scholarly journals Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses ofTheocolax elegans(Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to Cereal Grain Volatiles

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacinto Salvatore Germinara ◽  
Antonio De Cristofaro ◽  
Giuseppe Rotundo
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Olfactory Responses ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Host Habitat ◽  
Hexane Extracts ◽  
Electroantennogram Recordings ◽  
Host Habitat Location ◽  
Different Doses

Volatiles emitted by the host’s food would be the first signals used by parasitoids in the host location process and are thought to play an important role in host habitat location. In this study, the olfactory responses ofTheocolax elegans(Westwood), a Pteromalid wasp that parasitizes immature stages of stored-product insect pests developing inside cereal or leguminous grains, to volatiles emitted by healthy wheat grains, their hexane extracts, and different doses of three individual compounds previously identified in cereal grain odors were investigated in Y-tube olfactometer and Petri dish arena behavioral bioassays and electroantennogram recordings. In Y-tube olfactometer bioassays, odors from healthy wheat grains and their hexane extracts were attractive to both sexes ofT. elegans. Moreover, hexane extracts elicited arresting effects in Petri dish arena. The three synthetic compounds valeraldehyde, maltol, and vanillin elicited dose-dependent responses in both male and female adult wasps confirming the capability of the peripheral olfactory systems to perceive cereal volatiles. In behavioral bioassays, different doses of vanillin were significantly attractive to both sexes.

scholarly journals An Appraisal of Insect Pests Associated with Cereal Grains Traded in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
D.M. Mailafiya ◽  
Z. Dauda ◽  
M.M. Degri ◽  
B.G.J. Kabir ◽  
Y.T. Maina
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Pest Infestation ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

This study investigated insect pest infestation of maize, millet, sorghum, rice and wheat grains traded in the three main markets namely Monday, Baga-Road and Custom-Park markets in Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria. Sampling lasted from January to June 2012. Samples per grain type, each weighing one kilogram, were obtained every two weeks from ten randomly selected traders per market. Each sample was sieved in the laboratory to recover all adult insects present, both at sampling and also after one month stay (laid out in a completely randomized design). In each market, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) followed by Tribolium castaneum Herbst, Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus), Trogoderma granarium (Everts) or Cryptolestes sp. were the insect pests commonly found attacking more (between two to five) grain types. Observed highest and lowest mean insect numbers were respectively by S. zeamais in maize grains (12.13 individuals in Monday market) and T. granarium in wheat grains (0.13 individuals in Baga-Road market). Results unveil that among three markets, higher mean total numbers of insects were present in maize, rice or wheat (18-33). For all grain types, the mean numbers of damaged grains were significantly higher in Monday (53-357) and Custom-Park (46-302) than in Baga-Road (17-109) markets. Furthermore, the mean total number of damaged grains across markets was significantly higher maize, followed by rice and wheat (55-231) than in other grain types (37-41). The implications of all these results on insect infestation of different cereal grain types sold in these markets are discussed.

First field evidence that parasitoids use upwind anemotaxis for host-habitat location

2007 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid H. Williams ◽  
David J.T. Frearson ◽  
Hassan Barari ◽  
Alastair McCartney
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Location ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Host Habitat ◽  
Host Habitat Location

scholarly journals Response of Aphidius colemani to aphid sex pheromone varies depending on plant synergy and prior experience

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.M. Fernández-Grandon ◽  
G.M. Poppy
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Foraging Patterns ◽  
Aphidius Colemani ◽  
Habitat Location ◽  
Pheromone Components ◽  
Host Habitat ◽  
Olfactory Stimuli ◽  
Aphid Sex Pheromone ◽  
Host Habitat Location

AbstractA critical stage in the success of a parasitoid is the ability to locate a host within its habitat. It is hypothesized that a series of olfactory cues may be involved in altering the parasitoid's movement patterns at this stage of foraging. This paper focuses specifically on host habitat location and host location and the olfactory stimuli necessary to mediate the transition between these stages. Firstly, we confirm the ability of the parasitoid Aphidius colemani to detect the aphid sex pheromone at an electrophysiological level. Following this we investigate the effect of the sex pheromone component (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone on the movement patterns of A. colemani and its retention within an area. The key findings of this work are that A. colemani is able to detect the sex pheromone components, that parasitoid retention is increased by a synergy of nepetalactone and other host-associated cues and that foraging patterns are augmented by the presence of nepetalactone or experience associated with nepetalactone.

