scholarly journals Use of Selected Essential Oils to Control Aflatoxin Contaminated Stored Cashew and Detection of Aflatoxin Biosynthesis Gene

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abeer R. M. Abd El-Aziz ◽  
Mohamed A. Mahmoud ◽  
Monira R. Al-Othman ◽  
Munirah F. Al-Gahtani
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Aflatoxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Biosynthesis Gene

Aspergillusspp. associated with cashew from the regions of Riyadh, Dammam, and Abha were isolated and three different culture media were used to qualitatively measure aflatoxin production byAspergillusvia UV light (365 nm), which was expressed as positive or negative. The obtained data showed that six isolates ofA. flavusand four isolates ofA. parasiticuswere positive for aflatoxin production, while all isolates ofA. nigerwere negative. Five commercially essential oils (thyme, garlic, cinnamon, mint, and rosemary) were tested to determine their influence on growth and aflatoxin production inA. flavusandA. parasiticusby performing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the tested essential oils caused highly significant inhibition of fungal growth and aflatoxin production inA. flavusandA. parasiticus. The extent of the inhibition of fungal growth and aflatoxin production was dependent on the type and concentration of essential oils applied. The results indicate that cinnamon and thyme oils show strong antimicrobial potential. PCR was used with four sets of primer pairs fornor-1, omt-1, ver-1, andaflRgenes, enclosed in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway. The interpretation of the results revealed that PCR is a rapid and sensitive method.

scholarly journals Analysis of impact of anaerobic condition on the aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus Speare

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maneesh Department of Biotechnology, Mag Kumar ◽  
Harish Kumar ◽  
Roshan Kamal Topno ◽  
Jainendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Aflatoxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Toxic Contamination ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Aflatoxins are the natural carcinogens that are the best characterized as fungal secondary metabolites. The producers that are responsible for aflatoxin biosynthesis are strongly associated in toxic contamination of essential agricultural products. Aspergillus parasiticus is an exclusive fungus that participates in causing hepatic problems in humans and cattle. These mycotoxins are greatly influenced by abiotic stresses. The fungal growth, proliferation and its toxigenicity are highly influenced by these stresses. Present study aimed to restrict the mycelial growth and to prevent aflatoxin preparation in A. parasiticus under the anoxic stress. The monosporic strains of A. parasiticus were grown in two different Erlenmeyer conical flasks containing Czapek Dox Broth and Czapek Dox Agar under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The anoxic condition was maintained using Anaero Bag System. Aflatoxin was isolated after 10 days, and quantitative estimation was done by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The experimental outcome showed that there was a drastic decrease in both the morphological growth and the aflatoxin biosynthesis of A. parasiticus in anoxic state.

A Study of Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus Flavus Growing on Wallboard

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Y. Rao ◽  
Richard C. Fink ◽  
Linda B. Wolfe ◽  
Daniel F. Liberman ◽  
Harriet A. Burge
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Culture Collection ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Aflatoxin Concentration

The potential for exposure to mycotoxins in indoor environments is of increasing concern. In order to evaluate the potential for mycotoxin production by toxigenic fungi growing on water-damaged building materials, two aflatoxin producing strains of Aspergillus flavus (American Type Culture Collection 16875 and 15547) were inoculated onto culture media, plain wallboard, and vinyl wallpapered wallboard (cellulose-based and wheat-based wallpaper paste) and incubated at high relative humidity and room temperature for up to 16 weeks. Each sample was extracted with 60% methanol and aflatoxins in the crude extract were collected by immunoaffinity chromatography and quantified by fluorometry. Analysis by high performance liquid chromatography was performed for confirmation. Varying degrees of fungal growth were evident on all tested substrate types. Up to 4800 ppb of aflatoxin was detected when strain ATCC 16875 was grown on potato dextrose agar. However, when inoculation was standardized to minimize initial aflatoxin concentration in the inoculum, aflatoxin production was not detected on any wallboard sample under any of the incubation conditions provided. The presence of a toxigenic fungal strain on an indoor substrate does not necessarily indicate that the fungus is producing mycotoxins and our data provide evidence that wet wallboard is unlikely to provide appropriate conditions for aflatoxin production.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Antifungal and Anti-Aflatoxigenic Potential of Plant-Based Essential Oils against Aspergillus flavus in Peanuts

