scholarly journals Role of Wheat Based Diet on the Pathology of Necrotic Enteritis in Turkeys

Scientifica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajid Umar ◽  
Muhammad Younus ◽  
Muhammad Shahzad ◽  
Kiran Aqil ◽  
Rizwan Qayyum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bubble Formation ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Blood Profile ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Intestinal Distension ◽  
Necrotic Spots ◽  
Group D

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of wheat based diet on the pathology of necrotic enteritis in turkeys. Turkeys were divided into four groups. Groups A and B were kept as noninoculated and fed normal commercial diet while groups C and D were challenged orally withC. perfringensand fed wheat based diet to promote the development of experimental disease. Infected turkeys showed clinical signs of depression, ruffled feathers, and dark yellowish faeces showing the most prominent disease signs in turkeys of group D with 30% mortality. Similarly, turkeys of group D showed more striking gross and histopathologic lesions as compared to turkeys of group C. The most severe gross lesions comprised intestinal distension, small necrotic spots and haemorrhages on intestine, fragile intestinal wall, and gas bubble formation in the small intestine. Histologically, inoculated turkeys showed patchy necrosis, desquamation of intestinal epithelium, and intense leukocyte infiltration in the intestine. Microscopic examination showed significant decrease in the height of intestinal villi of inoculated birds. Haematological studies showed significant influence of necrotic enteritis on the blood profile of turkeys in group D. The findings revealed that simultaneous feeding of wheat enhanced the pathology of necrotic enteritis in turkeys.

scholarly journals Experimental poisoning by Crotalaria lanceolata and Crotalaria pallida seeds in broilers

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 863-869
Author(s):  
Thaiza Savaris ◽  
Claudia P. Biffi ◽  
Daiane Ogliari ◽  
Nathalia Wicpolt ◽  
Franciéli Adriane Molossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Vacuolar Degeneration ◽  
Subcutaneous Edema ◽  
Group A ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Crotalaria Pallida ◽  
Production Animals ◽  
Group B ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Group D

ABSTRACT: Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey. and Crotalaria pallida Aiton. are leguminous plants of family Fabaceae found in most of the Brazilian territory. They were initially used as green manure and due their easy spread they are currently considered weeds in crops. Soybean and corn contamination can occur through the mechanical harvesting of these grains along with seeds of the Crotalaria species, which end up in the formulation of feed for production animals. Crotalaria spp. genus has toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA). Most plant species belonging to this genus can cause acute or chronic liver injury. In a first stage, one-day old broilers were divided into three groups: Group A (C. pallida seeds), Group B (C. lanceolata seeds), and Group C (Control). Groups A and B were divided into five subgroups, each with eight broilers, which received the following doses of the respective seeds in feed as of the 7th day of age: daily doses of 0.4%, 0.8% and 2.5%, and single doses of 15% and 25%. Four broilers in each study group were euthanized at 28 days of age - completing 21 days of seed consumption, and the four remaining broilers were euthanized at 42 days of age - completing 35 days of seed consumption. In a second stage, experiments were conducted using seeds of both the aforementioned plants with 28-day old broilers. These were divided into three groups of four animals each: Group D (C. pallida seeds) and Group E (C. lanceolata seeds), which received the respective seeds at daily doses of 1% and 2% in feed for 20 days, and Group F (Control). These broilers were euthanized when they were 80 days old. C. lanceolata seeds showed higher toxicity to broilers than C. pallida seeds, both supplied as of the 7th day of life. Clinical signs included inappetence, ruffled feathers, and brown diarrhea. The following gross lesions were observed: subcutaneous edema, ascites, hydropericardium, yellowish liver with hypertrophy or atrophy and enhanced lobular pattern, and distended gallbladder. Histologic lesions present in all birds in varying degrees were characterized by tumefaction and vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes. The following clinical conditions and gross lesions were observed in the broilers: hepatocyte megalocytosis and karyomegaly, slight biliary epithelial hyperplasia, eosinophilic spheroids, and nuclear invagination with loss of hepatocyte cord architecture.