Cold plasma: exploring a new option for management of postharvest fungal pathogens, mycotoxins and insect pests in Australian stored cereal grain

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 715
Author(s):  
M. Kaur ◽  
D. Hüberli ◽  
K. L. Bayliss
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Cold Plasma ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Biological Contaminants ◽  
Shelf Life Studies ◽  
Physical Treatments ◽  
And Control

Various strategies are used to reduce postharvest cereal grain contaminants such as insect pests and fungal pathogens. Chemical and physical treatments are common management practices but may leave harmful chemical residues on grains or alter their nutrient content (particularly temperature treatments) and have other limitations. This review explores the recent literature regarding cold plasma, with emphasis on its efficacy for decontamination of postharvest cereal grain from biological contaminants. Cold plasma is an ionised gas containing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, electrons and free radicals that are lethal to microorganisms and has the potential to decontaminate food surfaces and to increase shelf life. Studies conducted on rice, wheat, corn, barley and oats have demonstrated that cold plasma significantly reduced the amount of fungi, bacteria and their spores on grain surfaces. Cold plasma may also detoxify mycotoxins, and control insect pests. Evidence from various global studies demonstrates the potential use of cold plasma to manage postharvest fungi, mycotoxins and insect pests in Australian stored cereal grain.

scholarly journals Current Understanding and Future Prospects of Host Selection, Acceptance, Discrimination, and Regulation of Phorid Fly Parasitoids That Attack Ants

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn A. Mathis ◽  
Stacy M. Philpott
Keyword(s):  
Current Understanding ◽  
Host Acceptance ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Habitat Location ◽  
Host Habitat ◽  
Phorid Flies ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Host Habitat Location ◽  
Host Regulation ◽  
Phorid Fly

Phorid fly parasitoids (Diptera: Phoridae) have evolved a diverse array of cues used to successfully parasitize their ant hosts. Successful parasitism often involves (a) host habitat location, (b) host location, (c) host acceptance, (d) host discrimination, and (e) host regulation. In this paper we discuss our current understanding of how phorid flies use each of these steps to successfully parasitize ant hosts. We examine the wide variety of strategies and cues used by a multiple species of phorid flies within three separate genera that most commonly parasitize ants (Apocephalus,Pseudacteon,and Neodohrniphora) and discuss future directions within this field of study.

scholarly journals A comparison of two methods to determine the susceptibility of sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) populations to pirimiphos-methyl from Canterbury, New Zealand

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 245-252
Author(s):  
Joanne B. Drummond ◽  
R. Bruce Chapman
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Oryzaephilus Surinamensis ◽  
Pirimiphos Methyl

Resistance of sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) to organophosphate insecticides is documented internationally. There are anecdotal reports of reduced efficacy in New Zealand but to date no empirical assessments have been made. Two-laboratory-based test methods using either a dust (Actellic® Dust) or liquid (Actellic® 50EC) formulations of pirimiphos-methyl, were compared to determine the response of five Canterbury sawtoothed grain beetle populations. A mini-silo method employed grain treated with the recommended application rate (200 g a.i./tonne seed) of pirimiphos-methyl dust. A Petri-dish method treated internal surfaces of 50-mm diameter Petri dishes with liquid pirimiphos-methyl at concentrations from 0–0.1 g a.i./L to determine an estimated LC50 (lethal concentration for 50% mortality) for each population. The rank order of mortality (highest to lowest) in the mini-silo test was similar to the Petri-dish LC50 rankings for the five populations tested. The results illustrate variation in responses to pirimiphosmethyl concentrations by sawtoothed grain beetle populations, indicating both methods are potential options for future resistance testing and will aid the development of management strategies for control of stored insect pests.

scholarly journals Protection of organic cereals from insect and rodent pests in a warehouse by combined use of traps and sticky tapes

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
Petar Kljajic ◽  
Goran Andric ◽  
Goran Jokic ◽  
Marijana Prazic-Golic ◽  
Tanja Blazic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Test Period ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Sticky Tape