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 383
Author(s):  
Premila Narayana Achar ◽  
Pham Quyen ◽  
Emmanuel C. Adukwu ◽  
Abhishek Sharma ◽  
Huggins Zephaniah Msimanga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
Microscopy Study ◽  
Aspergillus Species ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ammonia Vapor

Aspergillus species are known to cause damage to food crops and are associated with opportunistic infections in humans. In the United States, significant losses have been reported in peanut production due to contamination caused by the Aspergillus species. This study evaluated the antifungal effect and anti-aflatoxin activity of selected plant-based essential oils (EOs) against Aspergillus flavus in contaminated peanuts, Tifguard, runner type variety. All fifteen essential oils, tested by the poisoned food technique, inhibited the growth of A. flavus at concentrations ranging between 125 and 4000 ppm. The most effective oils with total clearance of the A. flavus on agar were clove (500 ppm), thyme (1000 ppm), lemongrass, and cinnamon (2000 ppm) EOs. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of clove EO revealed eugenol (83.25%) as a major bioactive constituent. An electron microscopy study revealed that clove EO at 500 ppm caused noticeable morphological and ultrastructural alterations of the somatic and reproductive structures. Using both the ammonia vapor (AV) and coconut milk agar (CMA) methods, we not only detected the presence of an aflatoxigenic form of A. flavus in our contaminated peanuts, but we also observed that aflatoxin production was inhibited by clove EO at concentrations between 500 and 2000 ppm. In addition, we established a correlation between the concentration of clove EO and AFB1 production by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We demonstrate in our study that clove oil could be a promising natural fungicide for an effective bio-control, non-toxic bio-preservative, and an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic additives against A. flavus in Georgia peanuts.

Control of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production with spices in culture medium and rice

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Aiko ◽  
A. Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Culture Broth ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
Food Grains ◽  
Star Anise ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Cinnamon, cardamom, star anise and clove were studied for their effect on growth of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) synthesis. The experiments were carried out in yeast extract sucrose culture broth as well as in rice supplemented with spices. AFB1 produced was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively using thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. At a concentration of 10 mg/ml, cardamom and star anise did not exhibit any antifungal or anti-aflatoxigenic activity in culture broth, whereas cinnamon and clove inhibited A. flavus growth completely. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of cinnamon and clove were 4 and 2 mg/ml, respectively. Concentrations of cinnamon and clove below their minimum inhibitory concentrations showed enhanced fungal growth, while AFB1 synthesis was reduced. Clove inhibited the synthesis of AFB1 significantly up to 99% at concentrations ≥1.0 mg/ml. The spices also inhibited AFB1 synthesis in rice at 5 mg/g, although fungal growth was not inhibited. Clove and cinnamon inhibited AFB1 synthesis significantly up to 99 and 92%, respectively, and star anise and cardamom by 41 and 23%, respectively. The results of this study suggest the use of whole spices rather than their essential oils for controlling fungal and mycotoxin contamination in food grains.

scholarly journals Evaluation of antifungal activity of Pittosporum undulatum L. essential oil against Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosane Tamara da Silva Medeiros ◽  
Edlayne Gonçalez ◽  
Roberto Carlos Felicio ◽  
Joana D'arc Felicio
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Plant Oils ◽  
Food Commodities ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Main Producer ◽  
Mycelial Development

The presence of mycotoxins as a result of fungal attack can occur before, after and during the harvest and storage operations on agricultural crops and food commodities. Considering the inhibitory property of essential plant oils on the mycelial development of fungi and the importance of Aspergillus flavus, the main producer of aflatoxins, this research was designed to evaluate the toxicity of essential oil from Pittosporum undulatum against A. flavus. The essential oils were obtained from P. undulatum leaves, collected in different months and analyzed by GC/MS. The oils were rich in hydrocarbon, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes and it was observed a significant variation on the chemical composition of the essential oil of leaves at different months. Besides, the essential oils were tested against fungal growth and the results showed different spectrum of inhibition on A. flavus. However, the essential oils inhibited the aflatoxin B1 production.

