scholarly journals Virulence Genes amongEnterococcus faecalisandEnterococcus faeciumIsolated from Coastal Beaches and Human and Nonhuman Sources in Southern California and Puerto Rico

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna M. Ferguson ◽  
Ginamary Negrón Talavera ◽  
Luis A. Ríos Hernández ◽  
Stephen B. Weisberg ◽  
Richard F. Ambrose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Urban Runoff ◽  
Virulence Potential ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Beach Water

MostEnterococcus faecalisandE. faeciumare harmless to humans; however, strains harboring virulence genes, includingesp, gelE, cylA, asa1, andhyl, have been associated with human infections.E. faecalisandE. faeciumare present in beach waters worldwide, yet little is known about their virulence potential. Here, multiplex PCR was used to compare the distribution of virulence genes amongE. faecalisandE. faeciumisolated from beaches in Southern California and Puerto Rico to isolates from potential sources including humans, animals, birds, and plants. All five virulence genes were found inE. faecalisandE. faeciumfrom beach water, mostly amongE. faecalis.gelEwas the most common among isolates from all source types. There was a lower incidence ofasa1,esp,cylA, andhylgenes among isolates from beach water, sewage, septage, urban runoff, sea wrack, and eelgrass as compared to human isolates, indicating that virulent strains ofE. faecalisandE. faeciummay not be widely disseminated at beaches. A higher frequency ofasa1andespamongE. faecalisfrom dogs and ofasa1among birds (mostly seagull) suggests that further studies on the distribution and virulence potential of strains carrying these genes may be warranted.

Leishmania spp. and leishmaniasis on the Caribbean islands

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaoqun Yao
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Trinidad And Tobago ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
Leishmania Spp ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Sand Fly Vectors

Abstract The kinetoplastid protozoan Leishmania spp. cause leishmaniasis, which clinically exhibit mainly as a cutaneous, mucocutanous or visceral form depending upon the parasite species in humans. The disease is widespread geographically, leading to 20 000 annual deaths. Here, leishmaniases in both humans and animals, reservoirs and sand fly vectors on the Caribbean islands are reviewed. Autochthonous human infections by Leishmania spp. were found in the Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe and Martinique as well as Trinidad and Tobago; canine infections were found in St. Kitts and Grenada; and equine infections were found in Puerto Rico. Imported human cases have been reported in Cuba. The parasites included Leishmania amazonensis, Le. martiniquensis and Le. waltoni. Possible sand fly vectors included Lutzomyia christophei, Lu. atroclavatus, Lu. cayennensis and Lu. flaviscutellata as well as Phlebotomus guadeloupensis. Reservoirs included rats, rice rats and mouse opossum. An updated study is warranted for the control and elimination of leishmaniasis in the region because some of the data are four decades old.

Complete Genome Sequence of Bacteriophage EFC1 Infecting Enterococcus Faecalis From Chicken

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Wang ◽  
Na Liu
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Lytic Phage ◽  
High Similarity ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Circular Dna ◽  
Intron Structure ◽  
Comparative Phylogenetic Analysis

Abstract In response to Enterococcus faecalis infection of chicken origin, a multi host lytic phage, EFC1 was isolated and characterized the double-stranded circular DNA genome with size of 56099 bp, containing 89 predicted protein coding genes as well as 2 tRNAs involved in intron, structure, transcription, packaging, DNA replication, modification, lysis. Observation of the structure by electron microscopy and comparative phylogenetic analysis of terminase large subunit showed that the phage EFC1 belongs to a new member of Siphoviridae, which is relatively distantly related to its high similarity phages. The phage EFC1 has no relevant virulence genes and antibiotic resistance genes.

Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Genes in Enterococcus faecalis Isolated From Human Dental Plaque

2021 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrnaz Bakhti ◽  
Mona Akhondnezhad ◽  
Mehrdad Gholami ◽  
Mohtaram Nasrolahei ◽  
Hamid Reza Goli
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Virulence Genes

Occurrence of virulence-associated genes in clinical Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated in Londrina, Brazil

2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1069-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Bittencourt de Marques ◽  
Sérgio Suzart
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Simultaneous Presence ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Clinical Strains ◽  
Virulence Markers ◽  
Serious Infections

Epidemiological studies have reinforced the importance of Enterococcus faecalis in causing serious infections, and to date, our understanding of how certain virulence factors are involved in the pathogenesis of enterococcal infections is still limited. The aim of the present study was to examine the occurrence of known virulence determinants in a group of E. faecalis strains isolated from different clinical sources in Brazil. A total of 95 E. faecalis strains were investigated for the presence of nine virulence genes including aggA, cylA, cylB, cylM, eep, efaA, enlA, esp and gelE by using PCR. The data showed a relatively wide distribution of the virulence genes among the investigated strains. The clinical strains carried at least one and concomitantly up to as many as eight virulence markers, with two or three being the most common pattern. Most of the strains carried efaA (58.9 %), eep (58.9 %) and esp (57.9 %) genes, whereas the remaining virulence markers were detected in variable percentages ranging from 9.5 to 45 %. Simultaneous presence of virulence markers was observed among clinical strains regardless of their sources. In this study, the efaA + esp + gelE + profile was the virulence genotype most frequently detected among E. faecalis strains. Finally, there was no significant association between virulence markers and clinical sources.

scholarly journals Genetic relatedness of the Enterococcus faecalis isolates in stool and urine samples of patients with community-acquired urinary tract infection

Gut Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zohreh Ghalavand ◽  
Masoud Alebouyeh ◽  
Kiandokht Ghanati ◽  
Leila Azimi ◽  
Marjan Rashidan
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Molecular Fingerprints ◽  
Rapd Pcr ◽  
Mic Value

Abstract Background Community-acquired urinary tract infection (CA-UTI) could be caused by endogenous or exogenous routes. To show this relationship, we investigated molecular fingerprints and genotypes of paired Enterococcus faecalis isolated from the urine of symptomatic patients and their fecal samples. Results Out of the studied patients, 63 pairs of E. faecalis isolates were obtained simultaneously from their urine and feces samples. All the strains were sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid, nitrofurantoin, and daptomycin (MIC value: ≤ 4 µg/ml), while resistance to tetracycline (urine: 88.9%; stool: 76.2%) and minocycline (urine: 87.3%, stool: 71.4%) was detected in most of them. The most common detected virulence genes were included efbA, ace, and gelE. RAPD-PCR and PFGE analyses showed the same patterns of molecular fingerprints between paired of the isolates in 26.9% and 15.8% of the patients, respectively. Conclusions Similarity of E. faecalis strains between the urine and feces samples confirmed the occurrence of endogenous infection via contamination with colonized bacteria in the intestinal tract. Carriage of a complete virulence genotype in the responsible strains was statistically in correlation with endogenous UTI, which shows their possible involvement in pathogenicity of uropathogenic E. faecalis strains.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characterization of Salmonella serovar Ndolo isolated from outbreaks in cattle and horses

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Pantuzza Ramos ◽  
Rafael Gariglio Clark Xavier ◽  
Carlos Augusto Gomes Leal ◽  
Elias Jorge Facury Filho ◽  
Antonio Ultimo de Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to describe and characterize, for the first time, two outbreaks of salmonellosis caused by Salmonella Ndolo in foals and calves in Brazil and compare the isolated strains with S. Ndolo previously identified in asymptomatic reptiles. The affected calves and foals presented fever, lethargy, and profuse diarrhea. Isolated strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, characterized according to virulence genes, and fingerprinted by ERIC-PCR. Salmonella Ndolo was identified in fecal samples from two foals and four calves. One isolate from a calf was resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and florfenicol. Strains from two other calves were resistant to oxytetracycline. All virulence genes tested were present in the isolates, and two major clusters of closely related strains were identified by ERIC-PCR, each per outbreak. This is the first report of Salmonella Ndolo infection in domestic and symptomatic animals. Previously, this serovar had been identified only in human infections. The presence of relevant virulence genes in all Salmonella Ndolo isolates and the detection of antimicrobial multi-resistant strains highlighted the importance of monitoring serovars associated with salmonellosis in domestic animals.

