scholarly journals Off-Site Lime Stabilisation as an Option to Treat Pit Latrine Faecal Sludge for Emergency and Existing On-Site Sanitation Systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson Greya ◽  
Bernard Thole ◽  
Catherine Anderson ◽  
Flavius Kamwani ◽  
Jan Spit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Hydrated Lime ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Faecal Sludge

Off-site lime stabilisation for treating faecal sludge was assessed by undertaking small-scale (35 L) and large-scale (600 L) field trials in Blantyre, Malawi. Hydrated lime was dosed to maintain pH 10, pH 10.5, pH 11, pH 11.5, and pH 12 depending on the buffer capacity of the faecal sludge in the four replica small-scale field trials. Significant reduction of E. coli to below the detection limit of 104 CFU/100 mL within 1 hour of treatment was reported for pH > 11. Based on the small-scale findings, large-scale field trials were conducted and greater than 3 log removal of E. coli was observed under pH 12 conditions. Therefore, based on the study, off-site lime stabilisation by dosing lime in the range of 10–35% w/w (dry solid basis), depending on the buffer capacity and solids content of the sludge to maintain pH > 11, can be used to sanitise faecal sludge during emergencies, as well as for existing on-site sanitation systems.

scholarly journals Small-scale field assessment of efficacy of the autodissemination approach against Aedes sp. in an urban area

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Mohiddin Mohd Ngesom ◽  
Hidayatulfathi Othman ◽  
Rawaida Bahauddin ◽  
Nazni Wasi Ahmad ◽  
Lee Han Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Vector Control Programme ◽  
Breeding Habitats ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Future Evaluation

AbstractThis is the first study to evaluate the efficacy of an autodissemination approach, as suggested by WHO. Therefore, the efficacy of an autodissemination approach in small-scale field trials against wild Aedes sp. population was evaluated in an urbanized setting, Malaysia. Lethal ovitraps enhanced with pyriproxyfen were used to control Aedes sp. populations at treatment sites, with the autodissemination activity was assessed using the WHO larval bioassays. Lethal ovitraps enhanced with pyriproxyfen effectively reduced of Aedes sp. population. All autodissemination stations were shown to be visited by Aedes sp. mosquitoes with 100% complete inhibition against eggs and larvae development. In the larvae bioassay, pupae mortality ranged from 14 to 40%. Statistically, a significant reduction of Aedes sp. population in the treatment sites compared to the untreated areas. The study proved for the autodissemination of pyriproxyfen to breeding habitats by wild Aedes sp. This technique is highly potentially for vector control activities. Future evaluation should focus on large-scale field trials.Author SummarySince 2012, Dataran Automobil, Seksyen 15, Shah Alam, was declared as one of the dengue hotspot areas. Major vector control activities were conducted by government, NGOs, social communities, and local authorities, but the number still rising. We conducted a new invention of autodissemination concepts in this area by an entomological study on mosquito populations reduction and dispersal abilities of the technique. We found that the technique has proven to control mosquito populations, but the other factors such as epidemiology link still unclear and need further clarification. Our finding highlighted the effectiveness of autodissemination strategies that can be considered as one of the alternative tools in vector control programme.

scholarly journals Developing a training tool for beginner athletes in woodball

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adi Wijayanto
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Training Tool ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Observation Instruments ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive

This research aimed to produce models of hitting practice tools, which could be used in training beginner woodball athletes in Indonesia. A process of research and development was followed after the model of Gall, Gall, & Borg (2007). Small-scale field trials were first conducted at Gerokgak Woodball Club (GWC), or GerokgakWoodball Club (GWC) Buleleng-Bali, involving 10 athletes (5 males and 5 females).These were followed by large-scale field trials conducted in Pengkab WoodballBuleleng, or Pengkab Woodball Buleleng-Bali, involving 20 athletes (10 males and 10females). Data gathered were both quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative descriptive analysis was employed with the (a) observation instruments/observations of the effectiveness of the tool development model; and (b) the athlete response questionnaire as part of the validation process. Qualitative descriptive analysis was applied to data gained from interviews, observations and fieldnotes in processing suggestions for improvement from material experts, media experts, and practitioners. This research produced an effective and appropriate hitting practice tool for beginners in woodball and a guide/instruction on how to use the tool. These wood practice products can be carried or moved in accordance with training needs (portable), can be used to train the consistency of the punch, increase the frequency of hitting exercises, in the open field (outdoor) or in the building (indoor). The wood practice tool can be used by athletes to practice short stroke, medium, long, or finishing/gating.

scholarly journals Developing a training tool for beginner athletes in Woodball

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Fernanda Iragraha
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Training Tool ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Observation Instruments ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive

