scholarly journals Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration: From Cell-Based Therapies to Decellularised Engineered Extracellular Matrices

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Fisher ◽  
Giuseppe M. Peretti ◽  
Celeste Scotti
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Cell Sources ◽  
Alternative Techniques ◽  
Developmental Engineering

Currently, autologous bone grafting represents the clinical gold standard in orthopaedic surgery. In certain cases, however, alternative techniques are required. The clinical utility of stem and stromal cells has been demonstrated for the repair and regeneration of craniomaxillofacial and long bone defects although clinical adoption of bone tissue engineering protocols has been very limited. Initial tissue engineering studies focused on the bone marrow as a source of cells for bone regeneration, and while a number of promising results continue to emerge, limitations to this technique have prompted the exploration of alternative cell sources, including adipose and muscle tissue. In this review paper we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cell sources with a focus on adipose tissue and the bone marrow. Additionally, we highlight the relatively recent paradigm of developmental engineering, which promotes the recapitulation of naturally occurring developmental processes to allow the implant to optimally respond to endogenous cues. Finally we examine efforts to apply lessons from studies into different cell sources and developmental approaches to stimulate bone growth by use of decellularised hypertrophic cartilage templates.

scholarly journals Sinusoidal electromagnetic fields accelerate bone regeneration by boosting the multifunctionality of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weigang Li ◽  
Wenbin Liu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Jiachen Wang ◽  
Tian Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Cell Scaffolds ◽  
Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Calvarial Defects

Abstract Background The repair of critical-sized bone defects is always a challenging problem. Electromagnetic fields (EMFs), used as a physiotherapy for bone defects, have been suspected to cause potential hazards to human health due to the long-term exposure. To optimize the application of EMF while avoiding its adverse effects, a combination of EMF and tissue engineering techniques is critical. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of the mechanism of action of EMF will lead to better applications in the future. Methods In this research, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) seeded on 3D-printed scaffolds were treated with sinusoidal EMFs in vitro. Then, 5.5 mm critical-sized calvarial defects were created in rats, and the cell scaffolds were implanted into the defects. In addition, the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which EMFs regulate BMSCs were explored with various approaches to gain deeper insight into the effects of EMFs. Results The cell scaffolds treated with EMF successfully accelerated the repair of critical-sized calvarial defects. Further studies revealed that EMF could not directly induce the differentiation of BMSCs but improved the sensitivity of BMSCs to BMP signals by upregulating the quantity of specific BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) receptors. Once these receptors receive BMP signals from the surrounding milieu, a cascade of reactions is initiated to promote osteogenic differentiation via the BMP/Smad signalling pathway. Moreover, the cytokines secreted by BMSCs treated with EMF can better facilitate angiogenesis and osteoimmunomodulation which play fundamental roles in bone regeneration. Conclusion In summary, EMF can promote the osteogenic potential of BMSCs and enhance the paracrine function of BMSCs to facilitate bone regeneration. These findings highlight the profound impact of EMF on tissue engineering and provide a new strategy for the clinical treatment of bone defects.

Micro-Computed Tomography Analysis on Administration of Mesenchymal Stem Cells - Bovine Teeth Scaffold Composites for Alveolar Bone Tissue Engineering

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 86-96
Author(s):  
Desi Sandra Sari ◽  
Fourier Dzar Eljabbar Latief ◽  
Ferdiansyah ◽  
Ketut Sudiana ◽  
Fedik Abdul Rantam
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Significant Difference

The tissue engineering approach for periodontal tissue regeneration using a combination of stem cells and scaffold has been vastly developed. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) seeded with Bovine Teeth Scaffold (BTSc) can repair alveolar bone damage in periodontitis cases. The alveolar bone regeneration process was analyzed by micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) to observe the structure of bone growth and to visualize the scaffold in 3-Dimensional (3D). The purpose of this study is to analyze alveolar bone regeneration by µ-CT following the combination of MSCs and bovine teeth scaffold (MSCs-BTSc) implantation in the Wistar rat periodontitis model. Methods. MSCs were cultured from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells of rats. BTSc was taken from bovine teeth and freeze-dried with a particle size of 150-355 µm. MSCs were seeded on BTSc for 24 hours and transplanted in a rat model of periodontitis. Thirty-five Wistar rats were made as periodontitis models with LPS induction from P. gingivalis injected to the buccal section of interproximal gingiva between the first and the second mandibular right-molar teeth for six weeks. There were seven groups (control group, BTSc group on day 7, BTSc group on day 14, BTSc group on day 28, MSCs-BTSc group on day 7, MSCs-BTSc group on day 14, MSCs-BTSc group on day 28). The mandibular alveolar bone was analyzed and visualized in 3D with µ-CT to observe any new bone growth. Statistical Analysis. Group data were subjected to the Kruskal Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney (p <0.05). The µ-CT qualitative analysis shows a fibrous structure, which indicates the existence of new bone regeneration. Quantitative analysis of the periodontitis model showed a significant difference between the control model and the model with the alveolar bone resorption (p <0.05). The bone volume and density measurements revealed that the MSCs-BTSc group on day 28 formed new bone compared to other groups (p <0.05). Administration of MSCs-BTSc combination has the potential to form new alveolar bone.

