scholarly journals Potential Use of Salivary Markers for Longitudinal Monitoring of Inflammatory Immune Responses to Vaccination

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei Wen Lim ◽  
Johan Garssen ◽  
Elena Sandalova
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Inflammatory Biomarkers ◽  
Immune Reactivity ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Full Dynamic Range

Vaccination, designed to trigger a protective immune response against infection, is a trigger for mild inflammatory responses. Vaccination studies can address the question of inflammation initiation, levels, and resolution as well as its regulation for respective studied pathogens. Such studies largely based on analyzing the blood components including specific antibodies and cytokines were usually constrained by number of participants and volume of collected blood sample. Hence, blood-based studies may not be able to cover the full dynamic range of inflammation responses induced by vaccination. In this review, the potential of using saliva in addition to blood for studying the kinetics of inflammatory response studies was assessed. Saliva sampling is noninvasive and has a great potential to be used for studies aimed at analysing the magnitude, time course, and variance in immune responses, including inflammation after vaccination. Based on a literature survey of inflammatory biomarkers that can be determined in saliva and an analysis of how these biomarkers could help to understand the mechanisms and dynamics of immune reactivity and inflammation, we propose that the saliva-based approach might have potential to add substantial value to clinical studies, particularly in vulnerable populations such as infants, toddlers, and ill individuals.

scholarly journals Kinetics of Immune Responses to Influenza Virus-Like Particles and Dose-Dependence of Protection with a Single Vaccination

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 4489-4497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fu Shi Quan ◽  
Dae-Goon Yoo ◽  
Jae-Min Song ◽  
John D. Clements ◽  
Richard W. Compans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Lethal Challenge ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Kinetics Of

ABSTRACT The format of influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) as a nonreplicating particulate vaccine candidate is a promising alternative to conventional egg-based vaccines. In this study, we have investigated the detailed kinetics of immune responses and protective efficacy after a single intranasal immunization with different doses of VLPs alone or in the presence of an Escherichia coli mutant heat-labile enterotoxin [mLT(R192G)] or cholera toxin subunit B as adjuvants. Analysis of immune responses showed differential kinetics in a VLP antigen dose-dependent manner and dynamic changes in the ratios of antibody immunoglobulin G isotypes over the time course. Protection against lethal challenge was observed with a single immunization with influenza VLPs even without adjuvant. The addition of adjuvant showed significant antigen-sparing effects with improved protective efficacy. The protective immune responses, efficacies of protection, and antigen-sparing effects were significantly improved by a second immunization as determined by the levels of neutralizing antibodies, morbidity postchallenge, lung viral titers, and inflammatory cytokines. Our results are informative for a better understanding of the protective immunity induced by a single dose or two doses of influenza VLPs, which is dependent on antigen dosage and the presence of adjuvant, and will provide insights into designing effective vaccines based on VLPs.

scholarly journals Ostertagia ostertagi Mediates Early Host Immune Responses via Macrophage and Toll-Like Receptor Pathways

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariam Bakshi ◽  
Deborah Hebert ◽  
Connor Gulbronson ◽  
Gary Bauchan ◽  
Wenbin Tuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Ostertagia Ostertagi ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

ABSTRACT Ostertagia ostertagi is an abomasal parasite with significant economic impact on the cattle industry. Early host immune responses are poorly understood. Here, we examined time course expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) during infection where PBMC macrophages (Mϕ) generated both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses when incubated with excretory/secretory products (ESP) from fourth-stage larvae (OoESP-L4) or adult worms (OoESP-Ad). First, changes in cell morphology clearly showed that both OoESP-L4 and OoESP-Ad activated PBMC-Mϕ in vitro, resulting in suppressed CD40 and increased CD80 expression. Expression of mRNAs for TLR1, -4, -5, and -7 peaked 7 days postinfection (dpi) (early L4), decreased by 19 dpi (postemergent L4 and adults) and then increased at 27 dpi (late adults). The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (transcript and protein) increased in the presence of OoESP-Ad, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) (protein) decreased in the presence of OoESP-L4 or OoESP-Ad; however, IL-10 mRNA was upregulated, and IL-6 (protein) was downregulated by OoESP-L4. When PBMC-Mϕ were treated with ligands for TLR4 or TLR5 in combination with OoESP-Ad, the transcripts for TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10 were significantly downregulated relative to treatment with TLR4 and TLR5 ligands only. However, the effects of TLR2 ligand and OoESP-Ad were additive, but only at the lower concentration. We propose that O. ostertagi L4 and adult worms utilize competing strategies via TLRs and Mϕ to confuse the immune system, which allows the worm to evade the host innate responses.

