scholarly journals Short-Term Feeding of Fibre-Enriched Biscuits: Protective Effect against Hepatotoxicity in Diabetic Rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ochuko L. Erukainure ◽  
Osaretin A. T. Ebuehi ◽  
Folasade O. Adeboyejo ◽  
Olufunmilola O. Oladunmoye ◽  
Muhammad Aliyu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hepatic Function ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Albumin Level ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Alloxan Monohydrate

The effects of fibre-enriched biscuit on biomarkers associated with hepatotoxicity in diabetic rats were investigated. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate. Treatment lasted for 14 days after which the rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Blood serum was analyzed to determine hepatic function enzymes. The liver was also analyzed to determine hepatic lipid profile and antioxidant enzymes. Induction of diabetes led to elevated levels of ALP, AST, and ALT. These were, however, significantly (p<0.05) reduced in the fibre-enriched biscuit fed (treated) group. There was no significant difference in the serum bilirubin and total protein levels of the studied groups. Reduced albumin level was observed in the diabetic group; this was further lowered on feeding with fibre-enriched biscuits. Induction of diabetes led to increased hepatic level of cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and lipid peroxidation and decreased activities of glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and HDL level. These were significantly (p<0.05) reversed on feeding with fibre-enriched biscuit. This study portrays the protective effect of fibre-enriched biscuit on increased oxidative stress and hyperlipidemia in hepatic tissues of alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

scholarly journals Cholesterol Contributes to Diabetic Nephropathy through SCAP-SREBP-2 Pathway

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Sun ◽  
Yang Yuan ◽  
Zi-Lin Sun
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Feedback Regulation ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Cholesterol Accumulation ◽  
Intracellular Cholesterol

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) has been associated with the presence of lipid deposition. We hypothesized that the disruption of intracellular cholesterol feedback may contribute to DN. Diabetes was induced by high fat/sucrose diet and low-dose intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (STZ) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Then diabetic rats were randomly divided into two groups: untreated diabetic group (DM) and atorvastatin-treated group (DM + AT). We found that the levels of serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, as well as 24-hour urine protein and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, were significantly increased in diabetic rats. This result indicated that the diabetic rats suffered from functional renal damage. We also observed lipid droplet accumulation and increase in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoAR), low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr), sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), and SREBP-cleavage activating protein (SCAP) in the kidneys of diabetic rats. However, atorvastatin ameliorated renal lipid accumulation and improved the renal function of diabetic rats despite an increase in mRNA and protein expressions of HMG-CoAR, LDLr, and SREBP-2. These results demonstrated that intracellular cholesterol feedback regulation is disrupted in rats with type 2 diabetes, thereby causing renal cholesterol accumulation. Atorvastatin ameliorated renal cholesterol accumulation by reducing renal cholesterol synthesis.

Pemafibrate Tends to have Better Efficacy in Treating Dyslipidemia than Fenofibrate

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (44) ◽  
pp. 4725-4734
Author(s):  
Haizhou Wang ◽  
Haiou Li ◽  
Yunjiao Zhou ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Fan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
The Public ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Comprehensive Search ◽  
Apolipoprotein B48 ◽  
Dichotomous Outcomes ◽  
Lipid Parameters

Aims: To compare the efficacy of pemafibrate (PF) and fenofibrate (FF) in treating dyslipidemia. Methods: A comprehensive search was performed on the public database to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which compared the effects of PF and FF treatment in lipid parameters among patients with dyslipidemia. Mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled for continuous outcomes, whereas odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI were calculated for dichotomous outcomes. Results: Three RCTs were included with a total of 744 patients (PF=547 and FF=197). Compared with the FF group (100mg/day), PF group (0.05 to 0.4mg/day) had a better effect on reducing triglycerides (TGs) (MD, -8.66; 95%CI, -10.91 to -6.41), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C, MD, -12.19; 95%CI, -15.37 to - 9.01), remnant lipoprotein cholesterol (MD, -13.16; 95%CI, -17.62 to -8.69), apolipoprotein-B48 (ApoB48, MD, -12.74; 95%CI, -17.71 to -7.76) and ApoCIII (MD, -6.25; 95%CI, -11.85 to -0.64). Although a slightly LDL-Cincreasing effect was found in PF-treated group (MD, 3.10; 95%CI, -0.12 to 6.09), the levels of HDL-C (MD, 3.59; 95%CI, 1.65 to 5.53) and ApoAI (MD, 1.60; 95%CI, 0.38 to 2.82) were significantly increased in the PF group. However, no significant difference was found in the level of total cholesterol (MD, 0.01; 95%CI, -1.37 to - 1.39), non-HDL-C (MD, -0.06; 95%CI, -1.75 to 1.63), ApoB (MD, 0.39; 95%CI, -1.37 to 2.15) and ApoAII (MD, 3.31; 95%CI, -1.66 to 8.29) between the two groups. In addition, the incidence of total adverse events (OR, 0.68; 95%CI, 0.53 to 0.86) and adverse drug reactions (OR, 0.36; 95%CI, 0.24 to 0.54) was lower in the PF group than that in the FF group. Conclusions: Pemafibrate tends to have better efficacy in treating dyslipidemia than fenofibrate.

