel particles cause health effects. We investigated the toxicity of diesel exhaust particles designed to have varying physicochemical properties in order to attribute health effects to specific particle characteristics. Particles from three fuel types were compared at 13% engine intake O 2 concentration: MK1 ultra low sulfur diesel (DEP13) and the two renewable diesel fuels hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO13) and rapeseed methyl ester (RME13). Additionally, diesel particles from MK1 ultra low sulfur diesel were generated at 9.7% (DEP9.7) and 17% (DEP17) intake O 2 concentration. We evaluated physicochemical properties and histopathological, inflammatory and genotoxic responses on day 1, 28 and 90 after single intratracheal instillation in mice compared to reference diesel particles and carbon black.Results Moderate variations were seen in physical properties for the five particles: primary particle diameter: 15-22 nm, specific surface area: 152-222 m 2 /g, and count median mobility diameter: 55-103 nm. Larger differences were found in chemical composition: organic carbon/total carbon ratio (0.12-0.60), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content (1-27 mg/mg) and acid-extractable metal content (0.9-16 mg/mg). Intratracheal exposure to all five particles induced similar toxicological responses, with different potency. Lung particle retention was observed in DEP13 and HVO13 exposed mice on day 28, with less retention for the other fuel types. RME exposure induced limited response whereas the remaining particles induced dose-dependent inflammation and acute phase response on day 1. DEP13 induced acute phase response on day 28 and inflammation on day 90. DNA strand break levels were not increased as compared to vehicle, but were increased in lung and liver compared to blank filter extraction control. Neutrophil influx on day 1 correlated best with estimated deposited surface area, but also with elemental carbon, organic carbon and PAHs. DNA strand break levels in liver on day 90 correlated with acellular particle-induced ROS.Conclusions We studied diesel exhaust particles designed to differ in physicochemical properties. Our study highlights particle size, elemental carbon content, PAHs and ROS-generating potential as physicochemical predictors of diesel particle toxicity.

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