scholarly journals TrigonellaeSemen Enhances Sperm Motility and the Expression of the Cation Sperm Channel Proteins in Mouse Testes

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Do Rim Kim ◽  
Hyu Young Kim ◽  
Ha Young Kim ◽  
Mun Seog Chang ◽  
Seong Kyu Park
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Cell ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sperm Function ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Channel Proteins ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Sperm Counts ◽  
Dose Dependent

Genetic defects during spermatogenesis can lead to a reduction in sperm motility and cause male infertility. The cation channels of sperm (CatSper) play a role in the regulation of hyperactivated sperm motility in mouse testes. The effect ofTrigonellaeSemen (TS) on the male reproductive system and CatSper protein in mouse testes during spermatogenesis was examined. C57BL/c mice were divided into the following five groups: normal, cyclophosphamide- (CP-) only treated (control group), and three groups treated with varying concentrations of TS with CP (100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg TS and 100 mg/kg CP). Real-time PCR, western blot analysis, and a testosterone immunoassay were performed to assess CatSper protein levels in the five groups. Additionally, sperm cell counts and motility were examined. Results indicate that sperm motility and sperm counts increased in the TS treated groups in a dose-dependent manner(p<0.01). CatSper levels were also significantly higher in the TS treated groups compared to that of the control group(p<0.001). Therefore, TS treatment could enhance sperm function by promoting spermatogenesis and the expression of CatSper proteins in mouse testes.

Toxicopathological effects of lambda-cyhalothrin in female rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 591-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Basir ◽  
Ahrar Khan ◽  
Riaz Mustafa ◽  
Muhammad Zargham Khan ◽  
Farzana Rizvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Group A ◽  
Dose Dependent

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) on clinical, hematological, biochemical and pathological alterations in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). New Zealand white female rabbits (n = 24) of 4-5 months age having 997.92 ± 32.83 g weight were divided into four equal groups. Group A (control) received normal saline intraperitoneally (ip). Animals in groups B, C and D were treated with LCT 1.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg bw ip. Each group received seven consecutive doses at an interval of 48 hours. Blood and serum samples were collected at an interval of 96 hours. Blood analysis revealed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in red blood cell and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration and lymphocytes, while mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils were increased. Serum biochemical analysis revealed significant (p < 0.05) decrease in serum total proteins and serum albumin, while an increase was seen in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities compared with the control group. Serum globulin values varied non-significantly in all treatment groups as compared to control group. A dose-dependent increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte was observed. All gross and histopathological lesions observed in LCT-treated rabbits were dose-dependent. Liver of the treated rabbits exhibited extensive perihepatitis, hyperplasia of bile duct, necrosis, hemorrhages and congestion. In lungs, there were hemorrhages, thickened alveolar walls, congestion, emphysema, collapsed alveoli and accumulation of extensive inflammatory cells. Kidneys were congested and hemorrhagic whereas renal parenchyma and stroma were normal. Microscopically, heart showed congestion of blood vessels and nuclear pyknosis, myodegeneration. It was concluded from the study that LCT produced toxicopathological alterations in rabbits in a dose-dependent manner. On the basis of the results, it can be suggested that overdosing of LCT be avoided while treating animals for ectoparasites.

44 Exploring the use of silver and diamond nanoparticles on sperm cell invitro and chicken embryo in ovo

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
M. P. Thavhana ◽  
T. L. Nedambale ◽  
L. J. Shai ◽  
M. L. Mphaphathi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Chicken Embryo ◽  
Sperm Cell ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Ag Nps ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Diamond Nanoparticles ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
Dose Dependent