Effects of Dehulled Adlay on Plasma Glucose and Lipid Concentrations in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats fed a Diet Enriched in Cholesterol

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeh ◽  
Chiang ◽  
Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Hypolipidemic Effect ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Significant Difference

Adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) is a cereal food for humans and has been also used as a superior medical herb substance and functional food for traditional treatment of diabetes in China. However, its scientific basis as a functional food is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary dehulled adlay on plasma lipid and glucose concentrations in diabetic rats. The diabetic male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, induced by injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg subcutaneously), were fed a cholesterol-rich diet (0.5% cholesterol) containing corn starch or dehulled adlay for four weeks. After completion of the experimental period, the abdominal adipose tissue and liver of rats were excised and weighed, and the plasma glucose, triglyceride, and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were assayed. The results showed that diabetic rats fed a dehulled adlay diet exhibited a greater adipose tissue weight (9.36 ± 3.43 vs. 5.39 ± 3.04 g, p < 0.05) and a reduced food intake (39.3 ± 5.9 vs. 61.0 ± 11.7 g/day, p < 0.05) when compared with animals fed a cornstarch diet. Significantly decreased plasma glucose (261.6 ± 96.6 vs. 422.1 ± 125.4 mg/dL, p < 0.05), total cholesterol (289.4 ± 140.6 vs. 627.3 ± 230.5 mg/dL, p < 0.05), and triglyceride (52.3 ± 14.4 vs. 96.5 ± 36.6 mg/dL, p < 0.05) levels were observed in rats fed the dehulled adlay diet. In addition, the ingestion of dehulled adlay appears to significantly decrease plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plus very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol concentrations. Rats fed a dehulled adlay diet showed an increase in fecal weight and cholesterol contents of stools. Although a significantly decreased plasma thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) value was observed in diabetic rats fed the dehulled adlay diet (6.2 ± 3.4 vs. 11.0 ± 3.8 nmol malondialdehyde (MDA)/mL, p < 0.05), no significant difference in the hepatic TBARS value was observed between the two dietary groups. Results from the present study suggest that dehulled adlay exhibited not only a hypolipidemic effect but also displayed a hypoglycemic ability in diabetic rats, indicating that dehulled adlay may play an important role in the regulation of plasma lipid and glucose metabolisms in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Saponins From Helianthus annuus Roots on Antihyperglycemic, Antiperoxidative and Antihyperlipidemic Effects in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adebola Busola Ojo ◽  
Isaac Gbadura Adanlawo ◽  
Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Strong Inhibition ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Alloxan Monohydrate

The present study evaluates the antihyperglycemic, antiperoxidative and antihyperlipidemic activities of saponins from Helianthus annuus roots in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Thirty rat’s weights between 100-150 g was used for the study and divided into six groups of five rats each. Group A was non-diabetic rats; the remaining five groups was induced intraperitoneal with 150 mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate. Group B was diabetic control, while group C, D, E and F was treated with saponin (100, 200, 300 and 500 mg/kg) for 21 days. Administration of saponins significantly reduced the elevated levels of glucose, decreased total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) in the serum towards normalcy compared to the diabetic control (p ˂ 0.05). In addition, saponins exhibited strong inhibition of lipid peroxidation and increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in the liver, kidney and pancreas compared to the diabetic control (p ˂ 0.05). Results suggest that saponins from Helianthus annuus root can enhance the antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant properties in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, and may have the potential to be used in the prevention or in the management of diabetes.

scholarly journals Anti-hyperglycaemic, Anti-dyslipidaemic and Hepatoprotective Effects of the Polyherbal Mixture Diarth in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Ojoye N. Briggs ◽  
Kemzi N. Elechi-Amadi ◽  
Chrissie Okobia ◽  
Ferdinand C. Ezeiruaku
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Combination Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hepatoprotective Effects

