scholarly journals Distribution and Seasonal Activity of Phlebotominae Sand Flies in Yazd and Its Outskirts, Center of Iran

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Motahareh Mirhoseini ◽  
Aref Salehzadeh ◽  
Sara Ramazan Jamaat ◽  
Amir Hosein Zahirnia ◽  
Najmeh Rahmanzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Adult Development ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Phlebotomus Sergenti ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Yazd City ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
The City

Background. Phlebotominae sand flies are the main vectors of leishmaniasis and some other diseases. Materials and Methods. Using sticky traps, sand flies were collected fortnightly from outdoors and indoors areas of selected sites. Results. A total of 2032 specimens (498 in the city and 1534 in the outskirts of Yazd) belonging to 11 species were collected. The activity of sand flies started in early-April and ended in mid-November. There were two peaks of activity in the end of April and mid-September. Phlebotomus sergenti and P. papatasi were the most abundant species in the city and outskirts of Yazd city, respectively. Other species were P. salehi, P. ansarii, P. kazerouni, P. caucasicus, P. andrejevi, P. alexandri, P. mongolensis, Sergentomyia sintoni, and S. palestinensis. Conclusion. In comparison to some other parts of Iran, the extended period between two peaks suggests that the larvae to adult development of sand fly were delayed by the higher temperature of the summer months in Yazd province.

scholarly journals Diversity and Dynamics of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Two Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Foci in the Fes-Boulemane Region of Northern Morocco

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Zahra Talbi ◽  
Chafika Faraj ◽  
Fouad EL-Akhal ◽  
Fatiha El Khayyat ◽  
Driss Chenfour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Phlebotomus Perniciosus ◽  
Phlebotomus Sergenti ◽  
Sergentomyia Minuta ◽  
Two Peaks

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an infectious disease caused by various species ofLeishmaniaand transmitted by several species of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). In order to evaluate the risk of leishmaniasis transmission in Fes-Boulemane, an investigation was carried out in two localities, Aichoun and Bouasseme, during 2011. From January to December, 1120 specimens were collected in Aichoun comprising six species belonging to two genera:Phlebotomus sergenti(76.07%),Phlebotomus longicuspis(9.01%),Phlebotomus perniciosus(8.48%),Phlebotomus papatasi(4.82%),Sergentomyia minuta,andSergentomyia fallax. For Bouasseme, seven species were identified withPhlebotomus sergenti(60.39%) dominating, followed byPhlebotomus perniciosus(20%) andPhlebotomus longicuspis(12.15%). The remaining species,Phlebotomus papatasi,Phlebotomus ariasi,Sergentomyia minuta,andSergentomyia fallax,were less prevalent. The activity of sand flies in both localities is marked by the dominance ofPh. sergentiwith two peaks occurring in June and September. In order to obtain a better understanding of sand fly diversity among their species, results were analyzed by the ecological indices determinant: specific richness, the relative abundance, and Shannon-Weiner index (H′). Further studies of sand fly diversity should employ statistical tests and molecular analyses. This study can be useful in the implementation of appropriate future control measures.

scholarly journals Leishmaniasis in Central Morocco: Seasonal Fluctuations of Phlebotomine Sand Fly in Aichoun Locality, from Sefrou Province

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Zahra Talbi ◽  
Abdelhakim El Ouali Lalami ◽  
Abdellatif Janati Idrissi ◽  
Faiza Sebti ◽  
Chafika Faraj
Keyword(s):  
Potential Risk ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Spatiotemporal Trends ◽  
Phlebotomus Sergenti ◽  
Second Peak

Cutaneous leishmaniases (CL) are endemic in Morocco. They are common in the human population in different localities such as Aichoun in Sefrou province, Morocco. This study was carried out in Aichoun locality from April to October 2012 in order to study the spatiotemporal trends of the main Leishmania phlebotomine vectors in this focus. Overall, 1171 sand flies, belonging to four species, were collected by sticky traps. Phlebotomus sergenti was the predominant species (78.4%) followed by Ph. perniciosus (10.5%), Ph. papatasi (7.94%), and Ph. longicuspis (3.16%). Sandflies were active during 6 months (May–October). Ph. sergenti, Ph. perniciosus, and Ph. papatasi displayed a bimodal distribution with a first peak in July and a second peak in September, while Ph. longicuspis showed a monophasic trend with a peak in August. The high abundance and the lengthy period of activity of Ph. sergenti and Ph. perniciosus, vectors of L. tropica and L. infantum, respectively, are a cause for concern as they indicate the high potential risk of Leishmania transmission in the studied areas.

scholarly journals Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in Pintomyia evansi and Lutzomyia longipalpis in Honduras