Strontium-Borosilicate-Co-Effects to Stimulate Bone Regeneration

2011 ◽  
Vol 685 ◽  
pp. 371-378
Author(s):  
Yu Hui Shen ◽  
Kui Bo Zhang ◽  
Hao Bo Pan ◽  
William W. Lu ◽  
Zhao Min Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Psychomotor Skills ◽  
Rapid Degradation ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
High Dissolution Rate

As a naturally-occurring trace element, boron involves many life processes including embryogenesis, bone growth and maintenance, immune function and psychomotor skills. Thus, the low chemical durable glass based on 3-fold coordination boron network former shows potential in delivering boron for bone health. However, its high dissolution rate may result in cytotoxicity. The addition of strontium seems to be an effective approach not only inhibits its rapid degradation, but delivers strontium as a ‘drug’ to enhance the ability of bone formation. Thus, strontium-incorporated borosilicate shows special role in bone regeneration, in particular in women past menopause.

scholarly journals Enhanced Bone Regeneration With Umbilical Cord Stem Cells: A Case Report And Histomorphometric Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Dennis Smiler ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Bone Marrow Aspirate ◽  
Bone Marrow Aspiration ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
Histomorphometric Analysis ◽  
Umbilical Cord Stem Cells

Combining bone-marrow aspirate with xenograft and allograft particulate material has been demonstrated to produce a significant quantity of new bone growth. However, securing 1 to 4 ccs of adult autogenous stem cells by means of bone-marrow aspiration is invasive, and the aspirated stem cells are typically senescent, as the procedure most often is used in aging patients

Human acellular amniotic membrane: A potential osteoinductive biomaterial for bone regeneration

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 754-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Tang ◽  
Jiayi Wu ◽  
Zekang Xiong ◽  
Yanhui Ji ◽  
Tingfang Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Amniotic Membrane ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Defect Model ◽  
Femoral Defect ◽  
Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Human acellular amniotic membrane is an acellular, naturally extracellular matrix material with various bioactive factors, which applied in tissue engineering in clinic. Several studies have applied human acellular amniotic membrane in skin and ocular surface tissue engineering to enhance tissue regeneration. However, the application of human acellular amniotic membrane in bone tissue engineering was rarely investigated. The aim of the current study was to investigate the osteoinductivity, angiogenesis and the early molecular changes of human acellular amniotic membrane to bone regeneration. Our results showed that human acellular amniotic membrane with excellent biocompatibility was beneficial for bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. In rat femoral defect model, the existence of human acellular amniotic membrane significantly improved bone regeneration in the defects. The gene expression of CXCR-4, MCP-1, OC and CatK which were connected with cells recruitment and bone remodeling, was enhanced in the defects implanted with human acellular amniotic membrane. The results of this study suggest that human acellular amniotic membrane is an osteoinductive biomaterial for bone regeneration.

scholarly journals New light shed on the early evolution of limb-bone growth plate and bone marrow

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Estefa ◽  
Paul Tafforeau ◽  
Alice M Clement ◽  
Jozef Klembara ◽  
Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Early Evolution ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Limb Bones

The production of blood cells (haematopoiesis) occurs in the limb bones of most tetrapods but is absent in the fin bones of ray-finned fish. When did long bones start producing blood cells? Recent hypotheses suggested that haematopoiesis migrated into long bones prior to the water-to-land transition and protected newly-produced blood cells from harsher environmental conditions. However, little fossil evidence to support these hypotheses has been provided so far. Observations of the humeral microarchitecture of stem-tetrapods, batrachians, and amniotes were performed using classical sectioning and three-dimensional synchrotron virtual histology. They show that Permian tetrapods seem to be among the first to exhibit a centralised marrow organisation, which allows haematopoiesis as in extant amniotes. Not only does our study demonstrate that long-bone haematopoiesis was probably not an exaptation to the water-to-land transition but it sheds light on the early evolution of limb-bone development and the sequence of bone-marrow functional acquisitions.