scholarly journals Necrotic enteritis and its management in 13-week old commercial pullets in Katsina, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-107
Author(s):  
A. Abubakar ◽  
H.B. Aliyu ◽  
L. Sa idu ◽  
S.G. Usman
Keyword(s):  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Jejunal Mucosa ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Oedema Fluid

Necrotic enteritis is rarely reported because it is often misdiagnosed as coccidiosis due to similarity in clinical and pathological features. A field outbreak of necrotic enteritis in a flock of 13 weeks old 4,500 commercial pullets was investigated, the onset of the disease, morbidity and mortality rates were recorded. Post mortem examinations were conducted and gross lesions were documented. Tissues were collected and fixed in 10 % neutral buffered formalin and processed for histopathological examinations. Clinical signs observed were ruffled feathers, weakness, somnolence, loss of weight and diarrhoea; while the gross lesions observed were emaciated carcasses, lean abdominal fat, enlarged, pale and haemorrhagic liver; enlarged, mottled and congested spleen; mucus and diphtheritic membrane on the jejunal mucosa and enlarged kidneys. The histopathological findings of the intestine were diffused necrotic epithelial cells with marked mononuclear cells infiltration in the mucosa with severe oedema fluid. The necrotic enteritis was diagnosed based on clinical signs, pathology as well as isolation and identification of Clostridium perfringes. Triplesulfa® (sulfadimidine sodium, sulfadiazine sodium and sulfamerazine sodium); Tridox® L.A (20% Oxytetracycline long acting) and Enterocillin® (Amoxycillintrihydrate and Colistin sulphate) were ineffective, while copper sulphate at 1g/5L of drinking water was found to be effective for the treatment of the disease. The haematological values indicated lymphocytosis due to damage of the tissue caused by C. perfringes and the toxins produced. Keywords: Necrotic enteritis, Commercial pullets, Copper sulphate, Clostridium perfringens

scholarly journals Morphogenesis of Enteric Lesions Induced by Group D Rotavirus in Ringneck Pheasant Chicks (Phasianus colchicus)

1994 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Haynes ◽  
D. L. Reynolds ◽  
J. A. Fagerland ◽  
A. S. Fix
Keyword(s):  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Phasianus Colchicus ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Intestinal Lesions ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Group D

Eight day-old male and female ringneck pheasants ( Phasianus colchicus) were inoculated with group D rotavirus and necropsied at 4, 7, and 11 days post-inoculation. The intestinal tracts were examined by light and electron microscopic and immunohisiochemical methods. By 4 days post-inoculation, 2/3 (66%) inoculated birds were stunted and had diarrhea and dilated intestines. Intestinal villi were shortened, and many villous enterocytes were partially detached from the lamina propria. Crypts were hyperplastic, and the lamina propria contained a diffuse infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Immunoreactivity to rotaviral antigen was localized to enterocytes on the tips of villi in the duodenum, jejunum, and proximal ileum. By 7 days post-inoculation, 3/3 (100%) inoculated birds had clinical signs and gross and microscopic changes similar to those at 4 days post-inoculation but more severe. Immunoreactivity was localized in enterocytes scattered along the sides of villi, in occasional crypt enterocytes, and within macrophages in the villous lamina propria. Ultrastructurally, infected enterocytes contained cytoplasmic aggregates of viroplasm with multiple viral core particles. Numerous mature virions (60–75 nm in diameter) were present within dilated components of the cytocavitary network. Macrophages within the lamina propria contained phagocytosed remnants of necrotic virus-infected cells. By 11 days post-inoculation, birds did not have gross lesions, but 1/2 (50%) had mild crypt hyperplasia and an infiltrate of leukocytes in the lamina propria. Occasional enterocytes along the sides of villi and macrophages in the lamina propria were immunoreactive for viral antigen. Group D rotavirus is an enteropathogen in pheasants and causes intestinal lesions similar to those caused by enteric rotaviral infections in other species.

