scholarly journals Breastfeeding and Postpartum Depression: An Overview and Methodological Recommendations for Future Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carley J. Pope ◽  
Dwight Mazmanian
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Postnatal Depression ◽  
Perinatal Depression ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Breastfeeding Intention ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
The Relationship

Emerging research suggests that a relationship exists between breastfeeding and postpartum depression; however, the direction and precise nature of this relationship are not yet clear. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the relationship between breastfeeding and postpartum depression as it has been examined in the empirical literature. Also, the potential mechanisms of action that have been implicated in this relationship are also explored. PubMed and PsycINFO were searched using the keywords:breastfeedingwithpostpartum depression, perinatal depression, postnatal depression. Results of this search showed that researchers have examined this relationship in diverse ways using diverse methodology. In particular, researchers have examined the relationships between postpartum depression and breastfeeding intention, initiation, duration, and dose. Due to a number of methodological differences among past studies we make some recommendations for future research that will better facilitate an integration of findings. Future research should (1) use standardized assessment protocols; (2) confirm diagnosis through established clinical interview when possible; (3) provide a clear operationalized definition for breastfeeding variables; (4) clearly define the postpartum period interval assessed and time frame for onset of symptoms; (5) be prospective or longitudinal in nature; and (6) take into consideration other potential risk factors identified in the empirical literature.

Urban Spatial Structure and Travel in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingqian Hu ◽  
Jiawen Yang ◽  
Tianren Yang ◽  
Yuanjie Tu ◽  
Jing Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Urban Spatial Structure ◽  
Complex Mechanisms ◽  
The Relationship

This article first provides a critical scoping review of empirical literature on the relationship between urban structure and travel in China. The review finds that residential suburbanization alone increases travel, polycentric development has mixed effects, and jobs–housing balance reduces travel. Second, this article compares the empirical findings of the urban structure–travel relationships in China with those observed in other countries, and it identifies contextual factors that can explain the differing relationships in China. We suggest that future research improve data and methodology and broaden the research scope to investigate the complex mechanisms that affect the urban structure–travel relationship in China.

scholarly journals Sentencing and Plea Bargaining

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyrus Tata ◽  
Jay M. Gormley
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Plea Bargaining ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Presumption Of Innocence ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Justice Process ◽  
Moral Arguments ◽  
The Relationship

In the daily work of criminal justice, the relationship between plea decision-making and sentencing is important. Meanwhile in the academic and policy literatures, it is one of the most controversial. This essay appraises the international empirical literature and the moral arguments surrounding this plea-dependent (guilty/not guilty) “sentence differential.” Sentence differential is the morally neutral term used here to denote practices variously termed as “sentence discount,” “trial tax/penalty,” “guilty plea discount/reduction,” and “sentence bargain/negotiation.” Section II analyzes whether the sentence differential undermines the presumption of innocence. Section III investigates whether the sentence differential violates legal equality. Section IV assesses the three main justifications for the differential. Section V scrutinizes measurement of the sentence differential. Section VI proposes an agenda for future research, including the need for deeper research into the experiences of and interpretations by defendants of the justice process.

scholarly journals Audit Committee Diversity toward Voluntary Disclosure Reporting with Existence of Regulatory Regime as Moderation Variable: a Critical Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.30) ◽  
pp. 341
Author(s):  
Ali Shariff kabara ◽  
Dewi Fariha Abdullah ◽  
Aniza Bint Othman
Keyword(s):  
Voluntary Disclosure ◽  
Audit Committee ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Governance Mechanism ◽  
Managerial Efficiency ◽  
Corporate Governance Mechanism ◽  
Accounting Expertise ◽  
The Relationship

