scholarly journals Biochemical and Molecular Analysis ofStaphylococcus aureusClinical Isolates from Hospitalized Patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Karmakar ◽  
Parimal Dua ◽  
Chandradipa Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
High Level ◽  
Gelatin Hydrolysis

Staphylococcus aureusis opportunistic human as well as animal pathogen that causes a variety of diseases. A total of 100Staphylococcus aureusisolates were obtained from clinical samples derived from hospitalized patients. The presumptiveStaphylococcus aureusclinical isolates were identified phenotypically by different biochemical tests. Molecular identification was done by PCR using species specific 16S rRNA primer pairs and finally 100 isolates were found to be positive asStaphylococcus aureus. Screened isolates were further analyzed by several microbiological diagnostics tests including gelatin hydrolysis, protease, and lipase tests. It was found that 78%, 81%, and 51% isolates were positive for gelatin hydrolysis, protease, and lipase activities, respectively. Antibiogram analysis of isolatedStaphylococcus aureusstrains with respect to different antimicrobial agents revealed resistance pattern ranging from 57 to 96%. Our study also shows 70% strains to be MRSA, 54.3% as VRSA, and 54.3% as both MRSA and VRSA. All the identified isolates were subjected to detection ofmecA,nuc, andhlbgenes and 70%, 84%, and 40% were found to harbourmecA,nuc, andhlbgenes, respectively. The current investigation is highly important and informative for the high level multidrug resistantStaphylococcus aureusinfections inclusive also of methicillin and vancomycin.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Nosocomial Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Nepal

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (175) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bidya Shrestha ◽  
B M Pokhrel ◽  
T M Mohapatra
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Test Method ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

Introduction: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the most common cause ofnosocomial infection has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. They arenormally resistant to most of the antibiotics used in clinical practice. This study has been carried outto fi nd out the resistance pattern among S. aureus.Methods: During November 2007 to June 2008, clinical samples from patients with nosocomialinfection were processed for culture and sensitivity following standard methodology in microbiologylaboratory, Tribhuvan University teaching hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.Results: Among 149 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, highest resistance was observed against Penicillin(91.94%) followed by Fluoroquinolone (61.74%), Erythromycin (52.94%), Gentamicin (46.98%),Cotrimoxazole (42.95%), Tetracycline (40.94%) and others, whereas susceptibility was observedmaximum against Chloramphenicol (94.85%) followed by Rifampicin (92.61%), Tetracycline(59.06%), Cotrimoxazole (57.04%), and others. None of the isolates were resistant to Vancomycinand Teicoplanin. Of these isolates 44.96 % of the isolates were Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA).Resistance to Penicillin, Fluoroquinolone, Erythromycin, Gentamicin, Co-trimoxazole and Tetracyclinewere associated signifi cantly with MRSA isolates (X2= 8.779, p<0.05, X2= 74.233, p<0.05, X2= 84.2842,p<0.05, X2= 108.2032, p<0.05, X2= 88.1512, p<0.05 and X2= 79.1876, p<0.05 respectively). Althoughmost of the Methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates were susceptible to both Rifampicinand Chloramphenicol, only Rifampicin susceptibility was signifi cantly associated with them (X2=10.1299, p<0.05). Among three Biochemical tests for the detection of β lactamase detection namelychromogenic, iodometric and acidimetric test, chromogenic test method had highest sensitivity andspecifi city.Conclusions: Since MRSA comprised a greater part of S. aureus isolates and were multi-resistant,patients infected by such strains should be identifi ed and kept in isolation for hospital infectioncontrol and treated with second line of drug like vancomycin.Key Words: β lactamase, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus,methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, resistance pattern

scholarly journals A Study of Isolation and Identification of Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Wound Specimen

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Maria Muddassir ◽  
Sadaf Munir ◽  
Almas Raza ◽  
Adeel Iqbal ◽  
Muddassir Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a clinically important pathogenic microbe in hospitalized patients. It is a major cause of mortality and morbidity having a number of mechanisms that make it antibiotic resistant. Considering the dearth of antimicrobial drugs to treat infection with this pathogen, it has become a necessity to open up new arena for treatment with this organism. Recently, there has been an up rise in the number of multidrug resistant pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Objective: Isolation and identification of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from wound specimens and to evaluate the antibiotic resistant strains of this microbe. Methodology: One hundred and fifty clinical samples of wound were taken from hospitalized patients at Jinnah hospital Lahore during the period of October 2019 to April 2020. In total, twenty (20) isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were identified using the cultural features, morphological characteristics and various biochemical tests plus the Vitek 2 system. Blue/green, brown /blue and yellow/green pigment production showed the presence and growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results: Percentage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in females came out to be 15% as compared to 11.42% in males. This was followed by testing susceptibility of isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to various antimicrobial drugs. Piperacillin/tazobactam and meropenem showed the highest efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Highest resistance was exhibited against trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole which was 75%. Conclusion: Most isolates showed multidrug resistance to four or more drugs. Development of multidrug resistance has emerged as a global problem with pathogens commonly causing infections becoming increasingly resistant to antimicrobial agents.

