scholarly journals Electroacupuncture at ST37 Enhances Jejunal Motility via Excitation of the Parasympathetic System in Rats and Mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengqian Yuan ◽  
Yuqin Li ◽  
Yidan Wang ◽  
Na Zhang ◽  
XuanMing Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Relationship ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Excitatory Effect ◽  
Parasympathetic System ◽  
Signal Collection ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Intensity Response ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Parasympathetic Pathway

Background.The roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in mediating the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at ST37 on jejunal motility have yet to be demonstrated.Aim. We used rats and mice to investigate the effect and mechanism of action of EA at ST37 on jejunal motility.Methods.Jejunal motility was recorded by a balloon placed in the jejunum and connected to a biological signal collection system through a transducer. The effects of EA (3 mA) at ST37 were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats without drugs and with the administration of clenbuterol, propranolol, acetylcholine, and atropine. Further, the efficacy of EA at different intensities (1/2/4/6/8 mA) was measured in wild-type mice andβ1β2-/-mice andM2M3-/-mice.Results.In Sprague-Dawley rats, the excitatory effect of EA at ST37 on jejunal motility disappeared in the presence of the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine. EA at ST37 was less effective inM2M3-/-mice than in wild-type mice. Furthermore, to a certain extent, there existed “intensity-response” relationship between jejunal motility and EA.Conclusions.EA at ST37 can enhance jejunal motility in rats and mice mainly via excitation of the parasympathetic pathway. There is an “intensity-response” relationship between EA and effect on jejunal motility.

Differential Effects of Variable Frequencies of Manual Acupuncture at St36 in Rats with Atropine-Induced Inhibition of Gastric Motility

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Li Gao ◽  
Yi Guo ◽  
Tao Sha ◽  
Yang-Yang Liu ◽  
Jia-Bei Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Analysis ◽  
Gastric Motility ◽  
Control Model ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Manual Acupuncture ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Intensity Response ◽  
Single Operator

Objective The ‘intensity-response’ relationship between acupuncture stimulation and therapeutic effect is currently the focus of much research interest. The same needling manipulation with different frequencies can generate differential levels of stimulus. This study aimed to examine the effects on gastric motility induced by four twirling frequencies based on relatively standardised manual acupuncture (MA) manipulations. Methods Twirling manipulations at 1, 2, 3, and 4 Hz were practised before the experiments by a single operator using an MA parameter measurement device and stability was evaluated through time-frequency analysis. Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=8 each): Control, Model, Model+MA (1, 2, 3, and 4 Hz). Rats in the five Model groups received injections of atropine into the tail vein to inhibit gastric motility, which was continuously recorded by a balloon in the gastric antrum. Rats in the four Model+MA groups received MA at 1, 2, 3 and 4 Hz, respectively, for 70 s and needles were retained for a further 5 min. Results The amplitude of waveforms produced by the four twirling frequencies was relatively consistent and reproducible. The gastric motility amplitude in all groups decreased after modelling (injections of atropine) (p<0.01). Twirling manipulation at 1, 2, and 3 Hz (but not 4 Hz) increased gastric motility amplitude (p<0.05). The increase in gastric motility amplitude induced by MA at 2 Hz was greater than for all other frequencies (p<0.05). Conclusions Acupuncture at ST36 helped recover gastric motility amplitude in rats with atropine-induced gastric inhibition and the effects induced by 1–3 Hz frequency were greater than those induced by 4 Hz.

scholarly journals American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease) in conventional and germfree rats and mice

1987 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 284-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo E. Silva ◽  
Elizio A. Evangelista ◽  
Jacques R. Nicoli ◽  
Eduardo A. Bambirra ◽  
Enio C. Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Cardiac Failure ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
American Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Germfree Rats

Germfree (GF) and conventional (CV) CFW (LOB) mice and Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. The disease was more severe in the GF than in the CV animals as revealed by: (1) an earlier and more intense parasitemia; (2) a more precocious mortality; (3) a twice enlarged spleen: (4) a more intense cell and tissue parasitism; (5) visceral signs of cardiac failure.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Local Moxibustion-Like Stimuli at Zusanli (ST36) and Zhongwan (CV12) on Gastric Motility and Its Underlying Receptor Mechanism

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang-Shuai Su ◽  
Juan-Juan Xin ◽  
Zhao-Kun Yang ◽  
Wei He ◽  
Hong Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Motility ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Trpv1 Receptor ◽  
Thermal Pain ◽  
Intensity Response