scholarly journals Curdlan–Chitosan Electrospun Fibers as Potential Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clément Toullec ◽  
Jean Le Bideau ◽  
Valerie Geoffroy ◽  
Boris Halgand ◽  
Nela Buchtova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Electrospun Fibers ◽  
Scratch Assay ◽  
Chitosan Scaffolds ◽  
Immunomodulatory Properties ◽  
Novel Scaffold

Polysaccharides have received a lot of attention in biomedical research for their high potential as scaffolds owing to their unique biological properties. Fibrillar scaffolds made of chitosan demonstrated high promise in tissue engineering, especially for skin. As far as bone regeneration is concerned, curdlan (1,3-β-glucan) is particularly interesting as it enhances bone growth by helping mesenchymal stem cell adhesion, by favoring their differentiation into osteoblasts and by limiting the osteoclastic activity. Therefore, we aim to combine both chitosan and curdlan polysaccharides in a new scaffold for bone regeneration. For that purpose, curdlan was electrospun as a blend with chitosan into a fibrillar scaffold. We show that this novel scaffold is biodegradable (8% at two weeks), exhibits a good swelling behavior (350%) and is non-cytotoxic in vitro. In addition, the benefit of incorporating curdlan in the scaffold was demonstrated in a scratch assay that evidences the ability of curdlan to express its immunomodulatory properties by enhancing cell migration. Thus, these innovative electrospun curdlan–chitosan scaffolds show great potential for bone tissue engineering.

Novel three Dimensional Biodegradable Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

1998 ◽  
Vol 550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kacey G. Marra ◽  
Phil G. Campbell ◽  
Paul A. Dimilla ◽  
Prashant N. Kumta ◽  
Mark P. Mooney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Bone Cell ◽  
Degradation Rates

AbstractWe have constructed osteogenic scaffolds using solid freeform fabrication techniques. Blends of biodegradable polymers, polycaprolactone and poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid), have been examined as scaffolds for applications in bone tissue engineering. Hydroxyapatite granules were incorporated into the blends and porous discs were prepared. Mechanical properties and degradation rates of the composites were determined. The discs were seeded with rabbit bone marrow or cultured bone marrow stromal cells and in vitro studies were conducted. Electron microscopy and histological analysis revealed an osteogenic composite that supports bone cell growth not only on the surface but throughout the 1 mm thick scaffold as well. Seeded and unseeded discs were mechanically assembled in layers and implanted in a rabbit rectus abdominis muscle. Bone growth was evident after eight weeks in vivo. Electron microscopy and histological analyses indicate vascularization and primitive bone formation throughout the seeded composite, and also a “fusion” of the layers to form a single, solid construct. Finally, we have begun to incorporate the growth factor IGF-I into the scaffold to enhance osteogenicity and/or as an alternative to cell seeding.

scholarly journals Distinct skeletal stem cell types orchestrate long bone skeletogenesis

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H Ambrosi ◽  
Rahul Sinha ◽  
Holly M Steininger ◽  
Malachia Y Hoover ◽  
Matthew P Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche ◽  
Skeletal Stem Cell

Skeletal stem and progenitor cell populations are crucial for bone physiology. Characterization of these cell types remains restricted to heterogenous bulk populations with limited information on whether they are unique or overlap with previously characterized cell types. Here we show, through comprehensive functional and single-cell transcriptomic analyses, that postnatal long bones of mice contain at least two types of bone progenitors with bona fide skeletal stem cell (SSC) characteristics. An early osteochondral SSC (ocSSC) facilitates long bone growth and repair, while a second type, a perivascular SSC (pvSSC), co-emerges with long bone marrow and contributes to shape the hematopoietic stem cell niche and regenerative demand. We establish that pvSSCs, but not ocSSCs, are the origin of bone marrow adipose tissue. Lastly, we also provide insight into residual SSC heterogeneity as well as potential crosstalk between the two spatially distinct cell populations. These findings comprehensively address previously unappreciated shortcomings of SSC research.

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