Survival of classic swine fever virus in hams made from the meat of pigs vaccinated with the PAV-250 strain and unvaccinated pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 536-551
Author(s):  
Heidi Amezcua Hempel ◽  
María Salud Rubio Lozano ◽  
Eliseo Manuel Hernández Baumgarten ◽  
Pablo Correa Girón † ◽  
Oscar Torres Ángeles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Strain ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Direct Immunofluorescence ◽  
Biometric Analysis ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

The study was to determine the presence of Classical Swine Fever virus (CSFv), in the meat of vaccinated pigs with the PAV-250 strain and then challenged using the same strain. Five treatment groups were established (each with four pigs). Group A: Pigs thatwere fed with processed hams from negative animals; Group B: Pigs that were fed with processed hams from commercial pigs inoculated with the ALD (reference strain) (titre of 104.0/ml); Group C: Pigs fed with processed hams from pigs infected with the virulent ALD strain (titre of 102.5/ml); Group D: Pigs fed with processed hams from pigs vaccinated with the PAV-250 strain and challenged with the ALD strain (titre of 101.1/ml); and Group E: Pigs fed with processed hams from pigs vaccinated with two doses of the PAV-250 strain and challenged with the ALD strain (negative). Blood samples were taken at d 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 for biometric analysis. Groups B, C and D manifested clinical signs of CSFv: 40 °C temperature, anorexia, paralysis, vomiting, diarrhea, tremor, hirsute hair and cyanosis. Pigs were slaughtered and necropsies performed to identify lesions in tissues. Results of direct immunofluorescence testing of tissues were positive and the virus was recovered. Under these study conditions, it was found that CSFv resisted the cooking method at 68 °C for 40 min in hams from unvaccinated pigs, and that the virus was able to transmit the disease to healthy unvaccinated pigs, whereas the hams from the vaccinated animals did not transmit the virus.

scholarly journals Prevalence of poultry diseases in Gazipur district of Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Kamrul Hassan ◽  
Md Humayun Kabir ◽  
Md Abdullah Al Hasan ◽  
Shobnom Sultana ◽  
Md Shohidul Islam Khokon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Prevalent Disease ◽  
Bursal Disease

This study was designed with a view to investigate the prevalence of poultry diseases in Gazipur district of Bangladesh. A total of 679 poultry birds (313 layers, 338 broilers and 28 cockrels) either dead or live were brought for diagnosis of diseases at Gazipur Sadar Upazilla Veterinary Hospital. The diseases were diagnosed on the basis of history, clinical signs and post-mortem findings. The diseases encountered in layers were bacterial diseases 52.29% (salmonellosis 38.56%, colibacillosis 6.7%, fowl cholera 4.79% and necrotic enteritis 1.60%), viral diseases 23.95% (avian influenza 2.56%, Newcastle disease 16.61%, infectious bronchitis 3.19% and avian leucosis 0.64%), mycoplasmal disease (mycoplasmosis 14.70%) and protozoal disease (coccidiosis 5.75%). Salmonellosis was most prevalent disease in age group of >20 weeks, while Newcastle disease most common in 8 to 20 weeks of age group. In case of broiler, bacterial diseases 28.99% (salmonellosis 21.30% and colibacillosis 7.69%), viral diseases 53.24% (infectious bursal disease 28.99%, Newcastle disease 8.87% and infectious bronchitis 15.38%), mycoplasmal disease (mycoplasmosis 7.1%) and protozoal disease (coccidiosis 6.5%). In cockrels, the most prevalent disease was colibacillosis 35.71% followed by salmonellosis 28.57%, Newcastle disease 14.28% and mycoplasmosis14.28%. So among the diseases, salmonellosis is most prevalent disease followed by infectious bursal disease and mycoplasmosis in different kinds of poultry of Gazipur district of Bangladesh.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2016, 2(1): 107-112

scholarly journals Ischemic myelopathy caused by fibrocartilaginous embolism in a horse

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Welden Panziera ◽  
Ronaldo Michel Bianchi ◽  
Paula Reis Pereira ◽  
Mariana Martins Flores ◽  
Monique Togni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Histological Findings ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Fibrocartilaginous Embolism ◽  
Mixed Breed ◽  
Liquefactive Necrosis ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Multiple Blood

