scholarly journals Atmospheric Effect on Cosmic Ray Muons at High Cut-Off Rigidity Station

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullrahman Maghrabi ◽  
Mohammed Almutayri
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Pion Production ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Atmospheric Effect ◽  
Clear Explanation

Cosmic ray data and radiosonde measurements from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Rc = 14.4 GV), for the period 2002–2012, were used to study the effect of atmospheric pressure, level of pion production, and temperature at that level, on cosmic ray muons. We found that, even if corrections were made to the detected muons using these three parameters, seasonal variations of the cosmic rays still exist. This suggests that other terrestrial and/or extraterrestrial causes may be considered. The levels of pion production and atmospheric pressure are inversely correlated with the muon rate. On the other hand, the temperature at the pion production level is correlated with muons in spring and winter and inversely correlated in fall and summer. There is no clear explanation for this behavior.

A reevaluation of the atmospheric pressure dependence of secondary cosmic-ray neutrons in the context of Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jannis Weimar ◽  
Paul Schattan ◽  
Martin Schrön ◽  
Markus Köhli ◽  
Rebecca Gugerli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Hydrogen Content ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Neutron Intensity ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Primary Cosmic Rays

<p><span>Secondary cosmic-ray neutrons may be effectively used as a proxy for environmental hydrogen content at the hectare scale. These neutrons are generated mostly in the upper layers of the atmosphere within particle showers induced by galactic cosmic rays and other secondary particles. Below 15 km altitude their intensity declines as primary cosmic rays become less abundant and the generated neutrons are attenuated by the atmospheric air. At the earth surface, the intensity of secondary cosmic-ray neutrons heavily depends on their attenuation within the atmosphere, i.e. the amount of air the neutrons and their precursors pass through. Local atmospheric pressure measurements present an effective means to account for the varying neutron attenuation potential of the atmospheric air column above the neutron sensor. Pressure variations possess the second largest impact on the above-ground epithermal neutron intensity. Thus, using epithermal neutrons to infer environmental hydrogen content requires precise knowledge on how to correct for atmospheric pressure changes.</span></p><p><span>We conducted several short-term field experiments in saturated environments and at different altitudes, i.e. different pressure states to observe the neutron intensity pressure relation over a wide range of pressure values. Moreover, we used long-term measurements above glaciers in order to monitor the local dependence of neutron intensities and pressure in a pressure range typically found in Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensing. The results are presented along with a broad Monte Carlo simulation campaign using MCNP 6. In these simulations, primary cosmic rays are released above the earth atmosphere at different cut-off rigidities capturing the whole evolution of cosmic-ray neutrons from generation to attenuation and annihilation. The simulated and experimentally derived pressure relation of cosmic-ray neutrons is compared to those of similar studies and assessed in the light of an appropriate atmospheric pressure correction for Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensing.</span></p>

Two anisotropies of the cosmic-ray particles producing the cosmic-ray diurnal variation

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S828-S830
Author(s):  
Masatoshi Kitamura
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Interplanetary Space ◽  
Geomagnetic Latitude ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Energy Spectra ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity

The solar diurnal variations of both meson and nucleon components of cosmic rays at sea level at geomagnetic latitude 57.5° and geomagnetic longitude 0° are analyzed by the model in which two anisotropies of cosmic-ray particles (one of them, Δj1, from about 20 h L.T. and the other, Δj2, from about 8 h L.T. in interplanetary space) produce the solar diurnal variation of the cosmic-ray intensity on the earth.When the energy spectra of Δj1 and Δj2 are represented by [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively, where j0(E) is the normal energy spectrum of the primary cosmic rays, it is shown that the evaluation for m1 = 1, 2, m2 = 0 and the cutoffs at 8 and 10 BeV on the low-energy side of spectra of both Δj1 and Δj2 agree well with the observational results at Deep River.

scholarly journals Limits on Source Distances for the Most Energetic Cosmic Rays

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lampard ◽  
R. W. Clay ◽  
B. R. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Pion Production ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Source Spectrum ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Energy Degradation

AbstractThe propagation of the highest energy cosmic rays through the 2·7 K microwave background is considered. Photo-pion production interactions cause energy losses for primary cosmic ray protons which result in significant energy degradation over intergalactic distances. The process of energy loss is discussed and an estimate is made of the average distances travelled for observed cosmic rays with a range of energies, assuming a power law source spectrum. At energies over 1020 eV, the average distances travelled are a few tens of megaparsecs, limiting possible sources to the volume dominated by the supergalactic plane.

scholarly journals Cosmic Ray Intensity Increase on January 28, 1967

1968 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 755 ◽  
Author(s):  
LV Sud
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cycle ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intensity Increase ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity

During the present solar cycle, which started in October 1964, the ground-based cosmic ray detectors have so far recorded two increases in the intensity of cosmic rays. The first one was observed on July 7,1966 and the other on January 28,1967. Both these events were somewhat unusual in their characteristics.