This research aimed to produce models of hitting practice tools, which could be used in training beginner woodball athletes in Indonesia. A process of research and development was followed after the model of Gall, Gall, XXABSTRACT Borg (2007). Small-scale field trials were first conducted at Gerokgak Woodball Club (GWC), or Gerokgak Woodball Club (GWC) Buleleng-Bali, involving 10 athletes (5 males and 5 females). These were followed by large-scale field trials conducted in Pengkab Woodball Buleleng, or Pengkab Woodball Buleleng-Bali, involving 20 athletes (10 males and 10 females). Data gathered were both quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative descriptive analysis was employed with the (a) observation instruments/observations of the effectiveness of the tool development model; and (b) the athlete response questionnaire as part of the validation process. Qualitative descriptive analysis was applied to data gained from interviews, observations and fieldnotes in processing suggestions for improvement from material experts, media experts, and practitioners. This research produced an effective and appropriate hitting practice tool for beginners in woodball and a guide/instruction on how to use the tool. These wood practice products can be carried or moved in accordance with training needs (portable), can be used to train the consistency of the punch, increase the frequency of hitting exercises, in the open field (outdoor) or in the building (indoor). The wood practice tool can be used by athletes to practice short stroke, medium, long, or finishing/gating.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Komik Fisika Materi Pokok Pengukuran Untuk Siswa SMA Negeri 1 Compreng

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-83
Author(s):  
Rendi Rendi ◽  
Sumaryati Sumaryati ◽  
Popi Purwanti
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Product Analysis ◽  
Student Responses ◽  
A Value ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
The Subject

The purpose of this study is to develop learning media for physics comics on the subject matter of measurement for class X students, to know the quality of physics comics in the developed measurement material for class X students at SMAN 1 Compreng, and to know the students responses to physics comics on the developed measurement material. This research is development research by conducting product analysis to be developed, developing initial products, expert validation and revisions, small-scale field trials and product revisions, and large-scale field trials and final products. The result of the research is the product developed in the form of Comic Physics Media, the Main Material of Measurement. The quality of the physics comic media developed according to media experts is Good (B) with a value of 3.14, according to the material experts is Very Good (SB) with a value of 3.61, according to the physics teacher is Very Good (SB) with a value of 3, 67. 3). Student responses to physics comics in limited trials obtained a percentage of 93% while in large-scale field trials obtained a percentage of 95%.

scholarly journals Pengembangan latihan teknik dasar judo melalui model permainan untuk pejudo pemula usia 8-12 tahun

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Africo Ramadhani ◽  
Sugeng Purwanto
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Student Assessment ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Initial Product ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Validation Score ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
Age Range

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan model permainan teknik dasar untuk pejudo pemula usia 8-12 tahun, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengadaptasi langkah-langkah penelitian pengembangan Borg dan Gall (1983, p. 775), yang diadaptasi menjadi 8 langkah pelaksanaan penelitian, langkah-langkah tersebut antara lain: (1) pengumpulan informasi lapangan (2) analisis informasi yang telah dikumpulkan (3) mengembangkan produk awal, (4) Validasi ahli dan revisi  (5) Uji coba lapangan skala kecil dan revisi  (6) uji coba lapangan skala besar dan revisi (7) pembuatan produk final (8) uji evektivitas produk. Ujicoba skala kecil dilakukan dilakukan terhadap 20 orang pejudo pemula club judo kota Yogyakarta. Ujicoba skala besar dilakukan terhadap 20 0rang pejudo pemula club judo Sleman dan 20 orang pejudo pemula club judo Bantul. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data adalah petunjuk umum wawancara, catatan lapangan, lembar evaluasi, angket skala nilai validasi, rubrik penilaian siswa, pedoman observasi permainan, pedoman observasi keefektifan dan rubrik penilaian uji efektifitas permainan. Hasil penelitian berupa model permainan teknik dasar judo untuk pejudo pemula usia 8-12 tahun terdiri dari 6 model permainan, Model permainan disusun dalam bentuk buku pedoman dan DVD dengan dengan judul Model Permainan Teknik Dasar Judo.Kata Kunci: model, permainan, teknik dasar judo, pejudo pemula  Daveloping Judo Basic Techniques Training through Gaming Model for Beginner Judoka Age 8-12 Years AbstractThis study aims to produce a model of the basic techniques game for beginner judoka in the age range of 8-12 years. This research was carried out by adapting the steps of research development proposed by Borg and Gall (1983), which was adapted into 8 step of implementation of research, including: (1) the collection of information (2) analysis of the information gathered (3) daveloping the initial product, (4) experts validation and revision (5) small-scale field trials and revision (6) large-scale field trials and revisions (7) the manufacture of final products (8) testing the effectiveness of the product. Small-scale trial was conducted to 20 beginner judoka in the judo club of Yogyakarta Municipality. A large-scale trial conducted to 20 novice judoka in Sleman judo club and 20 novice judoka in Bantul judo club. The instrument used to collect the data are general instructions interviews, field notes, evaluation sheet, questionnaire on validation score scale, student assessment rubric, observation guidelines of the game, observation guidelines of the effectiveness and scoring rubric the game’s effectiveness test beginner. The results of the research is a model of the basic techniques of judo game for ages 8-12 years judoka, consisting of 6 models of the game. The game model is arranged in the form of manuals and DVDs entitled Model Permainan Teknik Dasar Judo.Keywords: models, games, basic techniques of judo, judoka beginners

