scholarly journals Quantifying the “Slosh Stomach”: A Novel Tool for Assessment of Exercise-Associated Gastroparesis Symptoms in Endurance Athletes

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Sue Biondich ◽  
Jeremy D. Joslin
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Endurance Athlete ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Survey Tool ◽  
Remote Location ◽  
Severity Scores ◽  
Race Performance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Upset

Introduction. We describe a novel scale and its field use for evaluation of exercise-associated gastroparesis in the endurance athlete.Methods. A scale was created based on gastroparesis tools previously described in the medical literature. Surveys of the tool were administered to runners participating in a 210 km multiday foot race in Sri Lanka.Results. Use of this novel scale was demonstrated to be useful in assessing gastroparesis severity scores of athletes and how these symptoms affected their race performance. Of the 27 race participants who completed the survey, 27 felt that the tool adequately captured their symptoms.Conclusions. This novel survey tool was able to assess the presence and severity of exercise-associated gastroparesis symptoms in endurance racers in a remote location. This tool may be helpful with further research of the identification and management of gastroparesis and other gastrointestinal upset in the endurance race environment.

The biological basis of aptitude: the endurance runner

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (S7) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde Williams
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Endurance Athlete ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Type I ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Elimination ◽  
Endurance Runner ◽  
Genetic Endowment ◽  
The Individual

SummaryAptitude for a particular sport is governed by many factors, not least of which are obvious environmental influences. There are, however, individuals who, through genetic endowment, have the necessary biological characteristics which identify them as potentially elite athletes. These characteristics have been described more fully for endurance athletes because prolonged, almost steady-state running, lends itself more readily to investigation by biologists, than do the more complex sports.These studies show that the potentially elite endurance athlete is an individual endowed with an above average cardio-respiratory system, capable of a high rate of oxygen transport and carbon dioxide elimination. Not only does the elite endurance athlete have a greater rate of oxygen transport than the average sportsman or sportswoman, but the muscles receiving the oxygen are composed mainly of type I, i.e. low-twitch oxidative fibres, which are designed for endurance exercise. Furthermore, the elite endurance athlete also appears to be pre-programmed genetically to lay down less fat, in the form of sub-cutaneous adipose tissue, than the average sportsman or sportswoman of the same age and sex.Although genetic endowment dictates the potential ability of an individual for sustained high speed running, only appropriate training will allow the realization of this potential and so enable the individual to join the fraternity of the world's elite endurance athletes.

NRF2 intron 3 A/G polymorphism is associated with endurance athletes’ status

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nir Eynon ◽  
Moran Sagiv ◽  
Yoav Meckel ◽  
José Alberto Duarte ◽  
Alberto Jorge Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Athlete ◽  
National Level ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Nuclear Respiratory Factor ◽  
Nuclear Respiratory Factor 2 ◽  
Genotype And Allele Frequencies

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency distribution of nuclear respiratory factor 2 ( NRF2) intron 3 A/G polymorphism (rs7181866) among 155 Israeli athletes (endurance athletes and sprinters) and 240 healthy controls. Results showed that there was a significantly higher proportion of the AG genotype, rather than the AA genotype, in the group of endurance athletes compared with the sprinters ( P = 0.014) and controls ( P = 0.0008). However, the sprinters’ genotype and allele frequencies were similar to those of the control group ( P = 0.62 for genotype distribution percentage). These results were even more pronounced when we compared between the subgroups of 20 elite endurance athletes (those who had represented Israel in a world track-and-field championship or in the Olympic Games) and 54 national-level endurance athletes. In the group of elite endurance athletes the G allele was more frequent than in the national-level endurance athletes ( P = 0.047). We conclude that 1) in Israeli athletes the NRF2 AG genotype is more frequent in elite endurance athletes than in sprinters, and 2) within the endurance group the NRF2 AG genotype and the G allele are more frequent in elite athletes, suggesting a positive association between the AG genotype, and possibly the G allele, and the likelihood of being an elite endurance athlete.