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfredo Sosa-Ochoa ◽  
Javier Varela Amador ◽  
Yokomi Lozano-Sardaneta ◽  
Gabriela Rodriguez Segura ◽  
Concepcion Zúniga Valeriano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Coast ◽  
First Record ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Central American ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
The Pacific

Abstract Background The two most abundant sand fly species on the Honduran Pacific coast are Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis and Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) evansi. Both species are known vectors of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Americas. Although VL and non-ulcerative cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL) are endemic on the Pacific versant of the Central American Pacific, the latter is the most frequent manifestation of leishmaniasis there. We evaluated the circulation of Leishmania spp. in the sand fly species on El Tigre Island, an endemic area of NUCL. Results We collected 222 specimens of six sand fly species. Lu. longipalpis (180 specimens; 81%) and Pif. (Pi.) evansi (35 specimens; 16%) were the most abundant species. L. (L.) infantum DNA was detected in nine of the 96 specimens analyzed; seven of these specimens were identified as Lu. longipalpis, and the remaining two were Pi.evansi, with an infection rate of 9.4% and 2.7%, respectively. Conclusion We present the first record of L. (L.) infantum DNA in Pi.evansi from a NUCL endemic region of Central America. Our results suggest that Pi. evansi could be a secondary vector of L. (L.) infantum in the transmission cycle of leishmaniasis. The detection of natural infections of L. (L.) infantum in sand flies in this region contributes to an understanding of the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Honduras.

scholarly journals Diversity of sand flies in domiciliary environment of Santarém, state of Pará, Brazil: species composition and abundance patterns in rural and urban areas

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlisson Augusto Costa Feitosa ◽  
Genimar Rebouças Julião ◽  
Manoel Djalma Pereira Costa ◽  
Braulio Belém ◽  
Felipe Arley Costa Pessoa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

This paper aimed to evaluate the richness, abundance and frequency of sand fly occurrence in rural and urban areas American visceral Leishmaniasis -AVL is endemic in the study area of Santarém municipality, Pará state. Sand flies were collected during 1995-2000, using CDC light traps placed in neighborhoods and rural areas of the municipality. A total of 53.454 individuals and 26 species of sand flies were collected. The most abundant species in both urban and rural environments was Lutzomyia longipalpis, vector of AVL in the area. The highest species richness by capture was in rural area. In all years sampled, the largest number of species of sand fly collected was always in rural areas. The species of sand flies in urban and rural area were similar in 11 species. In the rural area other 11 species were found, a total of 22 species. Shannon-Wiener index ranged from 0.12 to 0.84 at rural areas and 0.08 to 0.34 at urban ones. In general, rural localities showed higher diversity (H') of phlebotomines than urban ones. Individual-based rarefaction curves for each area demonstrated that urban localities had the lowest expected number of phlebotomine species and the richest rural ones reach higher expected values with lower amount of individuals than urban sites. The most frequent species were Lutzomyia longipalpis, Evandromyia carmelinoi and Bichromomyia flaviscutellata.

scholarly journals Diversity, Co-Occurrence, and Nestedness Patterns of Sand Fly Species (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Two Rural Areas of Western Panamá

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Chystrie A. Rigg ◽  
Milixa Perea ◽  
Kadir González ◽  
Azael Saldaña ◽  
José E. Calzada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Seasonal Weather

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission in the New World is observed in areas with rich sand fly species’ faunas. The diversity and composition of sand fly species can change in response to seasonal weather and land use changes. Here, we present results from a two-year-long study where we collected, using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps, sand flies from two rural areas, Las Pavas (LP) and Trinidad de las Minas (T) in western Panamá. Over 710 trap-nights, we collected 16,156 sand flies from 15 genera and 35 species. We identified 34 species in T, and the most abundant species collected was Nyssomyia trapidoi (Fairchild and Hertig, 1952) (n = 2278, 37%), followed by Psychodopygus panamensis (Shannon, 1926) (n = 1112, 18%), and Trichopygomyia triramula (Fairchild and Hertig, 1952) (n = 1063, 17%). In LP, we identified 26 species, and the most abundant species collected were Ty. triramula (n = 4729, 48%), and Ps. panamensis (n = 3444, 35%). We estimated a higher species’ richness in T (Chao2 ± S.E.: 36.58 ± 3.84) than in LP (27.49 ± 2.28). In T, species’ richness was significantly higher in the rainy season, but no seasonal differences were observed in LP. Species’ assemblages were nested in the two areas. Phlebotomine sand fly species’ abundance increased at the two sites during the rainy season. Our data suggest that seasonality is more important than land use as a factor driving sand fly species’ diversity at the studied sites.

