scholarly journals Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Pakistan: National Trends and Global Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abu Bakar Hafeez Bhatti ◽  
Faisal Saud Dar ◽  
Anum Waheed ◽  
Kashif Shafique ◽  
Faisal Sultan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
National Level ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
National Trends

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks second amongst all causes of cancer deaths globally. It is on a rise in Pakistan and might represent the most common cancer in adult males. Pakistan contributes significantly to global burden of hepatitis C, which is a known risk factor for HCC, and has one of the highest prevalence rates (>3%) in the world. In the absence of a national cancer registry and screening programs, prevalence of hepatitis and HCC only represents estimates of the real magnitude of this problem. In this review, we present various aspects of HCC in Pakistan, comparing and contrasting it with the global trends in cancer care. There is a general lack of awareness regarding risk factors of HCC in Pakistani population and prevalence of hepatitis C has increased. In addition, less common risk factors are also on a rise. Majority of patients present with advanced HCC and are not eligible for definitive treatment. We have attempted to highlight issues that have a significant bearing on HCC outcome in Pakistan. A set of strategies have been put forth that can potentially help reduce incidence and improve HCC outcome on national level.

Characteristics of Hepatitis B virus induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Egyptian patients

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman Mahmoud Fathy Barakat ◽  
Khalid Mahmoud AbdAlaziz ◽  
Mohamed Mahmoud Mahmoud El Tabbakh ◽  
Mohamed Kamal Alden Ali
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Abstract Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In the United States, HCC is the ninth leading cause of cancer deaths. Despite advances in prevention techniques, screening, and new technologies in both diagnosis and treatment, incidence and mortality continue to rise. Cirrhosis remains the most important risk factor for the development of HCC regardless of etiology. Hepatitis B and C are independent risk factors for the development of cirrhosis. Alcohol consumption remains an important additional risk factor in the United States as alcohol abuse is five times higher than hepatitis C. Diagnosis is confirmed without pathologic confirmation. Screening includes both radiologic tests, such as ultrasound, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, and serological markers such as αfetoprotein at 6-month interval. Aim To compare characteristics and behavior of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic HCV patients and HVB patients Patients and Methods The current study was conducted on patients with de HCC presented at HCC clinic, Tropical medicine department Ain Shams University Hospitals between December 2017 and D ecember 2018, aged (18-70 years old) . Results eline characteristics of study population shown in Table 1 at enrolment, including gender, Education status, co-morbidity, underlying presence or absence of cirrhosis, Child-Pugh class of patients infected with viral hepatitis, and alpha-fetoprotein levels. Male proportion observed to be predominant in both HCV (62%) and HBV (75.4%) infected HCC population. Overall prevalence of HCV and HBV in patients having HCC was 65.95% and 34.04%, respectively. Presence of underlying liver cirrhosis was more significantly associated with HCV seropositives as compared to HBV seropositive patients (p0.05). Table 2 shows comparison of means between HCV and HBV seropositive patients with HCC. In univariate analysis, mean age difference (11.6 years), and total bilirubin levels (-1.91mg/dl) were the only statistically significant observations noted among HCV-HCC group (p = 0.05) Conclusion Hepatocellular carcinoma is mainly caused by Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B viruses, but latter showed predominance, comparatively worldwide and correlated HBV directly as a cause of HCC rather than HCV whose relation with HCC is still unclear (Shepard et al., 2006; Di Bisceglie, 2009). Because of the geographical differences and risk factors, the epidemiological burden of HCV and HBV has been observed different in different areas of the world. In developing countries due to high burden of HCV infection as compared to HBV such as in Taiwan (HCV 17.0%, HBV 13.8%) (Kao et al., 2011), Guam (HCV 19.6%, HBV 18%) (Haddock et al., 2013), and Pakistan (HCV 4.8%, HBV 2.5%) (Rehman et al., 1996; Raza et al., 2007; Qureshi et al., 2010; Butt et al., 2012;) will possibly

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnolfo Petruzziello
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Liver Cancers ◽  
B Virus

Introduction:Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent primary malignant tumors and accounts for about 90% of all primary liver cancers. Its distribution varies greatly according to geographic location and it is more common in middle and low- income countries than in developed ones especially in Eastern Asia and Sub Saharan Africa (70% of all new HCCs worldwide), with incidence rates of over 20 per 100,000 individuals.Explanation:The most important risk factors for HCC are Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection, Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection, excessive consumption of alcohol and exposition to aflatoxin B1. Its geographic variability and heterogeneity have been widely associated with the different distribution of HBV and HCV infections worldwide.Chronic HBV infection is one of the leading risk factors for HCC globally accounting for at least 50% cases of primary liver tumors worldwide. Generally, while HBV is the main causative agent in the high incidence HCC areas, HCV is the major etiological factor in low incidence HCC areas, like Western Europe and North America.Conclusion:HBV-induced HCC is a complex, stepwise process that includes integration of HBV DNA into host DNA at multiple or single sites. On the contrary, the cancerogenesis mechanism of HCV is not completely known and it still remains controversial as to whether HCV itself plays a direct role in the development of tumorigenic progression.