ABSTRACT: This report described clinical, epidemiological, and pathological aspects of ischemic myelopathy caused by fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE) in a 10-year-old, mixed breed gelding. Clinically, the horse presented acute hind limbs paralysis, with a clinical course of approximately 24 hours. At necropsy, no gross lesions were observed. Cross-sections of the spinal cord revealed focally extensive areas of malacia from the T10 to L4 segments. Focally extensive areas of liquefactive necrosis involving the gray matter and adjacent white matter were observed on histologic sections. The lumen of multiple blood vessels in the periphery of the necrotic areas was occluded by fibrocartilaginous emboli that strongly stained with alcian blue. Clinical signs, gross necropsy, and histological findings observed in this case were identical to those described in the literature for ischemic myelopathy caused by FCE in the horse and other species.

scholarly journals Detection of Swine Dysentery (SD) caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae via PCR in Northern Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1109-1116
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Thu Hang ◽  
Truong Quang Lam ◽  
Dao Le Anh ◽  
Nguyen Thi Hoa ◽  
Nguyen Thi Lan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Swine Dysentery ◽  
Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae ◽  
Northern Vietnam ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Weaning Pigs

This study aimed to diagnose swine dysentery (SD) caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in pigs by the PCR method in Vietnam. Of the 250 samples, 29 isolates of B. hyodysenteriae (11.60%) were identified by PCR in seven provinces of Northern Vietnam, and the infection rate differed from region to region. From the positive cases of B. hyodysenteriae, we analyzed B. hyodysenteriae infected cases according to the ages of the pigs, farm sizes, and veterinary hygiene practices to get more information about the disease in Vietnam. The results showed that the positive B. hyodysenteriae samples were commonly seen in post-weaning pigs (32.14%) in households (20.73%) with poor hygiene (24.69%). Clinical signs of SD included high fever (100%); anorexia (100%); watery, bloody diarrhea, usually gray to brown in color (100%); and weight loss (86.42%). Gross lesions of SD were limited to the large intestine were described as having a fibrinous, blood-flecked membrane covering the mucosa (93.75%), swollen with hemorrhaged colon and cecum (75.00%), and mesenteric lymph nodes (81.25%).

scholarly journals Outbreak of Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia in sheep

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 2593
Author(s):  
Felipe Masiero Salvarani ◽  
Mayane Faccin ◽  
Nayra Fernanda de Queiroz Ramos Freitas ◽  
Mônica Regina de Matos ◽  
Edismair Carvalho Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Spastic Paralysis ◽  
Type D ◽  
Laboratory Confirmation ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Epsilon Toxin ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diagnostic Modalities

This work describes the first Brazilian laboratory-confirmed outbreak of enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens type D in sheep, which occurred in the state of Paraná. We address the epidemiological aspects involved, the diagnostic modalities employed, and the clinical signs and pathological findings observed. Eight healthy pregnant female sheep with no history of vaccination for clostridiosis presented with a history of abrupt feeding changes and neurological manifestations that quickly evolved to illness, coma and death. Four other females with clinical neurological signs were referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal do Paraná, Palotina Sector. These animals presented with lethargy, motor incoordination, opisthotonus, pedal movements, muscle tremors, spastic paralysis, bruxism, mandibular trismus, sialorrhea, hyperexcitability and the inability to stand. They were examined and euthanized due to the seriousness of the clinical picture with an unfavorable prognosis. We performed gross anatomical and microscopic analyses of the organs and intestinal contents. We also performed bacterial isolation with molecular typing. From the intestinal contents, we detected toxins by means of the seroneutralization technique in mice. At necropsy, we noted pulmonary edema (2/4), necrotizing enteritis (4/4) and hyperemia of the leptomeninges (1/4). Microscopically, we observed lymphohistiocytic interstitial pneumonia, necrotic enteritis associated with the presence of rods, and nephrosis with interstitial lymphohistiocytic nephritis. No significant brain lesions were observed. Using serum neutralization, we identified epsilon toxin in the intestinal contents of all four animals. C. perfringens type D was identified. Based on the history, clinical signs, postmortem findings, and laboratory confirmation of the presence of epsilon toxin, we concluded that C. perfringens type D enterotoxemia caused this outbreak of sheep deaths.