scholarly journals Phlebotomine sand flies and canine infection in areas of human visceral leishmaniasis, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Leandro da Cruz Mestre ◽  
Ana Lúcia Maria Ribeiro ◽  
Rosina Djunko Miyazaki ◽  
Jorge Senatore Vargas Rodrigues ◽  
Arleana do Bom Parto Ferreira de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Human Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Canine Infection ◽  
The City

Visceral leishmaniasis is a systemic infectious disease that can cause to a severe, potentially life-threatening chronic condition in humans. Risk factors for infection in urban areas have been associated with poor living conditions, the presence of sand fly vectors and infected pets. This study aimed to describe sand fly and canine infection in the neighborhoods of human visceral leishmaniasis occurrence in the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, central-western Brazil, reported between January 2005 and December 2006. A total of 1,909 sand flies were collected. They were predominantly males and the most frequent species were Lutzomyia cruzi (81.25%), Lutzomyia whitmani (13.88%) and Lutzomyia longipalpis (2.62%). The sand fly density was not significantly correlated with the variation of environmental factors. The prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the neighborhoods studied was 26.82% and it was found that areas with high density of vectors coincided with areas of high prevalence of dogs and those with the highest rates of human cases. The study of vectors and other potential hosts are essential for a good understanding of visceral leishmaniasis and the related public health concerns, aiming at the prevention and control of leishmaniasis in the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State.

scholarly journals The sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) fauna of the urban area of Lassance, Northeast Minas Gerais, Brazil

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0257043
Author(s):  
Gabriel Barbosa Tonelli ◽  
Camila Binder ◽  
Victoria Laporte Carneiro Nogueira ◽  
Marina Henriques Prado ◽  
Gabriela Gonçalves Theobaldo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Canine Leishmaniasis ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
Risk Areas

The present study aimed to check the sand flies’ fauna on the municipality of Lassance, Minas Gerais, Brazil and detect the presence of Leishmania DNA on the female captured and determine the risk areas of the municipality. Sand flies were collected monthly from May 2018 to April 2019 using automatic light traps for 3 consecutive nights. Eight houses were selected as sample points due its previous reports of tegumentary leishmaniasis and/or canine leishmaniasis. The sand fly’s fauna found on the present study it’s represented by several medical importance species and the most abundant species found were Lutzomyia longipalpis (77.09%) and Nyssomyia intermedia (10.06%). Leishmania infantum DNA was detected in a pool of Lu. longipalpis resulting on a 2.81% of infection rate. By the frequency of the two most abundant species on this study, we developed a risk area map and it draws attention to sample point 6 due to disparate abundance of sand flies at this site (81.81%). Statistical overview shows Lu. longipalpis as dominant species and, still, Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling analysis reveal high similarity on fauna’s diversity on the study area. Our findings suggest that the diversity of sand flies from the municipality of Lassance may promote the circulation of Leishmania infantum parasites putting in risk the habitants and other mammal’s species. Still, our study reinforces the necessity of specific studies focused on breed sites of phlebotomine and its’ ecology to expand the knowledge about the behaviour of this group of insects applying directly to leishmaniases’ epidemiology.

scholarly journals Similarity of species composition of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in caves of Quadrilátero Ferrífero, state Minas Gerais, Brasil

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldenise Martins Campos ◽  
Rodrigo dos Anjos Maia ◽  
Débora Capucci ◽  
Adriano Pereira Paglia ◽  
José Dilermando Andrade Filho
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Dissimilarity Matrix ◽  
Phlebotomine Sand Flies ◽  
Quadrilátero Ferrífero

AbstractCaves, though seemingly inhospitable due to the lack of light in areas furthest from the cave entrance and the low availability and variety of resources, can harbor many species of vertebrates and invertebrates, including phlebotomine sand flies, the vectors of species of parasites of the genus Leishmania that cause leishmaniasis. This study aimed to evaluate the species composition of sand flies in located caves at Moeda Sul (MS) and Parque Estadual Serra do Rola Moça (PESRM), in southeastern Brazil at region of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, state of Minas Gerais. The collections of sand flies were performed with automatic light traps. Were used the Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling based on dissimilarity matrix calculated with the Jaccard índex and Multivariate Analysis of Permutation to evaluate similarity of the species composition of sand flies among entrance, interior, and surroundings environments of each sampled cave at MS and PESRM, and thus to infer biological mechanisms from the patterns of distribution of sand flies among these different cave environments. A total of 375 phlebotomine sand flies were collected from six genera and 14 species. The most abundant species were Evandromyia tupynambai (54.7%), Brumptomyia troglodytes (25.6%), Evandromyia edwardsi, (6.1%) Psathyromyia brasiliensis (4.8%) and Lutzomyia longipalpis (4.3%). In place MS, 30 individuals were collected, 16 inside the MS cave and 14 its surroundings. In place PESRM, five individuals were collected in surroundings of RM38 cave; a total of 190 individuals at RM39 cave (48 in the cave and 142 its surroundings) and 150 individuals at RM40 cave, 42 in the cave and 108 its surroundings. Our results showed rich fauna of sand flies with a species composition of sand flies similar among the entrance, interior, and surroundings environments of each sampled cave, suggesting that both caves and their surroundings are important for the maintenance of sand fly communities.

