scholarly journals Management of Multiple Sclerosis in the Breastfeeding Mother

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saneea Almas ◽  
Jesse Vance ◽  
Teresa Baker ◽  
Thomas Hale
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Interferon Beta ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Acute Attacks ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurological disease characterized by inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. Relapsing-Remitting MS is characterized by acute attacks followed by remission. Treatment is aimed at halting these attacks; therapy may last for months to years. Because MS disproportionately affects females and commonly begins during the childbearing years, clinicians treat pregnant or nursing MS patients. The intent of this review is to perform an in-depth analysis into the safety of drugs used in breastfeeding women with MS. This paper is composed of several drugs used in the treatment of MS and current research regarding their safety in breastfeeding including immunomodulators, immunosuppressants, monoclonal antibodies, corticosteroids, and drugs used for symptomatic treatment. Typically, some medications are large polar molecules which often do not pass into the milk in clinically relevant amounts. For this reason, interferon beta is likely safe for the infant when given to a breastfeeding mother. However, other drugs with particularly dangerous side effects may not be recommended. While treatment options are available and some data from clinical studies does exist, there continues to be a need for investigation and ongoing review of the medications used in breastfeeding mothers.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs, Multiple Sclerosis and Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7802
Author(s):  
Hsiuying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Mirna Regulation ◽  
Oxidative And Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Patients Experience ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system that affects the brain and spinal cord. There are several disease courses in MS including relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), and secondary progressive MS (SPMS). Up to 50% of MS patients experience depressive disorders. Major depression (MD) is a serious comorbidity of MS. Many dysfunctions including neuroinflammation, peripheral inflammation, gut dysbiosis, chronic oxidative and nitrosative stress, and neuroendocrine and mitochondrial abnormalities may contribute to the comorbidity between MS and MD. In addition to these actions, medical treatment and microRNA (miRNA) regulation may also be involved in the mechanisms of the comorbidity between MS and MD. In the study, I review many common miRNA biomarkers for both diseases. These common miRNA biomarkers may help further explore the association between MS and MD.

scholarly journals Reduced neurite density in the brain and cervical spinal cord in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: A NODDI study

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 1647-1657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Collorone ◽  
Niamh Cawley ◽  
Francesco Grussu ◽  
Ferran Prados ◽  
Francesca Tona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Cognitive Disability ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Neurite Density ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects both brain and spinal cord. However, studies of the neuraxis with advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are rare because of long acquisition times. We investigated neurodegeneration in MS brain and cervical spinal cord using neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI). Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate possible alterations, and their clinical relevance, in neurite morphology along the brain and cervical spinal cord of relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) patients. Methods: In total, 28 RRMS patients and 20 healthy controls (HCs) underwent brain and spinal cord NODDI at 3T. Physical and cognitive disability was assessed. Individual maps of orientation dispersion index (ODI) and neurite density index (NDI) in brain and spinal cord were obtained. We examined differences in NODDI measures between groups and the relationships between NODDI metrics and clinical scores using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex and brain tissue volumes or cord cross-sectional area (CSA). Results: Patients showed lower NDI in the brain normal-appearing white matter (WM) and spinal cord WM than HCs. In patients, a lower NDI in the spinal cord WM was associated with higher disability. Conclusion: Reduced neurite density occurs in the neuraxis but, especially when affecting the spinal cord, it may represent a mechanism of disability in MS.

Multiple Sclerosis

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal Simon
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Process ◽  
Nerve Involvement ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Involvement ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disabling neurological disease due to an autoimmune process of unknown cause. It is characterized by the formation of patches of demyelination (plaques) throughout the brain and spinal cord. There is no peripheral nerve involvement.

scholarly journals The Management of Spasticity in Multiple Sclerosis

1999 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Gelber ◽  
Patricia B. Jozefczyk
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Nerve Blocks ◽  
Functional Activities ◽  
Daily Care ◽  
Skin Breakdown ◽  
Botulinum Toxin Injections ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Spasticity, defined as a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes, is common in patients with multiple sclerosis due to plaque formation in the brain and spinal cord. Treatment of spasticity is generally considered when the increase in tone interferes with functional activities, such as bed or wheelchair positioning, transfers, ambulation, or daily care; when it is painful; or when it leads to complications such as contractures or skin breakdown. This paper reviews the pathophysiology of spasticity and discusses treatment options, including general medical and nursing cares, physical and occupational therapy approaches, use of splints and orthoses, oral and intrathecal medications, nerve blocks, botulinum toxin injections, and orthopedic and neurosurgical procedures.

Serial gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the brain and spinal cord in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

Neurology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Thorpe ◽  
D. Kidd ◽  
I. F. Moseley ◽  
B. E. Kendall ◽  
A. J. Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Enhanced Mri ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Remitting Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Interferon-beta and disability progression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. S65-S69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Drulovic ◽  
Jelena Kostic ◽  
Sarlota Mesaros ◽  
Irena Dujmovic Basuroski ◽  
Nebojsa Stojsavljevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Interferon Beta ◽  
Disability Progression ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Remitting Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

Interferon Beta Use and Disability Prevention in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin M. Greenberg ◽  
Laura Balcer ◽  
Peter A. Calabresi ◽  
Bruce Cree ◽  
Anne Cross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Interferon Beta ◽  
Disability Prevention ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Remitting Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
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