scholarly journals Liver Fibrosis and Mechanisms of the Protective Action of Medicinal Plants Targeting Inflammation and the Immune Response

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florent Duval ◽  
Jorge E. Moreno-Cuevas ◽  
María Teresa González-Garza ◽  
Carmen Maldonado-Bernal ◽  
Delia Elva Cruz-Vega
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Matrix Deposition ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Deposition

Inflammation is a central feature of liver fibrosis as suggested by its role in the activation of hepatic stellate cells leading to extracellular matrix deposition. During liver injury, inflammatory cells are recruited in the injurious site through chemokines attraction. Thus, inflammation could be a target to reduce liver fibrosis. The pandemic trend of obesity, combined with the high incidence of alcohol intake and viral hepatitis infections, highlights the urgent need to find accessible antifibrotic therapies. Medicinal plants are achieving popularity as antifibrotic agents, supported by their safety, cost-effectiveness, and versatility. The aim of this review is to describe the role of inflammation and the immune response in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and detail the mechanisms of inhibition of both events by medicinal plants in order to reduce liver fibrosis.

scholarly journals Liver Fibrosis and Protection Mechanisms Action of Medicinal Plants Targeting Apoptosis of Hepatocytes and Hepatic Stellate Cells

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florent Duval ◽  
Jorge E. Moreno-Cuevas ◽  
Maria Teresa González-Garza ◽  
Carlos Rodríguez-Montalvo ◽  
Delia Elva Cruz-Vega
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Hepatic Stellate Cells ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Stellate Cells ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Protection Mechanisms

Following chronic liver injury, hepatocytes undergo apoptosis leading to activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Consequently, activated HSC proliferate and produce excessive extracellular matrix, responsible for the scar formation. The pandemic trend of obesity, combined with the high incidence of alcohol intake and viral hepatitis infections, highlights the urgent need to find accessible antifibrotic therapies. Treatment strategies should take into account the versatility of its pathogenesis and act on all the cell lines involved to reduce liver fibrosis. Medicinal plants are achieving popularity as antifibrotic agents, supported by their safety, cost-effectiveness, and versatility. This review will describe the role of hepatocytes and HSC in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and detail the mechanisms of modulation of apoptosis of both cell lines by twelve known hepatoprotective plants in order to reduce liver fibrosis.

scholarly journals Current Concepts of Biliary Atresia and Matrix Metalloproteinase-7: A Review of Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Nomden ◽  
Leonie Beljaars ◽  
Henkjan J. Verkade ◽  
Jan B. F. Hulscher ◽  
Peter Olinga
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽  
Biliary Atresia ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Cell Contact ◽  
T Helper 1 ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinase 7

Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare cholangiopathy of infancy in which the bile ducts obliterate, leading to profound cholestasis and liver fibrosis. BA is hypothesized to be caused by a viral insult that leads to over-activation of the immune system. Patients with BA are surgically treated with a Kasai portoenterostomy (KPE), which aims to restore bile flow from the liver to the intestines. After KPE, progressive liver fibrosis is often observed in BA patients, even despite surgical success and clearance of their jaundice. The innate immune response is involved during the initial damage to the cholangiocytes and further differentiation of the adaptive immune response into a T-helper 1 cell (Th1) response. Multiple studies have shown that there is continuing elevation of involved cytokines that can lead to the progressive liver fibrosis. However, the mechanism by which the progressive injury occurs is not fully elucidated. Recently, matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) has been investigated to be used as a biomarker to diagnose BA. MMPs are involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, but also have non-ECM related functions. The role of MMP-7 and other MMPs in liver fibrosis is just starting to be elucidated. Multiple studies have shown that serum MMP-7 measurements are able to accurately diagnose BA in a cohort of cholestatic patients while hepatic MMP-7 expression correlated with BA-related liver fibrosis. While the mechanism by which MMP-7 can be involved in the pathophysiology of BA is unclear, MMP-7 has been investigated in other fibrotic pathologies such as renal and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. MMP-7 is involved in Wnt/β-catenin signaling, reducing cell-to-cell contact by shedding of E-cadherin, amplifying inflammation and fibrosis via osteopontin (OPN) and TNF-α while it also appears to play a role in induction of angiogenesis This review aims to describe the current understandings of the pathophysiology of BA. Subsequently, we describe how MMP-7 is involved in other pathologies, such as renal and pulmonary fibrosis. Then, we propose how MMP-7 can potentially be involved in BA. By doing this, we aim to describe the putative role of MMP-7 as a prognostic biomarker in BA and to provide possible new therapeutic and research targets that can be investigated in the future.

scholarly journals Role of Nampt-Sirt6 Axis in Renal Proximal Tubules in Extracellular Matrix Deposition in Diabetic Nephropathy

Cell Reports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-212.e5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirokazu Muraoka ◽  
Kazuhiro Hasegawa ◽  
Yusuke Sakamaki ◽  
Hitoshi Minakuchi ◽  
Takahisa Kawaguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Proximal Tubules ◽  
Renal Proximal Tubules ◽  
Matrix Deposition ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Deposition

scholarly journals Effect of CAP10 gene on immune response in mice infected with Cryptococcus neoformans