In poultry industry, chick viability is a crucial factor determining profitability from fertilized egg to placement at the farm. However, decreases in fertility and hatchability have been observed. Recently, there has been renewed interest in the use of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) due to their antimicrobial properties and growth-promoting ability, and diamond nanoparticles (D-NPs) due to their biocompatibility properties. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of silver and diamond nanoparticles on chicken embryo oxidative status, biochemical indices, and expression of immune-related genes and on sperm cell viability. The experiment was conducted in Ross 308 chicken embryos and Ross 308 cockerels. One hundred and fifty fertilized eggs were divided randomly into 5 groups (5×30). Fertilized eggs were injected with 50 mg/L Ag-NPs at volumes of 100μL (group 1), 200μL (group 2) or 50 mg/L D-NPs at volumes of 100μL (group 3) or 200μL (group 4), or received no nanoparticles (control; group 5) and incubated at 37°C and 55% humidity for 20 days. Then, chicken blood was collected and centrifuged to evaluate alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose, urea, and free haemoglobin. Chicken embryo liver was used to evaluate antioxidant capacity (TAC) and chicken embryo spleen was used to evaluate expression of the immune-related genes interleukin-1β (IL-1β), toll-like receptor (TLR)4, TLR2, and TLR15. Semen was randomly divided into 1 control and 8 treatment groups and treated with 50 mg/L Ag-NPs: group A (0.1ppm), group B (1ppm), group C (5ppm), group D (10ppm) or 50 mg/L D-NPs: group E (1ppm), group F (5ppm), group G (10ppm), and group H (20ppm). Sperm viability was analysed using prestoblue metabolic assay. Data were analysed using PROC in GLM procedure of SAS 2014 (SAS Institute Inc.). Decrease in sperm cell viability was recorded in a dose-dependent manner. Sperm cell viability decreased (P&lt;0.005) as the concentration of Ag-NP or D-NP increased. Addition of 100μL of Ag-NPs increased the growth rate of chicken embryo but not 200μL of Ag-NPs or addition of D-NPs. Increases in ALP, ALT, LDH, glucose and urea enzyme were observed in a dose-dependent manner in both Ag-NPs and D-NPs. Addition of 50 mg/L Ag-NPs or 50 mg/L D-NPs increased (P&lt;0.001) TAC of chicken embryo as the volume increased. Additions of 200μL of Ag-NPs, 100μL of D-NPs, and 200μL of D-NPs were haemolytic (P&lt;0.001) but addition of 100μL of Ag-NPs was not. Additions of 100 or 200μL of Ag-NPs or 100μL of D-NPs downregulated IL-1β and 200μL of D-NPs upregulated IL-1β compared with the untreated control group. Additions of 100 or 200μL of Ag-NPs or 200μL of D-NPs induced expression of TLR4 and TLR15. Furthermore, addition of Ag-NPs did not result in expression of TLR2. We concluded that administration of 50 mg/L Ag-NPs and 50 mg/L D-NPs in ovo improve immune status and administration of 100μL of Ag-NPs improved the growth rate of chicken embryo. However, toxicity associated with 50 mg/L Ag-NPs and 50 mg/L D-NPs remains a concern and need to be addressed before use.

Hepatoprotective Potential of Elsholtzia densa Against Acute and Chronic Models of Liver Damage in Wistar Rats

Drug Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 567-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ovais Zargar ◽  
Rohina Bashir ◽  
Showkat Ganie ◽  
Akbar Masood ◽  
Mohammad Zargar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Liver Toxicity ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Hepatoprotective Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Chronic Models ◽  
Dose Dependent

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of Elsholtzia densa against experimentally induced acute (CCl4) and chronic (paracetamol) liver injury in albino wistar rats. Activity was measured by monitoring the serum levels of ALT, ALP AST and LDH, total protein levels, bilirubin and albumin. The results of the CCl4 and paracetamol-induced liver toxicity experiments showed that the rats treated with the methanolic extract of Elsholtzia densa exhibited a significant decrease in biochemical parameters as well as the proteins, which were all elevated in the CCl4 and paracetamol group. The extract at a concentration of 300 mg/kg body wt. showed a significant decline (P≤0.05) in the levels of AST, ALT, ALP and LDH to 69.50±2.23IU/L, 60.01±2.25IU/L,46.20±2.24 IU/L and 150.21±5.68IU/L in CCl4 injected animals and 51.12±2.20 IU/L,49.15±3.25 IU/L, 44.12±2.56 IU/L and 125.15±4.45 IU/L in paracetamol-treated animals when compared to the control group. The activities of tissue antioxidants GSH, GPx, GR, GST and CAT was significantly (P≤0.05) restored in dose dependent manner in animals treated with extracts as with acute and chronic hepatotoxic models. The current study confirmed the hepatoprotective effect of methanolic extract of Elsholtzia densa against the model hepatotoxicant CCl4 and paracetamol.

scholarly journals Effect of Synchronous Versus Sequential Regimens on the Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution of Regorafenib with Irradiation

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 386
Author(s):  
Tung-Hu Tsai ◽  
Yu-Jen Chen ◽  
Li-Ying Wang ◽  
Chen-Hsi Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Hep G2 ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Dose Dependent

This study was performed to evaluate the interaction between conventional or high-dose radiotherapy (RT) and the pharmacokinetics (PK) of regorafenib in concurrent or sequential regimens for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Concurrent and sequential in vitro and in vivo studies of irradiation and regorafenib were designed. The interactions of RT and regorafenib in vitro were examined in the human hepatoma Huh-7, HA22T and Hep G2 cell lines. The RT–PK phenomenon and biodistribution of regorafenib under RT were confirmed in a free-moving rat model. Regorafenib inhibited the viability of Huh-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Apoptosis in Huh-7 cells was enhanced by RT followed by regorafenib treatment. In the concurrent regimen, RT decreased the area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC)regorafenib by 74% (p = 0.001) in the RT2 Gy × 3 fraction (f’x) group and by 69% (p = 0.001) in the RT9 Gy × 3 f’x group. The AUCregorafenib was increased by 182.8% (p = 0.011) in the sequential RT2Gy × 1 f’x group and by 213.2% (p = 0.016) in the sequential RT9Gy × 1 f’x group. Both concurrent regimens, RT2Gy × 3 f’x and RT9Gy × 3 f’x, clearly decreased the biodistribution of regorafenib in the heart, liver, lung, spleen and kidneys, compared to the control (regorafenib × 3 d) group. The concurrent regimens, both RT2Gy × 3 f’x and RT9Gy × 3 f’x, significantly decreased the biodistribution of regorafenib, compared with the control group. The PK of regorafenib can be modulated both by off-target irradiation and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT).