scholarly journals MUPIROCIN RESISTANCE IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF SOUTH INDIA – A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Malavalli Venkatesh Bhavana ◽  
Sangeeta Joshi ◽  
Ranjeeta Adhikary ◽  
Hosdurg Bhaskar Beena
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Mupirocin Resistance ◽  
High Level ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Level Resistance

Objective: Mupirocin is a topical antibiotic used for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and for the nasal decolonization of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The increasing reports of resistance to mupirocin are a matter of concern. We undertook this study to detect and differentiate the mupirocin resistance pattern and to analyze the susceptibility pattern among S. aureus isolates of our hospital.Methods: This is a prospective laboratory-based study conducted during the period May–September 2014. Clinical samples that grew S. aureus during the study period were tested for mupirocin resistance using the 5 μg and 200 μg discs. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) detection of resistant strains was performed using the E-test.Results: Mupirocin resistance was seen in 4.81% of our S. aureus isolates; all of which exhibited high-level resistance with MIC ≥1024 μg/ml.Conclusions: The resistance is bound to rise with the increased usage of mupirocin; regular testing will help in tackling this upcoming problem and in preserving this important antibiotic against MRSA.

scholarly journals Frequency of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci isolated from blood cultures from 2008 to 2010

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 481-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira Mihajlovic-Ukropina ◽  
Deana Medic ◽  
Zora Jelesic ◽  
Vera Gusman ◽  
Biljana Milosavljevic
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Aminoglycoside Resistance ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
High Level

Introduction. Enterococci are important hospital-acquired pathogens. The most commonly isolated species of the genus, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are the third to fourth-most prevalent nosocomial pathogens worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of resistance to vancomycin and other antimicrobial agents of Enterococcus spp strains isolated from blood cultures of hospitalized patients. Material and methods. During the three-year period, from 2008 to 2010, 132 strains of Enterococcus spp isolated from blood cultures of hospitalized patients were tested for their susceptibility to ampicillin, vancomycin, gentamycin (high-level resistance), erythromycin, chloramphenicol, teicoplanin, ciprofloxacin by disc diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommendations. Susceptibility of vancomycin resistant E. faecium to the same antibiotics and to linezolid, quinopristin/dalfopristin and tigecyclin was determined using VITEK system. Results and discussion. Resistance to vancomycin was detected in 21 (15.9%) Enterococcus spp strains. The percentage of resistance to other antimicrobial agents varied from 23.1% for chloramphenicol to 81.3% for ciproflxacin. All vancomycin resistant enterococci were identified as E. faecium and belonged to phenotype VanA. The resistance to other antibiotics was very high, except for linezolid and quinopristin/dalfopristin (4.7%). The high-level aminoglycoside resistance was 87.6% for gentamycin and 95.2% for streptomycin. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin, teicoplanin and ciprofloxacin. Conclusion. The detected high frequency of multidrug-resistant isolates among vancomycin resistant enterococci is of great importance and suggests the need for further monitoring of susceptibility in order to take adequate measures to prevent and control spreading of resistant strains.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter Species in Diarrheal Patients in Mymensingh, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Md. Ashikur Rahman ◽  
Priyanka Rani Paul ◽  
Nazmul Hoque ◽  
Sk Shaheenur Islam ◽  
A. K. M. Ziaul Haque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Agar Disc ◽  
Campylobacter Species ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Campylobacter enteritis is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide including Bangladesh. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial-resistance status of Campylobacter spp. in human diarrheal samples collected from Surya Kanta Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. In this study, we evaluated a total of 330 clinical samples for the presence Campylobacter spp. via cultural and biochemical tests and molecular assays. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Campylobacter species was accomplished by the standard agar disc diffusion technique against eight commercially available antimicrobial agents. A pretested semistructured questionnaire was used to capture the data on socioanthropological factors from the diarrheal patients. Pearson’s chi-square test was performed, and a p value of <0.05 was considered for the level of significance. Nearly one in three diarrheal patients admitted in this hospital were infected with Campylobacter spp. Overall prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was estimated to be 31.5% (104/330) that comprised the prevalence of C. jejuni, 21.8% ( n = 72 ), and C. coli, 9.6% ( n = 32 ). Among the positive cases, the prevalence of Campylobacter was higher in the age group 0-5 years (52%) followed by 6-18 years (42.7%), 19-40 years (34.0%), 41-60 years (25.4%), and >60 years (10.5%). Age, family level’s personal hygiene, and involvement with animal husbandry were captured as potential determinants to be associated with the Campylobacter positive status. Among the isolates, 27.3% ( n = 20 ) of C. jejuni and 31.2% ( n = 10 ) of C. coli demonstrated as multidrug-resistant (MDR) to three or more antimicrobial agents. The present study shows that Campylobacter spp. is most prevalent among the hospital-admitted diarrheal patients, and proper measures should be taken to reduce the burden focusing on the potential determinants.