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Lin ◽  
Liping Lin ◽  
Xiaoyu Li ◽  
Xianghui Li ◽  
Juan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Expression Plasmid ◽  
Shrna Expression ◽  
Molecular Therapeutic ◽  
Capsular Formation

Abstract ABSTRACT Background Capsule is an vital virulence factor in Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Recent studies show CAP10 is a key gene in capsular formation. However, the role of CAP10 in the pathophysiology of cryptococcosis is still not well understood. This study aims to investigate the association of CAP10 expression with the immune responses to infected mice. Methods The shRNA expression plasmid was designed to interfere with the synthesis of CAP10. The animal model was established with C. neoformans wt strain H99, cap10-shRNA C. neoformans and PBS control in the respiratory tract. On the 7 days and 21 days after infection, mice lung histopathological examination and homogenate culture were performed, and cytokines expression level in the serum of mice were quantitatively detected. Results The lower degree of edema and infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed in cap10-shRNA group. The growth rate of cap10-shRNA strain was significantly reduced. In addition, interference with CAP10 altered the expression profile of Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg type cytokine. Down-regulation of CAP10 was beneficial to the balance of Th1/Th2, Th17/Treg ratio. Conclusions Taken together, our results indicated the expression of the CAP10 was associated with an antifungal immune response to mice infected with C. neoformans. CAP10 might play an important role in regulating the inflammatory response, and could expected to be a new molecular therapeutic target in cryptococcosis.

scholarly journals From Innate to Adaptive Immune Response in Muscular Dystrophies and Skeletal Muscle Regeneration: The Role of Lymphocytes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Madaro ◽  
Marina Bouché
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Current View ◽  
Muscle Necrosis

Skeletal muscle is able to restore contractile functionality after injury thanks to its ability to regenerate. Following muscle necrosis, debris is removed by macrophages, and muscle satellite cells (MuSCs), the muscle stem cells, are activated and subsequently proliferate, migrate, and form muscle fibers restoring muscle functionality. In most muscle dystrophies (MDs), MuSCs fail to properly proliferate, differentiate, or replenish the stem cell compartment, leading to fibrotic deposition. However, besides MuSCs, interstitial nonmyogenic cells and inflammatory cells also play a key role in orchestrating muscle repair. A complete understanding of the complexity of these mechanisms should allow the design of interventions to attenuate MDs pathology without disrupting regenerative processes. In this review we will focus on the contribution of immune cells in the onset and progression of MDs, with particular emphasis on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We will briefly summarize the current knowledge and recent advances made in our understanding of the involvement of different innate immune cells in MDs and will move on to critically evaluate the possible role of cell populations within the acquired immune response. Revisiting previous observations in the light of recent evidence will likely change our current view of the onset and progression of the disease.

scholarly journals Autocrine regulation of biliary pathology by activated cholangiocytes

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (5) ◽  
pp. G473-G483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendal Jensen ◽  
Marco Marzioni ◽  
Kamruzzaman Munshi ◽  
Syeda Afroze ◽  
Gianfranco Alpini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cholestatic Liver Disease ◽  
Autocrine Factors ◽  
Matrix Deposition ◽  
Toxic Injury ◽  
Biliary Pathology ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Deposition ◽  
And Function ◽  
Subsequent Modification ◽  
Made In

The bile duct system of the liver is lined by epithelial cells (i.e., cholangiocytes) that respond to a large number of neuroendocrine factors through alterations in their proliferative activities and the subsequent modification of the microenvironment. As such, activation of biliary proliferation compensates for the loss of cholangiocytes due to apoptosis and slows the progression of toxic injury and cholestasis. Over the course of the last three decades, much progress has been made in identifying the factors that trigger the biliary epithelium to remodel and grow. Because a large number of autocrine factors have recently been identified as relevant clinical targets, a compiled review of their contributions and function in cholestatic liver diseases would be beneficial. In this context, it is important to define the specific processes triggered by autocrine factors that promote cholangiocytes to proliferate, activate neighboring cells, and ultimately lead to extracellular matrix deposition. In this review, we discuss the role of each of the known autocrine factors with particular emphasis on proliferation and fibrogenesis. Because many of these molecules interact with one another throughout the progression of liver fibrosis, a model speculating their involvement in the progression of cholestatic liver disease is also presented.

Cytokines in disease

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1269-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
J T Whicher ◽  
S W Evans
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Systemic Response ◽  
Therapeutic Applications ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
Recombinant Dna Techniques

Abstract Cytokines are peptides used by immune and inflammatory cells to communicate with each other and to control the milieu interieur in which they operate. Recent evidence suggests that they are of immense importance in controlling the local and systemic events of the immune response, inflammation, hemopoiesis, healing, and the systemic response to injury. Many of them can now be measured by immunoassay, and the role of such measurements in the diagnosis and management of disease is actively under investigation. Similarly, the availability of recombinant DNA techniques to produce cytokines in almost unlimited quantities is leading to new and exciting therapeutic applications.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document