scholarly journals A hepatitis C-vírus-fertőzés és kezelésének költségvonzata

2015 ◽  
Vol 156 (21) ◽  
pp. 862-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihály Makara ◽  
Béla Hunyady
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
National Level ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Moral Obligations ◽  
Hepatitis C Infection ◽  
Financial Benefit ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Life Years

The worldwide prevalence of hepatitis C infection is 2–3%. In addition to its individual consequences, it generates huge financial impact on national level. In particular, lack of recognition or late diagnosis of the disease is associated with high rate of liver cirrhosis related complications (hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, variceal bleeding, hepatocellular carcinoma) and/or demands liver transplantation. Loss of quality assisted life years and/or those spent in employment, reduced work productivity, as well as costs of antiviral therapy also contribute to the financial burden. The costs of new interferon-free therapies may exceed the prices of previous pegylated interferon based therapies with or without protease inhibitors; however, shorter treatment durations and extremely low rates of severe side-effects with much less related expenses can reduce total costs of these treatments. In addition to the moral obligations, published cost-effectiveness analyses conclude that early diagnosis and treatment of this primarily iatrogenic infection through organized screening programs and wide access to effective therapies may lead to long term financial benefit. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(21), 862–868.

scholarly journals Hepatitis C virus and other risk factors in hepatocellular carcinoma

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (03) ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. SCHIEFELBEIN ◽  
A.-R. ZEKRI ◽  
D. W. NEWTON ◽  
G. A. SOLIMAN ◽  
M. BANERJEE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C

scholarly journals Risk Factors Contributing to the Occurrence and Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Hepatitis C Virus Patients Treated with Direct-Acting Antivirals

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Sara Kishta ◽  
Ashraf Tabll ◽  
Tea Omanovic Kolaric ◽  
Robert Smolic ◽  
Martina Smolic
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Dna Ploidy ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Direct Acting Antivirals ◽  
Hepatic Cells ◽  
Chronic Hcv ◽  
Direct Acting

Although hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA may be eliminated from blood circulation by direct-acting antivirals (DAA) therapy as assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), HCV RNA can still be present in liver tissue, and this is known as occult HCV. There has been a lot of controversy surrounding the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after DAA treatment of hepatic cells infected with chronic HCV. One of the main risk factors that leads to de novo HCC is the chronicity of HCV in hepatic cells. There are many studies regarding the progression of HCV-infected hepatic cells to HCC. However, there is a lack of research on the different molecular mechanisms that lead to the progression of chronic HCV infection to HCC, as well as on the effect of HCV on the alteration of DNA ploidy, which eventually leads to a recurrence of HCC after DAA treatment. In this review article, we will address some risk factors that could lead to the development/recurrence of HCC after treatment of HCV with DAA therapy, such as the role of liver cirrhosis, the alteration of DNA ploidy, the reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV), the role of cytokines and the alteration of the immune system, concomitant non- alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, alcohol consumption and also occult HCV infection/co-infection. Clinicians should be cautious considering that full eradication of hepatocarcinogenesis cannot be successfully accomplished by anti-HCV treatment alone.

Risk Factors for Recurrence after Resection of Hepatitis C Virus-related Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 1559-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoji Kubo ◽  
Kazuhiro Hirohashi ◽  
Hiromu Tanaka ◽  
Tadashi Tsukamoto ◽  
Taichi Shuto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Risk Factors For Recurrence

scholarly journals Bridging the Skill Gap in Robotics: Global and National Environment

SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824402095873
Author(s):  
Natalia Shmatko ◽  
Galina Volkova
Keyword(s):  
Soft Skills ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
National Level ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Soft Skill ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Hard Skills ◽  
Level Information ◽  
National Environment ◽  
National Trends

This article focuses on the demand for skills of highly qualified scientific and technical professionals (engineers and researchers) in robotics, on both a global and national level. Information is collected using the text-mining of open-access vacancies for understanding the global trends and in-depth interviews with experts for a more detailed study of national trends. The study explores the combination of hard and soft skills, as well as interdisciplinary skills. Soft skill requirements play an important role in the demanded skill set of the specialist, but the claims for hard skills (including digital) are not becoming less strict. Programming and the knowledge of specialized software packages are the most important skills, but must be combined with practical skills (assembly, welding, soldering). The broad range of application areas for robotic systems creates demand for new multidisciplinary skills (knowledge of artificial intelligence, new materials, and biology). Rapid technological development underlines the growing importance of soft skills, such as communication skills, self-motivation, and a willingness to learn. Lists of the most demanded skills in different countries principally coincide. Results can be applied for developing policies aimed at eliminating the skill gap in prospective technological areas.

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