scholarly journals Mycotoxigenic Aspergillus flavus from ginger and turmeric consumed in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
V C Okereke, M I Godwin-Egein
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Blue Fluorescence ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Orange Yellow ◽  
Southern Nigeria ◽  
Yellow Pigmentation

Ginger and turmeric sold in the open markets and retail outlets in southern Nigeria were sampled between April and August, 2017. This period coincided with the first bimodal peak of the rainy season of the 2017 cropping season. Malt extract agar (MEA) and Dichloran 18% glycerol (DG18) media were used to isolate fungi from samples with or without surface sterilisation. Aspergillus spp isolated were examined for the production of orange-yellow pigmentation and blue fluorescence on the reverse side of the plate on CAM under UV light. Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus on yeast extract sucrose (YES) was verified quantitatively using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Data showed that Fusarium, Penicillium and Aspergillus spp were the dominant fungal flora. Toxigenic isolates of A. flavus; AFg1, AFg3, AFt1, and AFt3 produced both orange-yellow pigmentation and blue fluorescence on CAM. The production of AFB1 and AFB2 on YES medium was confirmed using HPLC. The occurrence of toxigenic fungi indicates that there is a potential risk of mycotoxin contamination in ginger and turmeric consumed in southern Nigeria and problems can arise from contamination with aflatoxins.

scholarly journals Molecular Analysis of an Inactive Aflatoxin Biosynthesis Gene Cluster in Aspergillus oryzae RIB Strains

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 484-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihoko Tominaga ◽  
Yun-Hae Lee ◽  
Risa Hayashi ◽  
Yuji Suzuki ◽  
Osamu Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Oryzae ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
Aflatoxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Biosynthesis Gene Cluster ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Biosynthesis Gene ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

ABSTRACT To help assess the potential for aflatoxin production by Aspergillus oryzae, the structure of an aflatoxin biosynthesis gene homolog cluster in A. oryzae RIB 40 was analyzed. Although most genes in the corresponding cluster exhibited from 97 to 99% similarity to those of Aspergillus flavus, three genes shared 93% similarity or less. A 257-bp deletion in the aflT region, a frameshift mutation in norA, and a base pair substitution in verA were found in A. oryzae RIB 40. In the aflR promoter, two substitutions were found in one of the three putative AreA binding sites and in the FacB binding site. PCR primers were designed to amplify homologs of aflT, nor-1, aflR, norA, avnA, verB, and vbs and were used to detect these genes in 210 A. oryzae strains. Based on the PCR results, the A. oryzae RIB strains were classified into three groups, although most of them fell into two of the groups. Group 1, in which amplification of all seven genes was confirmed, contained 122 RIB strains (58.1% of examined strains), including RIB 40. Seventy-seven strains (36.7%) belonged to group 2, characterized by having only vbs, verB, and avnA in half of the cluster. Although slight expression of aflR was detected by reverse transcription-PCR in some group 1 strains, including RIB 40, other genes (avnA, vbs, verB, and omtA) related to aflatoxin production were not detected. aflR was not detected in group 2 strains by Southern analysis.