The aim of this study was to explore the “intensity-response” relationship in local moxibustion-like stimuli- (LMS-) modulated gastric motility and its underlying receptor mechanism. Based on the thermal pain threshold (43°C), 41°C, 43°C, and 45°C LMS were separately applied to ST36 or CV12 for 180 s among ASIC3 knockout (ASIC3−/−) mice, TRPV1 knockout (TRPV1−/−) mice, and their homologous wild-type C57BL/6 mice (n=8in each group). Gastric motility was continuously measured by an intrapyloric balloon, and the amplitude, integral, and frequency of gastric motility during LMS were compared with those of initial activities. We found that both 43°C and 45°C LMS at ST36 induced significantly facilitated effect of gastric motilityP<0.05, while LMS at CV12 induced inhibited effectsP<0.05. 41°C LMS had no significant impact on gastric motility. Compared with C57BL/6 mice, the facilitatory effect at ST36 and inhibitive effect of LMS at CV12 were decreased significantly in TRPV1−/− mice (P<0.05;P<0.01) but not changed markedly in ASIC3−/− miceP>0.05. These results suggest that there existed an “intensity-response” relationship between temperature in LMS and its effects on gastric motility. TRPV1 receptor played a crucial role in the LMS-modulated gastric motility.

scholarly journals Spontaneous Basophilic Hypertrophic Foci of the Parotid Glands in Rats and Mice

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 606-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Chiu ◽  
H. C. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Similar Incidence

Basophilic hypertrophic foci of the parotid glands characterized by focal hypertrophy and hyperchromasia of acinar cells was seen in Sprague-Dawley rats and Swiss mice with overall incidences of 4.8% (102/2,138) and 0.6% (4/723), respectively. In rats, the incidence increased significantly with age, but the size and number of the lesions per rat did not. Based on the similar incidence in both control and treated animals, lesions were considered to be spontaneous. Their morphology and growth pattern suggested that they were neither degenerative, necrotic, hyperplastic/preneoplastic, nor neoplastic, but, that they are a distinct pathologic entity of a nature not yet determined.

scholarly journals Mammary Tumors Growing in the Absence of Growth Hormone Are More Sensitive to Doxorubicin Than Wild-Type Tumors

Endocrinology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 162 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel D Lantvit ◽  
Christopher J Unterberger ◽  
Michelle Lazar ◽  
Paige D Arneson ◽  
Colin A Longhurst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Endogenous Growth ◽  
Mammary Tumors ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Doxorubicin Treatment ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Treat Breast Cancer

Abstract Previously, we reported that N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary tumors could be established in mutant spontaneous dwarf rats (SDRs), which lack endogenous growth hormone (GH) by supplementing with exogenous GH, and almost all such tumors regressed upon GH withdrawal. When the highly inbred SDR line was outcrossed to wild-type (WT) Sprague-Dawley rats, MNU-induced mammary tumors could still be established in resulting outbred SDRs by supplementing with exogenous GH. However, unlike tumors in inbred SDRs, 65% of mammary tumors established in outbred SDRs continued growth after GH withdrawal. We further tested whether these tumors were more sensitive to doxorubicin than their WT counterparts. To accomplish this, MNU-induced mammary tumors were established in WT rats and in SDRs supplemented with exogenous GH. Once mammary tumors reached 1 cm3 in size, exogenous GH was withdrawn from SDRs, and the subset that harbored tumors that continued or resumed growth in the absence of GH were selected for doxorubicin treatment. Doxorubicin was then administered in 6 injections over 2 weeks at 2.5 mg/kg or 1.25 mg/kg for both the WT and SDR groups. The SDR mammary tumors that had been growing in the absence of GH regressed at both doxorubicin doses while WT tumors continued to grow robustly. The regression of SDR mammary tumors treated with 1.25 mg/kg doxorubicin was accompanied by reduced proliferation and dramatically higher apoptosis relative to the WT mammary tumors treated with 1.25 mg/kg doxorubicin. These data suggest that downregulating GH signaling may decrease the doxorubicin dose necessary to effectively treat breast cancer.

Sepsis induces an increase in thick ascending limb Cox-2 that is TLR4 dependent

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (4) ◽  
pp. F1187-F1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek M. El-Achkar ◽  
Zoya Plotkin ◽  
Branislav Marcic ◽  
Pierre C. Dagher
Keyword(s):  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Cecal Ligation ◽  
Thick Ascending Limb ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Tlr4 Gene ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Tlr4 Activation ◽  
Induced Changes

Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is an inducible enzyme responsible for the formation of inflammatory prostanoids such as prostaglandins and thromboxane. Its role in the pathophysiology of inflammatory states like sepsis is increasingly recognized. Recently, we demonstrated that sepsis upregulates the endotoxin receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in rat kidney. Because Cox-2 is one of the downstream products of TLR4 activation, we hypothesized that sepsis-induced changes in renal Cox-2 expression are TLR4 dependent. Indeed, we show that in Sprague-Dawley rats, cecal ligation and puncture (a sepsis model) increases Cox-2 expression in cortical and medullary thick ascending loops (cTAL and mTAL, respectively) as well as inner medullary collecting ducts. These are all sites of increased TLR4 expression during sepsis. To determine the actual dependence on TLR4, we measured Cox-2 expression in wild-type and mutant mice which harbor a TLR4 gene deletion ( TLR4−/−). In wild-type mice, sepsis increased Cox-2 expression in proximal tubules, cTAL, and mTAL. In contrast, septic TLR4−/− mice showed no significant increase in cTAL or mTAL Cox-2 expression. Furthermore, renin was absent from juxtaglomerular cells of TLR4−/− mice. We conclude that the dependence of sepsis-induced renal Cox-2 expression on TLR4 is tubule specific. The TLR4-dependent Cox-2 expression is mostly restricted to cortical and medullary thick ascending loops of Henle that characteristically express and secrete Tamm-Horsfall protein.

scholarly journals P-glycoprotein Restricts Ocular Penetration of Loperamide across the Blood-Ocular Barriers: a Comparative Study in Mdr1a Knock-out and Wild Type Sprague Dawley Rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 1662-1671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akshaya Tatke ◽  
Karthik Yadav Janga ◽  
Bharathi Avula ◽  
XiangDi Wang ◽  
Monica M. Jablonski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Ocular Penetration ◽  
P Glycoprotein ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

One hour in 1 ATA oxygen enhances rat alveolar macrophage chemiluminescence and fungal cytotoxicity

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (6) ◽  
pp. L457-L463
Author(s):  
R. M. Smith ◽  
P. Mohideen
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Alveolar Macrophage ◽  
Respiratory Burst ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Maximal Acceleration ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Burst Time

The purpose of this study was to determine if 100% O2 would enhance rat pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM) oxidative killing of conidia of the fungus Neurospora crassa. First, we found that incubation in 100% O2 had no effect on conidia viability in the absence of PAM. We obtained resident PAM from nonpretreated anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats by bronchoalveolar lavage. Compared with similar air exposures we found that 1 h in vitro exposure of PAM to 100% O2 (1.0 atmosphere absolute) increased their killing of opsonized phagocytized conidia by 52%, without altering phagocytosis. A reactive oxygen killing mechanism is suggested because 1) 100% O2 increased PAM chemiluminescence (CL) by 60% both at rest and during 1 h of phagocytosis, and 2) PAM in 100% O2 killed albino conidia (lacking free radical-quenching carotenoids) 2.9 times more readily than they killed wild-type conidia. Compared with air, 100% O2 delayed the PAM respiratory burst time to peak by 18% but did not alter the burst maximal acceleration. The latter and the similar 60% increase in PAM CL in 100% O2 both at rest and during 1 h of phagocytosis suggests a nonenzymatic O2 enhancement of the respiratory burst. Changed timing of burst events in 100% O2 suggests early O2 toxicity. We conclude that 1 h in 100% O2 increases PAM free radical production and fungicidal activity.

Role of cytochrome P-450 in endogenous antipyresis

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (2) ◽  
pp. R455-R460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wieslaw Kozak ◽  
Matthew J. Kluger ◽  
Anna Kozak ◽  
Maciej Wachulec ◽  
Karol Dokladny
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Cytochrome P 450

In previous reports, we (15, 18) and others (29) demonstrated data showing that various inhibitors of cytochrome P-450/epoxygenase augment fever in rats and mice, indicating that the enzyme may be involved in endogenous antipyresis. The aim of this study was to further test the hypothesis that the P-450-dependent epoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid is part of the homeostatic system to control the height of fever. Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with biotelemeters to monitor body temperature. Fever was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 80 μg/kg). We demonstrate that intraperitoneal administration of P-450 inducers (bezafibrate and dehydroepiandrosterone, 10 and 100 mg/kg) before LPS reduced fever in rats in a dose-dependent manner. In complementary experiments, rats were implanted with brain cannulas in addition to the biotelemeters. Various isomers of epoxyeicosanoids were administered into the lateral ventricle at doses of 0.01 to 10 μg/rat to test their influence on LPS-induced fever in rats. Four of five isomers were antipyretic in a dose-dependent manner. The most potent antipyretic isomers were 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) followed by 14,15-EET, 8,9-EET, and 12(R) hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. These data support the hypothesis that the cytochrome P-450/epoxygenase pathway of arachidonate metabolism is part of the endogenous antipyretic system.

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