scholarly journals Living altitude influences endurance exercise performance change over time at altitude

2016 ◽  
Vol 120 (10) ◽  
pp. 1151-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Chapman ◽  
Trine Karlsen ◽  
R.-L. Ge ◽  
James Stray-Gundersen ◽  
Benjamin D. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Endurance Athlete ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Performance Change ◽  
Daily Training ◽  
Level Training ◽  
Over Time

For sea level based endurance athletes who compete at low and moderate altitudes, adequate time for acclimatization to altitude can mitigate performance declines. We asked whether it is better for the acclimatizing athlete to live at the specific altitude of competition or at a higher altitude, perhaps for an increased rate of physiological adaptation. After 4 wk of supervised sea level training and testing, 48 collegiate distance runners (32 men, 16 women) were randomly assigned to one of four living altitudes (1,780, 2,085, 2,454, or 2,800 m) where they resided for 4 wk. Daily training for all subjects was completed at a common altitude from 1,250 to 3,000 m. Subjects completed 3,000-m performance trials on the track at sea level, 28 and 6 days before departure, and at 1,780 m on days 5, 12, 19, and 26 of the altitude camp. Groups living at 2,454 and 2,800 m had a significantly larger slowing of performance vs. the 1,780-m group on day 5 at altitude. The 1,780-m group showed no significant change in performance across the 26 days at altitude, while the groups living at 2,085, 2,454, and 2,800 m showed improvements in performance from day 5 to day 19 at altitude but no further improvement at day 26. The data suggest that an endurance athlete competing acutely at 1,780 m should live at the altitude of the competition and not higher. Living ∼300-1,000 m higher than the competition altitude, acute altitude performance may be significantly worse and may require up to 19 days of acclimatization to minimize performance decrements.

scholarly journals Health consequences of exercise and inactivity: The endurance athlete: high aerobic capacity and improved longevity

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 20-23
Author(s):  
Christopher Shaw ◽  
Anton Wagenmakers
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Endurance Athlete ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
World Record ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Tour De France ◽  
Average Longevity ◽  
Do So

Adaptations to the cardiovascular, pulmonary and skeletal muscle systems allow endurance athletes to perform exercise for prolonged periods and delay the onset of fatigue. These adaptations explain why the current men's marathon world record holder can run 42.195 km (26.2 miles) in a little over 2 hours at an average speed of over 20 km/h. The adaptations which enable sustained endurance performance also offer protection against many chronic diseases and increase average lifespan. For example, former cyclists who competed in the Tour de France before 1964 demonstrated a 17% increase in average longevity compared with the general population1. Therefore studying the elite endurance athlete can give us clues as to how partaking in regular physical activity, or failure to do so, alters disease risk and life expectancy.

scholarly journals High Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols (FODMAP) Consumption Among Endurance Athletes and Relationship to Gastrointestinal Symptoms

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren A. Killian ◽  
Jane G. Muir ◽  
Jacqueline S. Barrett ◽  
Nicholas A. Burd ◽  
Soo-Yeun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Endurance Athlete ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Sports Nutrition ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Gi Symptoms ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Habitual Intake ◽  
Dietary Strategies ◽  
Specific Food