Effect of protein rich diet on experimental pathology of necrotic enteritis in broilers

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Ferdoush ◽  
MM Rashid ◽  
M Dipti ◽  
P Roy ◽  
PM Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Experimental Pathology ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Protein Rich

This study was designed to know the effect of protein rich diet (50% fish meal) on the experimental pathology of necrotic enteritis in broilers. The Clostridium (Cl.) perfringens was obtained from the Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University. Reconfirmation and recharacterization of Cl. perfringens were performed by culture, microscopic examination, staining and biochemical tests. The experimental pathologic studies were performed with supplementation of protein rich diet and challenged with Cl. perfringens in broilers. The dose of the inoculum for experimental infection with Cl. perfringens was 1x108 CFU/2.5ml. Fifteen birds of 21 days old were divided into 3 (A, B and C) groups each containing 5 birds. Birds of group A were fed with 50% fish meal at a rate of 500gm /kg of feed from day 21 to day 34 and challenged from day 28 to day 32 with 1x108 CFU/2.5ml. Birds of group B were fed with normal feed and challenged on day 28 for consecutive five days. Group C was kept as control with commercial normal pellet without Cl. perfringens. Birds of all groups were observed up to 34 days of age for clinical signs. Eighty percent (4/5) of the birds of group A developed moderate clinical signs like diarrhoea, ruffled feather and less feed intake whereas 40% (2/5) birds of group B developed same clinical signs like group A but in mild form. There was no mortality in any groups. All the birds were sacrificed at Day 35. Severe necrosis and hemorrhage in intestine, enlarged liver and hemorrhage in the base of heart were noted in the birds of group A. On an average 2-5 bacteria were found in impression smear of intestines in higher magnification (100x), and anaerobic bacteria counted from intestinal content was 1.51x107CFU/ml. In histopathology, necrosis and reactive cells were found in liver, heart, lung and sloughing off intestinal epithelium was also found in intestines. On the other hand similar lesions like group A were observed in the birds of group B but in moderate form and no bacteria was found in impression smears of intestines. Anaerobic bacteria counted from intestinal content of this group was 1.1x107CFU/ml. In histopathology necrosis, reactive cells were found but less than group A. The birds of group C were normal in all parameters. However, anaerobic bacteria count from the intestinal content was 0.8x107CFU/ml. From this study, it may be concluded that protein rich diet is a predisposing factor for necrotic enteritis in broilers. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v11i1.17729 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2013). 11 (1): 21-29

Pathology of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in two model avian hosts

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Barbora Fecková ◽  
Priyanka Djoehana ◽  
Barbora Putnová ◽  
Michaela Valašťanová ◽  
Michaela Petríková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
French Polynesia ◽  
Angiostrongylus Cantonensis ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Natural Pest Control

Abstract Angiostrongylus cantonensis causes severe neurological disorders in a wide range of warm-blooded animals, including several avian species. A laboratory isolate of A. cantonensis originating from French Polynesia, genotyped as clade 2, was used to assess the effect of experimental infection in chicken and Japanese quail. Low dose groups of birds were infected orally by 100 L3 larvae, high dose groups by 1500 L3 larvae and the birds in the third group were fed three infected snails, mimicking a natural infection. Clinical signs during the first week after infection, haematology, biochemistry, gross lesions and histology findings were used to assess the pathology of the infection. Some of the infected birds showed peripheral eosinophilia, while mild neurological signs were seen in others. No larvae were observed in serial sections of the central nervous system of infected birds 1 week after infection and no major gross lesions were observed during necropsy; histopathology did not reveal lesions directly attributable to A. cantonensis infection. Our results suggest that galliform birds are not highly susceptible to A. cantonensis infection and open a question of the importance of Galliformes in endemic areas as natural pest control, lowering the number of hosts carrying the infective larvae.

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