Potential Vectors of Leishmania Parasites in a Recent Focus of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Neighborhoods of Porto Alegre, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1286-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Dutra Rêgo ◽  
Getúlio Dornelles Souza ◽  
Júlia Bahia Miranda ◽  
Lais Vieira Peixoto ◽  
José Dilermando Andrade-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Leishmania Braziliensis ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract In view of recent cases of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis reported in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, we investigated the sand fly fauna inhabiting the neighborhoods of Morro Santana and Jardim Carvalho, Brazil, continuing a series of entomological surveys aimed to identify potential vectors of Leishmania (Ross, 1903) parasites. Sand flies were collected monthly from October 2016 to October 2017 using CDC light traps in the intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary environments of seven residences. Sand fly abundance was correlated to climatic variables. Females were pooled by species, location, and date for Leishmania DNA molecular screening using ITS1 and kDNA polymerase chain reaction. In total, 501 sand flies from five species were collected in which Lutzomyia gaminarai (Cordero, Vogelsang & Cossio, 1928) (Diptera: Psychodidae) (78%) was the most abundant species in the intradomiciliary sites while Migonemyia migonei (Franca, 1920) (Diptera: Psychodidae) (43.3%) was the most abundant in the peridomiciliary sites. A higher number of sand flies were collected during the warmest months, from December to March (Mann–Whitney statistical test – P < 0.001). Leishmania infantum DNA was detected in Lu. gaminarai (2), Pintomyia fischeri (Pinto, 1926) (1) and Mg. migonei (1). Leishmania braziliensis DNA was detected in Lu. gaminarai (1) and Pi. fischeri (1). Our results add support to the possible vector role of Pi. fischeri in the epidemiological cycle of Le. infantum in Brazil. Furthermore, the first documented detection of Leishmania DNA in Lu. gaminarai may be indicative of multiple vectors being involved in the Leishmania cycle within Porto Alegre.

scholarly journals Molecular Detection of Virulence Factor Glycoprotein (Gp63) of Leishmania spp. in Phlebotomus Sand Flies

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
Hadi M. Hamza Al-Mayali ◽  
Ali Jawad Abdulaali Alyasiri
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Surface Glycoprotein ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Factor Gene ◽  
Phlebotomus Sergenti ◽  
Leishmania Spp ◽  
Virulence Factor Gene ◽  
Major Surface

Introduction: Gp63 is the major surface glycoprotein of Leishmania which is prevalent in the promastigote stage of Phlebotomus sergenti. Glycoprotein 63 (gp63) or leishmanolysin is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease found on the surface of Leishmania. It was initially discovered in 1980and described biochemically and genetically as a surface antigen expressed in promastigotes of Leishmania species, having a range of substrates including casein, albumin, fibrinogen, haemoglobin, and gelatin. On the surface of amastigote, GP63 is present at a very low level. Glycoprotein 63 is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease that is active in the pH range of 7–10, which is neutral to alkaline. Materials and Methods: During the study, which was carried out in Al-Muthanna province from July 2017 to August 2018, about 2550 sand fly samples including 719 males and 1633 females were collected. Three species of sand flies were recorded according to morphological features which included Phlebotomus papatasi, Phlebotomus sergenti, and Sergentomyia sintoni. The caught specimens showed that P. papatasi was the most prevalent species. Two primers were used for the diagnosis of Leishmania spp. using a nested PCR technique, which was designed in a previous study for 1250 samples of sand flies from 25 locations in the study area. Results: Results showed that 13 samples were positive, containing DNA for the Leishmania parasite, and 12 samples were negative. Positive samples include 11 samples of L. major species and only 2 samples of L. tropica species. Additionally, the results showed that the L. major species was the dominant species in the study area. Positive samples (13) of sand flies had Leishmania parasite based on molecular diagnosis and virulence factor gene (Gp63) of Leishmania parasite was detected in sand flies using PCR method The results showed that virulence factor gene (Gp63) was detected on the surface of promastigote. This refers to the presence of Leishmania parasite in sand fly. The study is the first one which detected the presence of the virulence factors gene (GP63) of Leishmania in the body of sand flies. Conclusion: This study revealed the possibility of diagnosing leishmaniasis by virulence factor gene (Gp63) in leishmania promastigotes.

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