Aim: This study evaluates the anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-dyslipidaemic and hepatoprotective effects of the polyherbal mixture diarth, in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methodology: A total of 35 male Wistar albino rats weighing between 120-140 g were used for this study. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of freshly prepared alloxan-monohydrate (140 mg/kg body weight). Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was determined using the glucose oxidase method. Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG) and High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined using enzymatic methods. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated using the Friedewald’s equation. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined using Reitman-Frankel method, while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was determined using the colorimetric phenolphthalein method. Phytochemical analysis was done on the herbal mixture, using classical methods. Results: The results revealed the presence of the phytochemicals saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and tannins in the polyherbal mixture diarth. The results revealed significantly lower FPG levels in the negative control and treatment groups compared to the diabetic control. FPG level was significantly higher in the glibenclamide treated group, but showed no significant differences in the diarth group and the combination group (glibenclamide + diarth), compared to negative control. TC levels in the diabetic control was significantly higher compared to the negative control and treatment groups. There were no significant differences in TC levels in the negative control and the treatment groups. The diabetic control had significantly higher TG level compared to the negative control. TG level in the glibenclamide treated group was not significantly different from that of the diabetic control. TG level in the diarth treated group was significantly lower than the diabetic control, but also significantly higher than that of the negative control. TG levels in the combination group (diarth + glibenclamide) was significantly lower than the diabetic control, and showed no significant difference compared to the negative control. The negative control and treatment groups had significantly higher HDL-C levels compared to the diabetic control. The treatment groups showed no significant difference in HDL-C levels, compared to the negative control. The negative control and treatment groups had significantly lower LDL-C levels compared to the diabetic control. The treatment groups showed no significant difference in LDL-C levels, compared to the negative control. The results show significantly elevated ALT, AST and ALP in the diabetic rats compared to the negative control and treatment groups. The treatment groups showed no significant differences in ALT and AST levels compared to the negative control. Conclusion: 140 mg/kg body weight of alloxan produced significant diabetes in the Wistar rats with dyslipidaemia and elevated liver enzyme levels. Treatment with the polyherbal mixture diarth showed anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-dyslipidaemic and hepatoprotective effects. The effects were equipotent compared to treatment with glibenclamide, thus could be incorporated in the management of diabetes.

Antidyslipidemic and Antioxidant Activities of Matricaria pubescens (Desf.) Shultz.in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayoub Amssayef ◽  
Bouchra Azzaou ◽  
Mohammed Ajebli ◽  
Mohamed Eddouks
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Lipoprotein Profile ◽  
Phytochemical Compounds ◽  
Asteraceae Family

Aims: The study aimed to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of Matricaria pubescens. Background: Matricaria pubescens (Desf.) Shultz belongs to Asteraceae family and it is commonly used traditionally for handling diabetes mellitus. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the antioxidant activity of Matricaria pubescens (Desf.) Shultz and its effect on lipid and lipoprotein profile in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: The effect of repeated (7 days of treatment) oral administration of the aqueous extract of aerial part of Matricaria pubescens (MPAE) at a dose of 40 mg/kg on lipid and lipoprotein profile was examined in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, a preliminary phytochemical screening and the quantification of phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents as well as the antioxidant activity using two methods (FRAP and ABTS) were carried out. Results: MPAE demonstrated a potent antidyslipidemic effect in diabetic rats by reducing serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). In addition, the results showed that the extract is rich in several phytochemical compounds and revealed an important antioxidant activity. Conclusion: In summary, this study proved that Matricaria pubescens (Desf.) Shultz. has a favorable effect on diabetic dyslipidemia.

The effect of table olive wastewater extract administration on the adult ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Alexandros S. Zervas ◽  
Pavlos P. Lelovas ◽  
Antonios Galanos ◽  
Dimitris Galanis ◽  
Maria Makropoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Biomechanical Testing ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Table Olive

Abstract Recent efforts for alternative non-pharmaceutical treatments for postmenopausal osteoporosis are focused on nutritional measures. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of table olive wastewater extract (OE) administration on bone mineral density (BMD) and biomechanical strength in ovariectomized rats. Thirty mature 9-month-old female Wistar rats were separated into 3 groups of ten; Control, Ovariectomized (OVX) and OVX+OE. BMD was measured before ovariectomy, 3 and 6 months afterwards. At the end of the study, blood, both femurs and tibias, internal organs and abdominal fat were collected. After three months, the percentage changes from baseline of the total and proximal tibial BMD of the OVX+OE group were both higher compared to the OVX group (p<0.005). Similar results were found after six months, when the percentage changes from baseline of the total and proximal tibial BMD of the OVX+OE group were both higher compared to the OVX group (p<0.005). Biomechanical testing of the femurs did not reveal any statistically significant difference between the groups. Body weights throughout the study, organs’ and abdominal fat ratios to final body weight, blood results (alanine aminotransferase; ALT, Gamma-glutamyltransferase; γ-GT, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein; HDL-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein; LDL-cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus) were within normal limits and did not show any significant difference between the treated and untreated groups. As a conclusion, the administration of table olive wastewater extract for 6 months protected tibial BMD loss in comparison to the untreated OVX group without causing adverse effects.