scholarly journals MUPIROCIN RESISTANCE IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF SOUTH INDIA – A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Malavalli Venkatesh Bhavana ◽  
Sangeeta Joshi ◽  
Ranjeeta Adhikary ◽  
Hosdurg Bhaskar Beena
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Mupirocin Resistance ◽  
High Level ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Level Resistance

Objective: Mupirocin is a topical antibiotic used for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and for the nasal decolonization of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The increasing reports of resistance to mupirocin are a matter of concern. We undertook this study to detect and differentiate the mupirocin resistance pattern and to analyze the susceptibility pattern among S. aureus isolates of our hospital.Methods: This is a prospective laboratory-based study conducted during the period May–September 2014. Clinical samples that grew S. aureus during the study period were tested for mupirocin resistance using the 5 μg and 200 μg discs. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) detection of resistant strains was performed using the E-test.Results: Mupirocin resistance was seen in 4.81% of our S. aureus isolates; all of which exhibited high-level resistance with MIC ≥1024 μg/ml.Conclusions: The resistance is bound to rise with the increased usage of mupirocin; regular testing will help in tackling this upcoming problem and in preserving this important antibiotic against MRSA.

scholarly journals Spa typing of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Clinical Specimens from Outpatients in Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
KHAIRALLAH A.S. MOHAMMED ◽  
ZAHRAA H. ABDULKAREEM ◽  
AYOOB R. ALZAALAN ◽  
AMEL K. YAQOOB
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Vitek 2 ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Spa Types

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is notorious as a hospital superbug and a problematic pathogen among communities. The incidence of MRSA has substantially increased over time in Iraq. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and spa types of MRSA isolates from outpatients or patients upon admission into hospitals. Various biochemical tests identified S. aureus isolates, and then this identification was confirmed by PCR using species-specific 16S rRNA primer pairs. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined against methicillin, oxacillin, and vancomycin using the disk diffusion method. Vancomycin MIC was detected by VITEK 2 compact system. All the identified isolates were screened for the presence of mecA and lukS-PV-lukF-PV genes; 36 of them were subjected to spa typing-based PCR. Out of 290 clinical samples, 65 (22.4%) were S. aureus, of which 62 (95.4%) strains were resistant to oxacillin and methicillin. Except for two isolates, all MRSA isolates were mecA positive. One of the three MSSA isolates was mecA positive. Five strains were resistant to vancomycin. Fourteen (21.5%) isolates were positive for the presence of lukS-PV-lukF-PV genes. Spa typing of 36 S. aureus isolates revealed eleven different spa types, t304 (30.3%), t307 (19.4%), t346 (8.3%), t044 (8.3%), t15595 (8.3%), t386 (5.5%), t5475 (5.5%), t17928 (2.8%), t14870 (2.8%), t021 (2.8%), and t024 (2.8%). These findings could be useful for assessing the genetic relatedness of strains in the region for epidemiological and monitoring purposes, which would be essential to limiting the spread of MRSA.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antimicrobial drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cow milk samples

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2736-2742
Author(s):  
Matlale Phriskey Mphahlele ◽  
James Wabwire Oguttu ◽  
Inge-Marie Petzer ◽  
Daniel Nenene Qekwana
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance ◽  
Milk Samples