Several options of protection of organic cereals (winter and spring wheat, rye and maize) from insect and rodent pests, using a combination of traps (with or without pheromone/ attractant) and sticky tapes and no chemicals, were tested in a warehouse over the summerspring season of 2019/2020. Temperature in the warehouse was 14-29?C and humidity around 50%. The average grain moisture of winter and spring wheat and rye was 10-11%, while it was 12-14% in maize grain, and the average grain temperature of all cereals was 13-27?C. Regarding stored-product insect pests, five coleopteran, two moth and one Psocoptera species were detected, and the coleopterans predominated (98.5%) along with secondary pest insects (94.0%). Regarding rodents, only specimens of Mus musculus were found throughout the test period, their maximum monthly frequency being 72 (in January 2020). A combination of traps (with or without pheromones) and sticky tape barriers was found to provide an effective tool for trapping insects. Also, snap traps and trapping boxes for killing rodents, when used simultaneously with sticky tape barriers, were found to provide good protection of cereals from house mice. The pest control effect was also confirmed by collecting samples of organic cereal grain, which showed no significant presence of stored-product insects or grain damage (0.94% and 0.96% in spring wheat and rye, respectively) at the end of the test period. The results showed a great potential of combined application of traps and sticky tapes for protecting organic cereals in horizontal bulk storages, but the use of chemicals approved for organic food production would be required under extended storage periods.

scholarly journals Bio-efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora against the Cabbage butterfly Pieris brassicae (L.), under laboratory conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasi Indra Kumar ◽  
Mohinder Singh ◽  
Kanchhi Maya Waiba ◽  
Sharma Monika ◽  
MA Waseem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Pieris Brassicae ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Cabbage Butterfly ◽  
Cabbage Pests

Abstract BACKGROUND: Keeping in view the serious health and environmental apprehensions associated with the use of pesticides, entomopathogenic nematodes have the potential to supersede larvicidal activity for the management of various insect pests. RESULT: The lab experiments were conducted to test the pathogenicity of two EPNs species S. feltiaeand H. bacteriophora at different (IJs/cm2) concentrations against cabbage pests. Based on the pathogenicity of strains, only two isolates effectively show larvicidal activity. The native isolate was obtained from soil samples, collected from Rajgarh, Hamachi Pradesh, India. Petri dish bioassay use nematodes S. feltiae HR1 and H. bacteriophora HR2 species dose (0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160/ IJs/cm2). The highest (%) 2nd instar larval mortality was recorded in treatments with H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae @ 160 /IJs/cm-2 were (72.08, 67.42 percent). And 4th instar larval mortality was recorded in treatment with H. bacteriophora, and S. feltiae @ 160 /IJs/cm-2 were (85.38,69.50 percent). The next best treatments in order of their efficacy’s pupae mortality were H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae @ 160 /IJs/cm-2 (74.12, percent) both are seam result, H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae @ 80 /IJs/cm-2 (62.12, 58.58 percent). Larvicidal activity after 48- and 72-hours exposure, the S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora (1.0, 1.30, 1.60, 1.90, 2.20 /IJs/cm2) showed potent larvicidal activity with LC50, LC75 and LC90 of all instars and pupae show high mortality. The strain inhibits the larval and pupal development 48 to 72 hr exposer time with LC50 range from 11.30 to 39.94, LC75 18.15 to 73.54, LC90 61.80 to 99.21.CONCLUSION: These studies demonstrate the challenge for cabbage butterfly P. brassicae. The local indigenous strains of EPNs (S. feltiae HR1, H. bacteriophora HR2) as a good biocontrol agent against, cruciferous vegetables crop pest P. brassicae.

scholarly journals Can Wheat Germination Test Be Used to Predict Pregnancy in Ewes?

2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Nicolae Tiberiu CONSTANTIN ◽  
Andra ȘIPOȘ ◽  
Florin Petrișor POSASTIUC ◽  
Crina Raluca ANDREI ◽  
Ioana Cristina SPRINȚU
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Germination Test ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wheat Germination

Several invasive diagnosis methods to predict pregnancy in humans and animals were used in the past. Since Antiquity, grains germination test was used to predict more safely the pregnancy in women in order to avoid the possibility of miscarriage. The abscisic acid is a component of pregnant females’ urine that prevents germination of grains. Considering this principle, 20 samples of urine were collected from 10 pregnant ewes and 10 from non-pregnant animals. After urinalysis, 15 ml urine sample was added to 20 grains of wheat in a Petri dish, followed by a dilution of 1:4 with distilled water. Only water has been added in the control sample. There were performed duplicates for each animal. For 10 days, all plates were kept in a constant environmental temperature (22°C) and humidity (42%). Statistical analysis revealed that after 5 and 10 days, wheat grains belonging to pregnant ewes were less germinated, and values regarding shoot length were lower than those from the control group. Even if the number of samples is small, it can be concluded that wheat germination test can be used to predict pregnancy in ewes.

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