Influence of Radioiodine Therapy on Urinary Iodine Excretion

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (03) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Lauer ◽  
M. Bähre ◽  
E. Richter ◽  
B. Melier
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Radioiodine Therapy ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Target Volume ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Creatinine ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Persistent Elevation ◽  
Benign Thyroid

Summary Aim: In 214 patients with benign thyroid diseases the time-course of urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was investigated in order to identify changes after radioiodine therapy (RITh). Method: UIE was measured photometrically (cerium-arsenite method) and related to urinary creatinine on the first and last day of the radioiodine test and then three days, seven days, four weeks, and six months after 1311 administration. Results: As compared with the level found immediately before radioiodine therapy, median UIE had almost doubled four weeks after therapy and was still significantly elevated six months after therapy. This increase correlated significantly with the target volume as measured by scintigraphy and sonography. Conclusions: The persistent elevation of UIE for months after RITh is a measure of treatment-induced damage to thyrocytes. Therefore, in view of the unfavourable kinetics of iodine that follow it, RITh should if possible be given via a single-dose regime.

scholarly journals Pattern of inflammatory immune response determines the clinical course and outcome of COVID-19: unbiased clustering analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunyoung Emily Lee ◽  
Kyoung-Ho Song ◽  
Woochang Hwang ◽  
Sin Young Ham ◽  
Hyeonju Jeong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Clustering Analysis ◽  
Validation Cohort ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Inflammatory Immune Response ◽  
Cluster 2

AbstractThe objective of the study was to identify distinct patterns in inflammatory immune responses of COVID-19 patients and to investigate their association with clinical course and outcome. Data from hospitalized COVID-19 patients were retrieved from electronic medical record. Supervised k-means clustering of serial C-reactive protein levels (CRP), absolute neutrophil counts (ANC), and absolute lymphocyte counts (ALC) was used to assign immune responses to one of three groups. Then, relationships between patterns of inflammatory responses and clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 were assessed in a discovery and validation cohort. Unbiased clustering analysis grouped 105 patients of a discovery cohort into three distinct clusters. Cluster 1 (hyper-inflammatory immune response) was characterized by high CRP levels, high ANC, and low ALC, whereas Cluster 3 (hypo-inflammatory immune response) was associated with low CRP levels and normal ANC and ALC. Cluster 2 showed an intermediate pattern. All patients in Cluster 1 required oxygen support whilst 61% patients in Cluster 2 and no patient in Cluster 3 required supplementary oxygen. Two (13.3%) patients in Cluster 1 died, whereas no patient in Clusters 2 and 3 died. The results were confirmed in an independent validation cohort of 116 patients. We identified three different patterns of inflammatory immune response to COVID-19. Hyper-inflammatory immune responses with elevated CRP, neutrophilia, and lymphopenia are associated with a severe disease and a worse outcome. Therefore, targeting the hyper-inflammatory response might improve the clinical outcome of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Laminarin Induces Defense Responses and Efficiently Controls Olive Leaf Spot Disease in Olive

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1043
Author(s):  
George T. Tziros ◽  
Anastasios Samaras ◽  
George S. Karaoglanidis
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Olive Leaf ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Resistance Inducers ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Potential Use

Olive leaf spot (OLS) caused by Fusicladiumoleagineum is mainly controlled using copper fungicides. However, the replacement of copper-based products with eco-friendly alternatives is a priority. The use of plant resistance-inducers (PRIs) or biological control agents (BCAs) could contribute in this direction. In this study we investigated the potential use of three PRIs (laminarin, acibenzolar-S-methyl, harpin) and a BCA (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB24) for the management of OLS. The tested products provided control efficacy higher than 68%. In most cases, dual applications provided higher (p < 0.05) control efficacies compared to that achieved by single applications. The highest control efficacy of 100% was achieved by laminarin. Expression analysis of the selected genes by RT-qPCR revealed different kinetics of induction. In laminarin-treated plants, for most of the tested genes a higher induction rate (p < 0.05) was observed at 3 days post application. Pal, Lox, Cuao and Mpol were the genes with the higher inductions in laminarin-treated and artificially inoculated plants. The results of this study are expected to contribute towards a better understanding of PRIs in olive culture and the optimization of OLS control, while they provide evidence for potential contributions in the reduction of copper accumulation in the environment.