Inhibitory effect of essential oils on growth and on aflatoxins production by Aspergillus parasiticus

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Soares ◽  
H. Morales ◽  
J. Faria ◽  
A.C. Figueiredo ◽  
L.G. Pedro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Visible Growth ◽  
Main Component

The aim of this work was to assess the inhibitory effect of essential oils on the growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus, as well as to correlate it with the chemical composition of the essential oils. Essential oils from six aromatic species (Cymbopogon citratus, Eucalyptus globulus, Origanum vulgare, Ruta graveolens, Salvia officinalis, Satureja montana) were characterised by gas chromatography and tested for their inhibitory effect against A. parasiticus strain MUM 92.02. Furthermore, the in vitro inhibitory effects of these essential oils on the production of aflatoxins were evaluated by HPLC. Results showed that all essential oils retarded the time for visible growth. Growth rate was affected differently depending on the essential oil. S. montana essential oil prevented growth in all cases. The essential oil of R. graveolens inhibited most of the aflatoxin production even though growth inhibition was low, while with C. citratus essential oil trace levels of aflatoxins were detected. Essential oils containing carvacrol and/or thymol (S. montana and O. vulgare) have the highest activity against fungal growth, while an essential oil (R. graveolens) containing 2-undecanone and 8-phenyl-2-octanone inhibited the synthesis of aflatoxins. Although the main component of this essential oil was 2-undecanone (91%), when pure 2-undecanone was tested, it did not inhibit aflatoxin production. Inhibition activity is probably due to the recently identified minor compound or to a synergistic effect. Essential oils seem to be a good alternative to fungicides not only because of environmental issues but also because they do not seem to enhance mycotoxin production as it has been reported for some fungicides.

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Composite Essential Oils against Aflatoxigenic Fungus Aspergillus flavus in Maize

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 562
Author(s):  
Fangzhi Xiang ◽  
Qianqian Zhao ◽  
Kai Zhao ◽  
Hao Pei ◽  
Fang Tao
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Concentration Index ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Inhibition Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Activities ◽  
Fractional Inhibition

The efficacy of eleven essential oils (EOs) against Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3357 was investigated. The highest antifungal activity against this aflatoxigenic fungus was exhibited by cinnamon, oregano and lemongrass, which showed low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values under vapor conditions. Interactions of the three EOs were evaluated by the fractional inhibition concentration index (FICI), and the composite essential oils (CEO) showed synergistic inhibitory activities. Chemical analysis of the composite essential oils of cinnamon, oregano, and lemongrass (COL-CEO) revealed that (Z)-citral (33.44%), (E)-citral (32.88%) and carvacrol (19.84%) were the dominant components, followed by limonene (4.29%) and cinnamaldehyde (3.76%). COL-CEO not only inhibited fungal growth but also decreased aflatoxin B1 production by A. flavus. Downregulation of the relative expression of aflatoxin genes in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway by COL-CEO revealed its anti-aflatoxigenic mechanism. COL-CEO could also affect the colonization of A. flavus on maize grains. Therefore, COL-CEO may be considered as a potential natural antifungal agent, which could be used for the storage of maize and other grains.

scholarly journals The Inhibitory Potential of Selected Essential Oils on Fusarium spp. Growth and Mycotoxins Biosynthesis in Maize Seeds

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Perczak ◽  
Daniela Gwiazdowska ◽  
Romuald Gwiazdowski ◽  
Krzysztof Juś ◽  
Katarzyna Marchwińska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Maize Seeds ◽  
High Reduction ◽  
Inhibitory Potential ◽  
Very High ◽  
Fusarium Fungi ◽  
Growth Indicator

Owing to their rich chemical composition, essential oils (EOs) have many interesting properties, including antimicrobial activities. The presence of Fusarium and their secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, in cereal crops is a serious problem in agriculture, which consequently affects food quality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of selected EOs on the growth of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum and the biosynthesis of mycotoxins in maize seeds. Chromatographic analysis of ergosterol as a fungal growth indicator showed a significant inhibition of Fusarium growth (83.24–99.99%) compared to the control samples, which as a consequence resulted in a reduction in mycotoxin concentrations. The addition of cinnamon, palmarosa, orange, and spearmint EOs was shown to be the most effective in reducing zearalenone concentration (99.10–99.92%). Deoxynivalenol analysis confirmed a very high reduction of this compound at the application all tested EOs (90.69–100%). The obtained results indicated that EOs have a great potential to inhibit growth of Fusarium fungi as well as reduce the concentration of mycotoxins in maize seed.

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