The audit committee is a fundamental and prerequisite tool for fulfilling board’s monitoring role of ensuring transparency, financial and managerial efficiency. Therefore, it has been applied to address perceived governance failure. This paper aims to critically review the previous literature on the relationship between audit committee diversity as a major corporate governance mechanism and corporate voluntary disclosure reporting (CVDR) with a change in the regulatory regime as moderation variable. This review specifically evaluates theoretical and empirical literature related to audit committee diversity such as independence, financial expertise, accounting expertise; and CVDR in order to highlight some important areas of gaps for future research in this field. It also, emphases the need for a more qualitative method for better understanding of the relationship. This paper proposes that examining the moderating influence of the change of the regulatory regime with regard to CVDR would provide more insight into the link between audit committee diversity and CVDR. The policy implication of the study is also discussed. Lastly, the paper stresses the importance of future studies linking audit committee diversity and CVDR, which are quite scanty the existing literature. 

Corporate Governance and Voluntary Disclosure: A Synthesis of Empirical Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-138
Author(s):  
Rupjyoti Saha ◽  
K. C. Kabra
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Voluntary Disclosure ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Legal Enforcement ◽  
The Relationship

Voluntary disclosure (VD) is considered potentially important for efficient functioning of the capital market as it communicates firms’ performance and governance to shareholders and potential investors, which boost their confidence. This article attempts to provide a brief conceptual framework of VD and corporate governance (CG), and also reviews the empirical literature dealing with relationship between them. To this end, the article uses systematic electronic literature search method, which takes into account 65 empirical studies published over the period 1998–2018. An investigation of empirical findings points to some factors that may have contributed toward the apparent inconsistent findings observed to date. In particular, the article focuses on two intervening factors for variation of results—such as CG system and measurement of explanatory variables. The findings suggest that studies mostly from Anglo-Saxon system (ASS) show complementary relationship between different attributes of CG with VD, whereas in case of communitarian system, studies mostly depict an insignificant impact of CG attributes on VD except for few studies showing their positive/negative impact on VD. However, in case of emerging market system (EMS), some studies show substitutive relationship between board independence (BI) and VD while other CG attributes such as board size (BS), (GD), and audit committee independence (ACI) in most of the studies complement VD supporting the resource-based perspective. Furthermore, the association of ownership structure (OS) and role duality (RD) with VD is mixed. Another factor, which is considered to be added to variation of results, is measurement of explanatory variables whereby albeit studies employed same concepts, operational definition of variables intervenes into the relationship between CG and VD. The findings of this article provide some deeper insights about the complementary and substitutive relationships between CG and VD by integrating diverse empirical findings under different research contexts. Future research can extend to analyze some other institutional factors like investors’ protection rights and legal enforcement, which might also have played some role in influencing the relationship between CG and VD. Furthermore, it is also evident from the review that BS and BI are the most commonly studied CG attributes in relation to VD, whereas attributes like GD and ACI, despite their theoretical relevance and practical importance are least studied in relation to VD, thus signaling the need to focus on these attributes in future studies.

scholarly journals Audit Committee Diversity toward Voluntary Disclosure Reporting with Existence of Regulatory Regime as Moderation Variable

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6S3) ◽  
pp. 994-1001
Keyword(s):  
Voluntary Disclosure ◽  
Audit Committee ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Governance Mechanism ◽  
Managerial Efficiency ◽  
Corporate Governance Mechanism ◽  
Accounting Expertise ◽  
The Relationship

The audit committee is a fundamental and prerequisite tool for fulfilling board’s monitoring role of ensuring transparency, financial and managerial efficiency. Therefore, it has been applied to address perceived governance failure. This paper aims to critically review the previous literature on the relationship between audit committee diversity as a major corporate governance mechanism and corporate voluntary disclosure reporting (CVDR) with a change in the regulatory regime as moderation variable. This review specifically evaluates theoretical and empirical literature related to audit committee diversity like independence, financial expertise, accounting expertise; and CVDR in order to highlight some important areas of gaps for future research in this field. It also, emphases the need for a more qualitative method for better understanding of the relationship. This paper proposes that examining the moderating influence of the change of the regulatory regime with regard to CVDR would provide more insight into the link between audit committee diversity and CVDR. The policy implication of the study is also discussed. Lastly, the paper stresses the importance of studies linking audit committee diversity and CVDR, which are quite scanty in the existing literature.