scholarly journals A Missing Link: Engagements of Dendritic Cells in the Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1118
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz Alamri ◽  
Derek Fisk ◽  
Deepak Upreti ◽  
Sam K. P. Kung
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Cell Recruitment ◽  
Cross Presentation ◽  
Cell Immunity ◽  
Immune Cell Recruitment

Dendritic cells (DC) connect the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system and carry out numerous roles that are significant in the context of viral disease. Their functions include the control of inflammatory responses, the promotion of tolerance, cross-presentation, immune cell recruitment and the production of antiviral cytokines. Based primarily on the available literature that characterizes the behaviour of many DC subsets during Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we speculated possible mechanisms through which DC could contribute to COVID-19 immune responses, such as dissemination of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to lymph nodes, mounting dysfunctional inteferon responses and T cell immunity in patients. We highlighted gaps of knowledge in our understanding of DC in COVID-19 pathogenesis and discussed current pre-clinical development of therapies for COVID-19.

scholarly journals Antigen receptor repertoires of one of the smallest known vertebrates

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. eabd8180
Author(s):  
Orlando B. Giorgetti ◽  
Prashant Shingate ◽  
Connor P. O’Meara ◽  
Vydianathan Ravi ◽  
Nisha E. Pillai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antigen Receptor ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Immune Reactivity ◽  
Self Similarity ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Scale Free Networks ◽  
Incomplete Sampling

The rules underlying the structure of antigen receptor repertoires are not yet fully defined, despite their enormous importance for the understanding of adaptive immunity. With current technology, the large antigen receptor repertoires of mice and humans cannot be comprehensively studied. To circumvent the problems associated with incomplete sampling, we have studied the immunogenetic features of one of the smallest known vertebrates, the cyprinid fish Paedocypris sp. “Singkep” (“minifish”). Despite its small size, minifish has the key genetic facilities characterizing the principal vertebrate lymphocyte lineages. As described for mammals, the frequency distributions of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor clonotypes exhibit the features of fractal systems, demonstrating that self-similarity is a fundamental property of antigen receptor repertoires of vertebrates, irrespective of body size. Hence, minifish achieve immunocompetence via a few thousand lymphocytes organized in robust scale-free networks, thereby ensuring immune reactivity even when cells are lost or clone sizes fluctuate during immune responses.

scholarly journals Changes in J chain and mu chain RNA expression as a function of B cell differentiation.

1984 ◽  
Vol 160 (3) ◽  
pp. 877-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Lamson ◽  
M E Koshland
Keyword(s):  
B Cell ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Rna Synthesis ◽  
Rna Expression ◽  
B Cell Differentiation ◽  
Activated Lymphocytes ◽  
J Chain ◽  
Pattern Characteristic ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Lymphoid Cell Lines

The time course of differentiative events in the pentamer IgM response was examined by following the expression of J chain and mu chain RNA and their protein products in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. The analyses showed that the shift to mus RNA synthesis begins shortly after stimulation and precedes proliferation of the cells and any increase in mu RNA levels. In contrast, expression of J chain RNA and the amplification of J chain and mus message are late events that coincide with a phase of rapid proliferation and with the secretion of pentamer IgM antibody. The kinetics of J and mu chain RNA expression observed in normal lymphocytes were supported by analyses of lymphoid cell lines. B lymphomas were found to display the RNA pattern characteristic of early-activated lymphocytes, i.e., a partial shift to mus RNA production and no J chain RNA, whereas IgM-secreting lines resembled late-activated lymphocytes in their expression of high levels of both mus and J chain mRNA. Moreover, the kinetics of J and mus chain RNA expression correlates with the sequential action of B cell lymphokines in the induction of the pentamer IgM response. This correlation suggests that the successive differentiative changes are triggered by successive membrane stimuli.

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