scholarly journals Presence of Virulence Genes in Enterococcus Species Isolated from Meat Turkeys in Germany Does Not Correlate with Chicken Embryo Lethality

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Maasjost ◽  
Dörte Lüschow ◽  
Anne Kleine ◽  
Hafez M. Hafez ◽  
Kristin Mühldorfer
Keyword(s):  
Chicken Embryo ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Gelatinase Activity ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Virulence Traits ◽  
Virulence Potential ◽  
Embryo Lethality

Virulence-associated traits have frequently been studied in enterococci and are considered to contribute towards the pathogenicity of infections. In the present study, Enterococcus isolates were collected during diagnostic investigations from meat turkeys in Germany. Twenty-eight isolates of three different Enterococcus species were analyzed for five selected putative virulence traits to understand their potential role in the pathogenicity using the chicken embryo lethality assay. Ten E. faecalis, ten E. faecium, and eight E. gallinarum isolates were examined for the presence of common virulence genes and their phenotypic expression, namely, the cytolysin operon, five individual cyl genes (cylLL, cylLS, cylM, cylB, and cylA), gelatinase (gelE), hyaluronidase (hylEfm), aggregation substance (asa1), and enterococcal surface protein (esp). The Enterococcus isolates showed significant species-dependent differences in the presence of genotypic traits (p<0.001 by Fisher’s exact test; Cramer’s V = 0.68). At least one gene and up to three virulence traits were found in E. faecalis, while six E. faecium isolates and one E. gallinarum isolate did not display any virulence-associated pheno- or genotype. More than half of the Enterococcus isolates (n = 15) harbored the gelE gene, but only E. faecalis (n = 10) expressed the gelatinase activity in vitro. The hylEfm gene was found in five E. gallinarum isolates only, while seven isolates showed the hyaluronidase activity in the phenotypic assay. In Cramer’s V statistic, a moderate association was indicated for species (V ≤ 0.35) or genotype (V < 0.43) and the results from the embryo lethality assay, but the differences were not significant. All E. gallinarum isolates were less virulent with mortality rates ranging between 0 and 30%. Two E. faecalis isolates were highly virulent, harboring the whole cyl-operon as well as gelE and asa1 genes. Likewise, one E. faecium isolate caused high embryo mortality but did not harbor any of the investigated virulence genes. For the first time, Enterococcus isolates of three different species collected from diseased turkeys were investigated for their virulence properties in comparison. The results differed markedly between the Enterococcus species, with E. faecalis harboring the majority of investigated genes and virulence traits. However, the genotype did not entirely correlate with the phenotype or the isolates’ virulence potential and pathogenicity for chicken embryos.

scholarly journals Two cases of septic shock with different outcomes caused by non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae isolates

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 030006052093345
Author(s):  
Jie Chen ◽  
Jian Huang ◽  
Meirong Huang ◽  
Zehui Chen ◽  
Anlin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Sequence Types

In recent decades, increasing numbers of human infections have been linked to non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae. Septicemia resulting from non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae infection is rare but has high mortality. The pathogenesis of non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae septicemia is poorly understood. Here, we report two sporadic cases of septicemia following non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae infection from an inland area of China. Patient 1 died rapidly within 24 hours, while patient 2 gradually recovered from septic shock. To explore the reasons for these divergent outcomes, we compared the two cases, tested the antibiotic sensitivity of the two isolates, and investigated their virulence genes and sequence types.

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