A Nabatean port on the Red Sea: note on the pottery finds from al-Qusayr (al-Wajh, Saudi Arabia)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Durand
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Roman Egypt ◽  
Pottery Sherds ◽  
First Time

Al-Qusayr is located 40 km south of modern al-Wajh, roughly 7 km from the eastern Red Sea shore. This site is known since the mid-19th century, when the explorer R. Burton described it for the first time, in particular the remains of a monumental building so-called al-Qasr. In March 2016, a new survey of the site was undertaken by the al-‘Ula–al-Wajh Survey Project. This survey focused not only on al-Qasr but also on the surrounding site corresponding to the ancient settlement. A surface collection of pottery sherds revealed a striking combination of Mediterranean and Egyptian imports on one hand, and of Nabataean productions on the other hand. This material is particularly homogeneous on the chronological point of view, suggesting a rather limited occupation period for the site. Attesting contacts between Mediterranean merchants, Roman Egypt and the Nabataean kingdom, these new data allow a complete reassessment of the importance of this locality in the Red Sea trade routes during antiquity.

scholarly journals The Origin and Dynamical Effects of the Magnetic Fields and Cosmic Rays in the Disk of the Galaxy

1970 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 168-183
Author(s):  
E. N. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Dynamical Behavior ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Interested Reader ◽  
Written Text ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The topic of this presentation is the origin and dynamical behavior of the magnetic field and cosmic-ray gas in the disk of the Galaxy. In the space available I can do no more than mention the ideas that have been developed, with but little explanation and discussion. To make up for this inadequacy I have tried to give a complete list of references in the written text, so that the interested reader can pursue the points in depth (in particular see the review articles Parker, 1968a, 1969a, 1970). My purpose here is twofold, to outline for you the calculations and ideas that have developed thus far, and to indicate the uncertainties that remain. The basic ideas are sound, I think, but, when we come to the details, there are so many theoretical alternatives that need yet to be explored and so much that is not yet made clear by observations.

scholarly journals Measurement of the cosmic ray proton spectrum from 40 GeV to 100 TeV with the DAMPE satellite

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. eaax3793 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Q. An ◽  
R. Asfandiyarov ◽  
P. Azzarello ◽  
P. Bernardini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Precise Measurement ◽  
Milky Way ◽  
Spectral Feature ◽  
Dark Matter Particle ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Proton Spectrum ◽  
First Time

The precise measurement of the spectrum of protons, the most abundant component of the cosmic radiation, is necessary to understand the source and acceleration of cosmic rays in the Milky Way. This work reports the measurement of the cosmic ray proton fluxes with kinetic energies from 40 GeV to 100 TeV, with 2 1/2 years of data recorded by the DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE). This is the first time that an experiment directly measures the cosmic ray protons up to ~100 TeV with high statistics. The measured spectrum confirms the spectral hardening at ~300 GeV found by previous experiments and reveals a softening at ~13.6 TeV, with the spectral index changing from ~2.60 to ~2.85. Our result suggests the existence of a new spectral feature of cosmic rays at energies lower than the so-called knee and sheds new light on the origin of Galactic cosmic rays.

Supernova Remnants: An Introductory Review

2004 ◽  
Vol 218 ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Jacco Vink
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Supernova Remnants ◽  
Supernova Remnant ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Cosmic Ray Acceleration ◽  
Introductory Review

The two main aspects of supernova remnant research addressed in this review are: I. What is our understanding of the progenitors of the observed remnants, and what have we learned from these remnants about supernova nucleosynthesis? II. Supernova remnants are probably the major source of cosmic rays. What are the recent advances in the observational aspects of cosmic ray acceleration in supernova remnants?

scholarly journals High energy cosmic ray interactions and UHECR composition problem

2019 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 02001
Author(s):  
Sergey Ostapchenko
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Ultra High Energy ◽  
Hadronic Interactions ◽  
High Energy Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Ray Interactions ◽  
Composition Problem

The differences between contemporary Monte Carlo generators of high energy hadronic interactions are discussed and their impact on the interpretation of experimental data on ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) is studied. Key directions for further model improvements are outlined. The prospect for a coherent interpretation of the data in terms of the UHECR composition is investigated.

scholarly journals Coincidence counter measurements of cosmic rays in an aeroplane

1936 ◽  
Vol 156 (889) ◽  
pp. 570-577 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Independent Sets ◽  
Vertical Line ◽  
Coincidence Counting ◽  
Detailed Design ◽  
Recording Apparatus ◽  
Coincidence Counter ◽  
Balloon Experiments

Cosmic ray measurements on mountains are limited in general to altitudes below about 4000 meters. Above this height Regener has made successful use of small balloons carrying self-recording apparatus, and occasional flights have been made with manned balloons by Piccard, Cosyns, and by American workers. Balloon experiments are, however, hardly practicable in this country, so we decided to investigate cosmic rays, and in particular the production of showers, using an aeroplane. Facilities for flying to a height of about 10 km. Were generously provided by the Air Ministry. Apparatus Two independent sets of three tube counters were used in conjunction with the usual coincidence counting circuits. The counters could be arranged in a vertical line to record vertical penetrating particles, or in a triangle to record showers. The triple coincidences were recorded by telephone counters which were photographed at intervals together with a clock and aneroid barometer. The detailed design of the apparatus required some consideration since the aeroplane available (the Vickers Vespa machine used for high altitude experiments at the Royal Aircraft Establishment) had an open observer’s cockpit in which the counting set had to be installed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document