scholarly journals Effect of lemon peel flavonoids on anti-fatigue and anti-oxidation capacities of exhaustive exercise mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guili Bao ◽  
Yinglong Zhang ◽  
Xiaoguang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Manganese Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Lemon Peel ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Dose Dependent

AbstractIn this study, lemon peel flavonoids (LPF) were administered to investigate its effect on the anti-fatigue and antioxidant capacity of mice that undergo exercise until exhaustion. LPF (88.36 min in LPFH group mice) significantly increased the exhaustion swimming time compare to the untreated mice (40.36 min), increased the liver glycogen and free fatty acid content in mice and reduce lactic acid and BUN content in a dose-dependent manner. As the concentration of lemon peel flavonoids increased, the serum creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels of mice gradually decreased. LPF increases superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels in mice and reduces malondialdehyde levels in a dose-dependent manner. And LPF raises hepatic tissue SOD, CAT activities and reduces skeletal muscle tissue iNOS, TNF-α levels of mice compared to the control group. LPF also enhanced the expression of copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), and CAT mRNA in mouse liver tissue. LPF also enhanced the expression of alanine/serine/cysteine/threonine transporter 1 (ASCT1) mRNA and attenuate the expression of syncytin-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in mouse skeletal muscle. According to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, it was found that LPF contains flavonoids such as rutin, astragalin, isomangiferin, naringin, and quercetin. Our experimental data show that LPF has good anti-fatigue effects and anti-oxidation ability. In summary, LPF has high prospects to be developed and added to nutritional supplements.

scholarly journals Effect of Tramadol on Sperm Profile of Male Albino Rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
I. S. Esua ◽  
U. U. Uno ◽  
U. B. Ekaluo
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Sperm Head ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Sperm Viability ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Significant Difference

Background and Aim: Tramadol is a potent analgesic effective in the treatment of mild to severe pains. However, the use of the drug can pose a threat to other organs and systems. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of graded doses of tramadol on sperm profile of male albino rats. Materials and Methods: Eighteen male rats were divided into three groups (A, B and C) using completely randomized design (CRD) with six rats in each group. Rats in group A served as the control group and were given just food and water while groups B and C were given tramadol at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight (BW) respectively, daily for the period of 65 days. The treatment was administered via oral gavage and at the end of the treatments, the rats were sacrificed. Immediately after sacrifice, a puncture was made in the epididymis with a sterile pin and examined for semen pH. The epididymes were processed for epididymal sperm motility, viability, count and sperm head abnormality. Results: There was no significant difference in the weight of testes and semen pH. Sperm viability, sperm motility, sperm count and weight of epididymes significantly reduced (p<0.05) in tramadol treated animals when compared with the control. Results also indicated statistically significant (p<0.05) increase in sperm head abnormalities in rats treated with tramadol when compared with the control. Conclusion: The results obtained from this study reveal that tramadol has negative effects on weight of epididymes, sperm count, sperm viability, sperm motility and sperm head abnormalities in male albino rat as mammalian models in a dose dependent manner.

ATI-2341 Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA) Promotes Menstrual Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Recruitment and Enhances Uterine Repair Through Gi Pathway in Asherman’s Syndrome

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 506-513
Author(s):  
Ying Lv ◽  
Liyan Ye ◽  
Xiujuan Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Blood ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Asherman’S Syndrome ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Endometrial Cells ◽  
Injury Model ◽  
Recruitment Effect ◽  
Dose Dependent