THE GAMBLING HABITS OF ONLINE POKER PLAYERS

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingo Fiedler
Keyword(s):  
Harvard Medical School ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Gambling Behavior ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pathological Gamblers ◽  
Problem Gamblers ◽  
Online Poker ◽  
Gambling Involvement ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Poker Players

Online poker is a data goldmine. Recording actual gambling behavior gives rise to a host of research opportunities. Still, investigations using such data are rare with the exception of nine pioneering studies by Harvard Medical School which are reviewed here. This paper fills part of the vacuum by analyzing the gambling habits of a sample of 2,127,887 poker playing identities at Pokerstars over a period of six months. A couple of playing variables are operationalized and were analyzed on their own as well as connected with each other in form of the playing volume ($ rake a player has paid in a time frame).The main findings confirm the results of the Harvard studies: most online poker players only play a few times and for very low stakes. An analysis of the relationship between the playing habits shows that they reinforce each other with the exception of the playing frequency which moderates gambling involvement. The average values of the playing habits are considerably higher due to a small group of intense players: the 99% percentile player has a playing volume that is 552 times higher than that of the median player (US$2,685), and 1% of the players account for 60% of playing volume (10% for even 91%). This group is analyzed more thoroughly, and a discussion shows that the first impulse to peg intense players as (probable) pathological gamblers is wrong. Rather, future research is needed to distinguish problem gamblers from professional players. 

Is It Who You Are That Counts?

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Holliday Wayne ◽  
Jesse S. Michel ◽  
Russell A. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Family Experience ◽  
Family Experiences ◽  
Work Family ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter reviews theory and research on the role of personality and values in the work–family experience, beginning with a review of the processes of how personality and values are theorized to relate to the work–family interface, particularly conflict and enrichment. The chapter then summarizes the empirical literature on the relationship between personality and values and work–family experiences. Finally, the findings are synthesized and recommendations for future research are provided.

The Effect of Principal Behaviors on Student, Teacher, and School Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 785-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. Liebowitz ◽  
Lorna Porter
Keyword(s):  
Student Achievement ◽  
School Leadership ◽  
Student Teacher ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
School Outcomes ◽  
Principal Behaviors ◽  
The Relationship

Principals are understood to be critical actors in improving teaching and learning conditions in schools; however, relatively little is known about the leadership strategies to which principals should dedicate their time and effort to improve outcomes. We review the empirical literature from 51 studies of principal behaviors and student, teacher, and school outcomes and conduct a meta-analysis of these relationships. Our analysis has three central findings: (1) we find direct evidence of the relationship between principal behaviors and student achievement (0.08–0.16 SD), teacher well-being (0.34–0.38 SD), teacher instructional practices (0.35 SD), and school organizational health (0.72–0.81 SD); (2) we highlight the importance of principal behaviors beyond instructional management as potential tools to improve student achievement outcomes; and (3) the preceding findings are based almost entirely on observational studies because the causal evidence base on school leadership behaviors is nonexistent. We argue our findings suggest value in investing in school leadership capacities. We conclude by discussing opportunities to improve the quality of future research examining the relationship between principal behaviors and student, teacher, and school outcomes.

scholarly journals Violence and growth in Colombia: A review of the quantitative literature

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro J. Riascos ◽  
Juan F. Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

This is a critical review of the empirical literature on the relationship between violence and economic growth in Colombia, an interesting case study for social scientists studying violence, conflict, crime, and development. We argue that despite the rapid development of this literature and the increasing use of new quantitative techniques, there is still much room for research. After assessing the contribution of the most influential papers on the subject, we suggest directions for future research.

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