Endurance athletes commonly experience lower gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms similar to those of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Previous research on the restriction of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP), a diet-based mitigation strategy initially developed for IBS, has shown promise for application in athlete populations. Athlete's dietary strategies surrounding exercise have not been formally assessed in relation to FODMAP content of foods or sports nutrition products. Additionally, the FODMAP content of athlete's habitual diets has not been examined in larger sample sizes. This research aims to investigate the FODMAP content of endurance athlete diets by examining these three areas, in conjunction with GI symptoms. Dietary habits surrounding exercise and GI symptoms were examined in 430 endurance athletes using a previously validated Endurance Athlete Questionnaire. A subset of athletes (n = 73) completed a FODMAP-specific food frequency questionnaire for habitual intake. The most commonly reported sports nutrition products were analyzed for FODMAP content using standardized analytical methods. Mean habitual intakes were compared to previous FODMAP studies and medians were compared between those with and without lower GI symptoms. Athletes commonly consumed high FODMAP foods during pre-race dinners and breakfasts, with over 60% reporting specific high FODMAP foods. More frequent nutrition product use, particularly solid, gel/gummy, and homemade products, was often related to increased frequency of GI symptoms. Of the sixteen commonly used sports nutrition products tested, seven were high FODMAP in one serving. All but one of the remaining products became high FODMAP when consumed in multiple servings, as is likely the case during endurance exercise. Average habitual FODMAP intake was 26.1 g (±15.9 g), similar to intakes classified as high FODMAP in previous research on FODMAPs and IBS or GI symptoms. Only 15.1% of athletes consumed a diet that would be considered low in FODMAP. Exploratory analyses showed higher intake of some FODMAP types among athletes exhibiting various lower GI symptoms. Overall, this study demonstrated that FODMAP intake by endurance athletes is high both surrounding exercise and habitually, and may be contributing to GI symptoms experienced during exercise. This information can be utilized when analyzing athlete diets and selecting foods to decrease GI symptoms.

scholarly journals Nutrition and Supplement Update for the Endurance Athlete: Review and Recommendations

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Vitale ◽  
Andrew Getzin
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Endurance Athlete ◽  
Sports Nutrition ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Nutritional Recovery ◽  
Nutrition Research ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
And Performance

Background: Endurance events have experienced a significant increase in growth in the new millennium and are popular activities for participation globally. Sports nutrition recommendations for endurance exercise however remains a complex issue with often opposing views and advice by various health care professionals. Methods: A PubMed/Medline search on the topics of endurance, athletes, nutrition, and performance was undertaken and a review performed summarizing the current evidence concerning macronutrients, hydration, and supplements as it pertains to endurance athletes. Results: Carbohydrate and hydration recommendations have not drastically changed in years, while protein and fat intake have been traditionally underemphasized in endurance athletes. Several supplements are commercially available to athletes, of which, few may be of benefit for endurance activities, including nitrates, antioxidants, caffeine, and probiotics, and are reviewed here. The topic of “train low,” training in a low carbohydrate state is also discussed, and the post-exercise nutritional “recovery window” remains an important point to emphasize to endurance competitors. Conclusions: This review summarizes the key recommendations for macronutrients, hydration, and supplements for endurance athletes, and helps clinicians treating endurance athletes clear up misconceptions in sports nutrition research when counseling the endurance athlete.

scholarly journals Running Your Best Triathlon Race

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Naroa Etxebarria ◽  
Jackson Wright ◽  
Hamish Jeacocke ◽  
Cristian Mesquida ◽  
David B. Pyne
Keyword(s):  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Pace Strategy ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Lower Variability ◽  
Race Performance ◽  
Lower Correlation ◽  
Performance Ranking

Negative or evenly paced racing strategies often lead to more favorable performance outcomes for endurance athletes. However, casual inspection of race split times and observational studies both indicate that elite triathletes competing in Olympic-distance triathlon typically implement a positive pacing strategy during the last of the 3 disciplines, the 10-km run. To address this apparent contradiction, the authors examined data from 14 International Triathlon Union elite races over 3 consecutive years involving a total of 725 male athletes. Analyses of race results confirm that triathletes typically implement a positive running pace strategy, running the first lap of the standard 4-lap circuit substantially faster than laps 2 (∼7%), 3 (∼9%), and 4 (∼12%). Interestingly, mean running pace in lap 1 had a substantially lower correlation with 10-km run time (r = .82) than both laps 2 and 3. Overall triathlon race performance (ranking) was best associated with run performance (r = .82) compared with the swim and cycle sections. Lower variability in race pace during the 10-km run was also reflective of more successful run times. Given that overall race outcome is mainly explained by the 10-km run performance, with top run performances associated with a more evenly paced strategy, triathletes (and their coaches) should reevaluate their pacing strategy during the run section.

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