scholarly journals Developing a training tool for beginner athletes in Woodball

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 50-61
Author(s):  
S. M. Fernanda Iragraha ◽  
Soegiyanto ◽  
Hari Setijono ◽  
Sugiharto
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Training Tool ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Observation Instruments ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive

This research aimed to produce models of hitting practice tools, which could be used in training beginner woodball athletes in Indonesia. A process of research and development was followed after the model of Gall, Gall, XXABSTRACT Borg (2007). Small-scale field trials were first conducted at Gerokgak Woodball Club (GWC), or Gerokgak Woodball Club (GWC) Buleleng-Bali, involving 10 athletes (5 males and 5 females). These were followed by large-scale field trials conducted in Pengkab Woodball Buleleng, or Pengkab Woodball Buleleng-Bali, involving 20 athletes (10 males and 10 females). Data gathered were both quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative descriptive analysis was employed with the (a) observation instruments/observations of the effectiveness of the tool development model; and (b) the athlete response questionnaire as part of the validation process. Qualitative descriptive analysis was applied to data gained from interviews, observations and fieldnotes in processing suggestions for improvement from material experts, media experts, and practitioners. This research produced an effective and appropriate hitting practice tool for beginners in woodball and a guide/instruction on how to use the tool. These wood practice products can be carried or moved in accordance with training needs (portable), can be used to train the consistency of the punch, increase the frequency of hitting exercises, in the open field (outdoor) or in the building (indoor). The wood practice tool can be used by athletes to practice short stroke, medium, long, or finishing/gating.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Multimedia Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab Pada Kelas IV di MI Al-Falah Cikelet

JURNAL PETIK ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-35
Author(s):  
Kuntum Annisa Imania ◽  
Yeni Maria Ulfa Maria Ulfa ◽  
Demmy Dharma Bhakti Dharma Bhakti
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Multimedia Learning ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Class Iv

Abstract - Learning Arabic is one of the lessons that is difficult for students to understand. Due to the method used by the teacher onlylecture method besides the teaching material used by the teacher is only in the form of Arabic language books provided by the school. Based on the background that the researchers describe above, then the problem can be formulated as follows: How to develop multimedia products for learning Arabic language for class IV in accordance with the curriculum applied at MI Al-Falah. The purpose of this research is to find out how to develop multimedia products for Arabic language learning for class IV in accordance with the curriculum applied at MI Al-Falah. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with the Research and Development (R&D) method with reference to the research model of Borg & Gall which is simplified by researchers into 5 steps, including: (1) preliminary research, (2) developing initial products, (3) validation experts and revisions, (4) small-scale field trials and product revisions, (5) large-scale field trials and final products. The population of this research is all fourth grade students of MI Al-Falah. Data collection techniques were carried out with interviews and questionnaires. The development of learning multimedia is validated by media experts and material experts and then some testing is done. The results of the feasibility of multimedia learning Arabic based on the results of the analysis can be concluded as follows: (1) Rating of the media experts get a score of 92% with the category Very Eligible, (2) Rating of the material experts get a score of 93% with the category Very Eligible, (3) Test small scale trials get a score of 80% with the Eligible category, and large scale trials get 89% with the Very Eligible category. Based on these results multimedia learning Arabic in class IV MI AL-Falah is very feasible to be used in learning.Keywords : Multimedia, Learning arabicAbstrak - Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab merupakan salah satu pelajaran yang sulit dipahami oleh siswa. Diakibatkan oleh metode yang digunakan oleh guru hanya metode ceramah saja disamping itu bahan ajar yang digunakan guru tersebut hanya berupa buku bahsa arab yang disediakan oleh sekolah. Berdasarkan latar belakang yang peneliti uraikan diatas, maka dapat dirumuskan masalah sebagai berikut: Bagaimana cara mengembangkan produk multimedia pembelajaran bahasa arab untuk kelas IV yang sesuai dengan kurikulum yang diterapkan di MI Al-Falah. Adapaun tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui cara mengembangkan produk multimedia pembelajaran bahasa arab untuk kelas iv yang sesuai dengan kurikulum yang diterapkan di MI Al-Falah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan metode Research And Development (R&D) dengan mengacu pada model penelitian dari Borg & Gall yang disederhanakan oleh peneliti menjadi 5 langkah, diantaranya: (1) penelitian pendahuluan, (2) mengembangan produk awal, (3) validasi ahli dan revisi, (4) uji coba lapangan skala kecil dan revisi produk, (5) uji lapangan skala besar dan produk akhir. Populasi dari penelitian ini yaitu seluruh siswa kelas IV MI Al-Falah. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara dan penyebaran angket. Pengembangan multimedia pembelajaran ini di validasi oleh ahli media dan ahli materi kemudian dilakukan beberapa pengujian. Hasil kelayakan multimedia pembelajaran bahasa arab berdasarkan hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut: (1) Penilaian dari ahli media mendapatkan skor 92% dengan kategori Sangat Layak, (2) Penilaian dari ahli materi mendapatkan skor 93% dengan kategori Sangat Layak, (3) Uji coba skala kecil mendapatkan skor 80% dengan kategori Layak, dan uji coba skala besar mendapatkan 89% dengan kategori Sangat Layak. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut multimedia pembelajaran bahasa arab pada kelas IV MI AL-Falah Sangat Layak untuk digunakan dalam pembelajaran.Kata kunci: Multimedia, Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab.