Background and Aim: Staphylococcus aureus infections and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in mastitis cases are both of clinical and economic importance. This study investigated the prevalence and AMR patterns of S. aureus isolated from composite milk samples of dairy cows submitted to the Onderstepoort Milk Laboratory for routine diagnosis. Materials and Methods: A total of 2862 cow milk samples randomly selected from submitted samples were tested for the presence of S. aureus using microbiological and biochemical tests. Confirmation of isolates was done using the analytical profile index. Antimicrobial susceptibility of S. aureus isolates against 12 antimicrobial agents was determined using the disk diffusion method. Results: S. aureus was isolated from 1.7% (50/2862) of the samples tested. All (100%) S. aureus isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, while 62% (31/50) were resistant to three or more categories of antimicrobials (multidrug-resistant [MDR]). Most S. aureus isolates were resistant to erythromycin (62%; 31/50) and ampicillin (62%; 31/50). Almost half of S. aureus isolates were resistant to oxacillin (46%; 23/50) and only 8% (4/50) were resistant to cefoxitin. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of S. aureus among mastitis cases in this study was low, isolates exhibited high resistance to aminoglycosides, macrolides, and penicillins, all of which are important drugs in human medicine. The high prevalence of MDR S. aureus and the presence of methicillin resistance among S. aureus observed in this study are of both clinical and public health concerns.

scholarly journals Isolation of mecC Gene carrying Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Clinical Samples from a Tertiary Care Institute, Northern India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nargis Bali ◽  
Biswajyoti Borkakoty ◽  
Humaira Bashir ◽  
Shaista Nazir ◽  
Sayim Wani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

Introduction: The MecC Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) after its initial recovery in 2007 has been reported with varying frequency from different parts of the world. These isolates assume importance due to the fact that with routine testing platforms available for the detection of MRSA they can be misidentified as being methicillin sensitive which can adversely affect the treatment and outcome of infections due to MRSA harbouring the mecC gene. Aim: To evaluate mecC gene carrying MRSA in clinical isolates. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India for a period of three months (May-July 2020). A total of 102 laboratory confirmed isolates of MRSA (based on biochemical tests and cefoxitin disc diffusion results) were subjected to screening for the presence of mecA and mecC gene by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) was extracted using an in house extraction method following which mecA and mecC were amplified in a total reaction volume of 25 μL using 2x PCR master mix, 5 μL of template and 1 μL (0.4 μM final concentration) each of reverse and forward primers specific for the above mentioned genes. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software v24.0. Results: All the isolates were confirmed as being methicillin resistant with 96.1% isolates carrying the mecA gene and 3.9% carrying the mecC gene. The mecC MRSA were recovered from pus, swab and endotracheal tip in middle aged men. One of the patient from whose sample mecC MRSA was recovered was suffering from hypertension, diabetes and renal faliure. MRSA exhibited high resistance to all the antimicrobial agents tested however all of them were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid. Conclusion: The presence of mecC gene in clinical isolates of MRSA is a cause of concern and calls for an extensive and continuous surveillance of such isolates as they can in future be implicated in causing severe human infections.

scholarly journals Intravenous Fosfomycin: An Assessment of Its Potential for Use in the Treatment of Systemic Infections in Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
George G. Zhanel ◽  
Michael A. Zhanel ◽  
James A. Karlowsky
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Second Line ◽  
Pharmacological Interactions ◽  
Term Administration ◽  
Excellent Safety Profile ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Systemic Infections

Fosfomycin is a bactericidal agent that inhibits cell wall synthesis using a mechanism of action distinct from β-lactams or other antimicrobial agents. It is a broad-spectrum agent that is frequently active against antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae, and some isolates of MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Intravenous fosfomycin has been prescribed for a wide variety of infections in many countries for >40 years. It is most frequently used in combination with other antimicrobial agents (e.g., β-lactams, carbapenems, and aminoglycosides) and has an excellent safety profile, including in neonates and children, even with long-term administration (weeks). Fosfomycin achieves extensive tissue distribution including difficult to reach compartments such as aqueous humor, vitreous humor, abscess fluid, and CSF. Available data, to date, suggest no clinically relevant pharmacological interactions between fosfomycin and other agents, including drugs, stimulants, or food. Intravenous fosfomycin’s role in therapy in Canada is likely as an agent used alone or in combination for complicated urinary tract infections in hospitalized patients as well as hospitalized patients with MDR infections who have not responded to first-, and potentially, second-line antimicrobials or in patients who cannot tolerate (due to adverse effects) first- and second-line antimicrobials.

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