scholarly journals Very low-density lipoprotein receptor increases in a liver-specific manner due to protein deficiency but does not affect fatty liver in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yui Oshio ◽  
Yuta Hattori ◽  
Hatsuho Kamata ◽  
Yori Ozaki-Masuzawa ◽  
Arisa Seki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Protein Restriction ◽  
Very Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Lipoprotein Receptor ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Density Lipoprotein Receptor

AbstractVery low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) is a member of the LDL receptor family that is involved in the uptake of VLDL into cells. Increased hepatic VLDLR under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been shown to cause fatty liver. In this study, the effect of dietary protein restriction on hepatic VLDLR and the role of VLDLR in fatty liver were investigated using Vldlr knockout (KO) mice. Growing wild-type (WT) and KO mice were fed a control diet containing 20% ​​protein or a low protein diet containing 3% protein for 11 days. In WT mice, the amount of hepatic Vldlr mRNA and VLDLR protein increased by approximately 8- and 7-fold, respectively, due to protein restriction. Vldlr mRNA and protein levels increased in both type 1 and type 2 VLDLR. However, neither Vldlr mRNA nor protein levels were significantly increased in heart, muscle, and adipose tissue, demonstrating that VLDLR increase due to protein restriction occurred in a liver-specific manner. Increased liver triglyceride levels during protein restriction occurred in KO mice to the same extent as in WT mice, indicating that increased VLDLR during protein restriction was not the main cause of fatty liver, which was different from the case of ER stress.

scholarly journals ANTI-HYPERLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF BOESENBERGIA PANDURATA (FINGER ROOT) IN EXPERIMENTAL INDUCED HYPERCHOLESTROLEMIC SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Santosh Fattepur ◽  
Kiran Chanabasappa Nilugal ◽  
Ranya Rajendran ◽  
Fadli Asmani ◽  
Eddy Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Current Therapy ◽  
Histopathological Study ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective: Hyperlipidemia is one of the risk factors that contribute to the prevalence of coronary heart diseases and antihyperlipidemic agents, such as statin, was used to treat hyperlipidemia as a current therapy. Boesenbergia pandurata has not been exploited for antihyperlipidemic effect. Hence, this study aims to screen for the antihyperlipidemic activity of methanolic extracts of B. pandurata rhizomes (BPR extracts) in hypercholesterolemia-induced Sprague-Dawley rats.Methods: BPR extracts were prepared using the maceration method with 1500 ml of 80% methanol at room temperature for about 7 days. A toxicity study was carried out based on OECD guidelines. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by 6% lard oil, 2% of cheese, and egg yolks. Two different doses of BPR extracts, 200 and 400 mg/kg, were used to screen for antihyperlipidemic effect. Histopathological study was carried out in the liver. The results were evaluated for the statistically significant difference by using the one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Dunnett test.Results: No mortality was witnessed even till 2 g/kg. Only 400 mg/kg of BPR extracts statistically reduced in total cholesterol (p<0.05), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (p<0.05) and an increase in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (p<0.05) when compared to the positive control. BPR extracts (400 mg/kg) showed less enlargement of lipid droplets as compared to positive control.Conclusion: BPR extracts can be a promising medicinal plant for treating hyperlipidemia in underdeveloped countries.

scholarly journals Regulation of very-low-density-lipoprotein lipid secretion in hepatocyte cultures derived from diabetic animals

1989 ◽  
Vol 262 (1) ◽  
pp. 313-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Duerden ◽  
S M Bartlett ◽  
G F Gibbons
Keyword(s):  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Very Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats ◽  
Cholesterol Secretion

Hepatocytes were derived from 2-3-day streptozotocin-diabetic rats and maintained in culture for up to 3 days. Compared with similar cultures from normal animals, these hepatocytes secreted less very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL) triacylglycerol, but the decrease in the secretion of VLDL non-esterified and esterified cholesterol was not so pronounced. This resulted in the secretion of relatively cholesterol-rich VLDL particles by the diabetic hepatocytes. Addition of insulin for a relatively short period (24 h) further decreased the low rates of VLDL triacylglycerol secretion from the diabetic hepatocytes. The secretion of VLDL esterified and non-esterified cholesterol also declined. These changes occurred irrespective of whether or not exogenous fatty acids were present in the culture medium. Little or no inhibitory effect of insulin was observed after longer-term (24-48 h) exposure to the hormone. Both dexamethasone and a mixture of lipogenic precursors (lactate plus pyruvate) stimulated VLDL triacylglycerol and cholesterol secretion, but not to the levels observed in hepatocytes from normal animals. The low rate of hepatic VLDL secretion in diabetes contrasts with the increase in whole-body VLDL production rate. This suggests that the intestine is a major source of plasma VLDL in insulin-deficient diabetes.

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