Large-Scale Field Trials on Dense Vapour Dispersion

1985 ◽  
pp. 179-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. McQuaid ◽  
B. Roebuck ◽  
D. G. Wilde
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field

scholarly journals A Field Efficacy Evaluation of In2Care Mosquito Traps in Comparison with Routine Integrated Vector Management at Reducing Aedes aegypti

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 242-249
Author(s):  
Eva A. Buckner ◽  
Katie F. Williams ◽  
Samantha Ramirez ◽  
Constance Darrisaw ◽  
Juliana M. Carrillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Integrated Vector Management ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Vector Management ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

ABSTRACT Aedes aegypti is the predominant vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. This mosquito is difficult to control with conventional methods due to its container-inhabiting behavior and resistance to insecticides. Autodissemination of pyriproxyfen (PPF), a potent larvicide, has shown promise as an additional tool to control Aedes species in small-scale field trials. However, few large-scale field evaluations have been conducted. We undertook a 6-month-long large-scale field study to compare the effectiveness and operational feasibility of using In2Care Mosquito Traps (In2Care Traps, commercially available Aedes traps with PPF and Beauveria bassiana) compared to an integrated vector management (IVM) strategy consisting of source reduction, larviciding, and adulticiding for controlling Ae. aegypti eggs, larvae, and adults. We found that while the difference between treatments was only statistically significant for eggs and larvae (P < 0.05 for eggs and larvae and P > 0.05 for adults), the use of In2Care Traps alone resulted in 60%, 57%, and 57% fewer eggs, larvae, and adults, respectively, collected from that site compared to the IVM site. However, In2Care Trap deployment and maintenance were more time consuming and labor intensive than the IVM strategy. Thus, using In2Care Traps alone as a control method for large areas (e.g., >20 ha) may be less practical for control programs with the capacity to conduct ground and aerial larviciding and adulticiding. Based on our study results, we conclude that In2Care Traps are effective at suppressing Ae. aegypti and have the most potential for use in areas without sophisticated control programs and within IVM programs to target hotspots with high population levels and/or risk of Aedes-borne pathogen transmission.

scholarly journals Viscosity and Large-Scale Magnetic Fields from Accretion Disc Dynamos

1997 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 190-200
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Tout
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cascade Process ◽  
Jet Formation ◽  
Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence ◽  
Discs Large ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Nova Outbursts

AbstractWe review those processes associated with accretion discs that are probably influenced by magnetic fields, specifically, accretiondisc viscosity, energy dissipation and jet formation. We consider how magnetic instabilities in the disc can lead to a self-sustaining dynamical dynamo and how this is manifested as magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in numerical simulations. We show that currently these models do not fit with observational constraints imposed by dwarf-nova outbursts. We also show that the drop in ionisation fraction does not lead to the apparently necessary drop in viscosity in quiescent cataclysmic variable discs. Large-scale magnetic fields are required to launch and collimate jets form discs. We describe an inverse cascade process that can construct sufficient large-scale field from small-scale field generated by a dynamo.

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