This study aimed to explore the role of ATI-2341 in Asherman’s syndrome and its impact on menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MenSCs). Following establishment of endometrial injury model, MenSCs were extracted from rats and cultured. They were treated with ATI-2341 TFA at different concentrations (10 ng/mL, 50 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL) and MenSCs treated without ATI-2341 TFA were taken as controls. Flow cytometry was conducted to detect the cell cycle. MTT was carried out to evaluate proliferation of endometrial cells. The expression levels of MMP-9, TIMP-1, CK, and VIM were determined with staining used to reflect morphology of endometrium. Administration with ATI-2341 TFA resulted in decreased expression of MMP-9 and increased expression of TIMP-1 in a dose-dependent manner. Of note, the increase of ATI-2341 TFA concentration was accompanied with elevated cell proliferation rate, increased number of glands in the endometrium, and decreased fibrosis area. As treated with 100 ng/mL ATI-2341 TFA, the cells exhibited more glands than that under other concentrations with uniformly arranged glands and lowest expression levels of CK and VIM, control group had plenty of blue-stained collagen fibers in the intima and least amount of glands. ATI-2341 TFA 100 ng/mL induced endometrial epithelial recruitment effect on MenSCs and promoted endometrial repair more significantly than Gi-3 pathway agonists. Collectively, ATI-2341 TFA enhances MenSC recruitment and facilitates endometrial epithelial cells proliferation and the repair of uterine damage in Asherman’s syndrome through Gi pathway. These findings provide a\ novel insight into the MenSC-based treatment against Asherman’s syndrome and deserve further investigation.

Abstract 492: Arachidonic Acid Induces Activation of Platelet PF4 and Par-1 mRNA, Which Is Attenuated by Aspirin

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Hu ◽  
Michael A Nardi ◽  
Michael Merolla ◽  
Yajaira Suarez ◽  
Jeffrey Berger
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Platelet Activation ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Thiazole Orange ◽  
Platelet Activity ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Reticulated Platelets ◽  
Mrna And Protein Expression ◽  
Dose Dependent

Arachidonic acid (AA) is converted to thromboxane A2 via the cyclooxygenase pathway; however its exact mechanism of platelet activation is uncertain. Inhibition of this pathway via aspirin highlights the importance of this pathway in decreasing thrombotic events. In the present study, we investigate the effect of AA on platelet activity indicators (leukocyte- and monocyte-platelet aggregation [LPA, MPA] and reticulated platelets [RP]), as well as the expression (mRNA and protein) of platelet markers PF4 and Par-1, previously well established platelet transcripts with quantitative determinations. To this end, whole blood was incubated with AA (150mM) for 30 min at room temperature in the absence or presence of aspirin (1mM) prior to addition of antibodies for platelet activity indicators, and isolating platelets for mRNA and protein expression. LPA and MPA were significantly increased after AA stimulation in a dose dependent manner, and were inhibited by aspirin treatment. AA significantly increased PF4 and Par-1 protein level as determined by flow cytometry and western blot assays. Pretreatment with aspirin also attenuated this increase in protein levels. Surprisingly, AA stimulation significantly increased thiazole orange staining (a measure of nucleic acids), another marker of increased platelet activity. Importantly, these results suggest that AA-mediated platelet activation produced an overall increase in platelet total RNA content. To confirm these findings, we analyzed the mRNA expression of PF4 and Par-1 by quantitative real time PCR from platelets treated with AA. Interestingly, AA significantly up-regulated the platelet mRNA transcripts of PF4 and Par-1 by 40% to 60%, and pretreatment with aspirin completely attenuated this effect supporting the specificity of the AA effect on platelet RNA. Altogether, these data suggest that platelet mRNA is affected by AA stimulation, which is attenuated by pretreatment with aspirin. However, the mechanisms responsible for the increased mRNA levels and expression of PF4 and Par-1 (processing of pre-RNA to mRNA) require further investigation. Importantly, our findings provide novel insight regarding platelet activation and a better understanding of mediators in the processes of thrombosis and hemostasis.

scholarly journals RAPHANUS SATIVUS LINN. A NEW ANTINOCICEPTIVE FOR DIABETIC NEUROPATHY IN RATS DETERMINED BY RANDALL SELITTO APPROACH

2019 ◽  
pp. 529-534
Author(s):  
SAMBIT KUMAR SAHOO ◽  
STHITAPRAGNYA PANDA
Keyword(s):  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Raphanus Sativus ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Nerve Degeneration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
Dose Dependent

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of Raphanus sativus Linn. using Randall Selitto method. Methods: Streptozotocin, lard, casein, cholesterol, DL-methionine, yeast powder, quercetin, thiobarbituric acid, 2-nitrobenzoic acid (5, 5, Dithiobis), hematoxylin, and hydrogen peroxide were used. A diet rich in fat content was fed to the animals for a period of 2 weeks. After a stabilization period of 2weeks, the treatment period started and continued for a period of 8weeks. The nociceptive parameters were assessed once a week by Randall Selitto method and hot plate test. After treatment, the animals were sacrificed, and antioxidant parameters were assessed using sciatic nerve homogenate and histopathological analysis of sciatic nerve. Results: Treatment R. sativus extract (RSE 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) appreciably declined the levels of blood glucose in a dose-dependent manner, and it was comparable with standard quercetin. A significant increase in pain threshold levels was observed by the treatment RSE in hot plate method after the 4th week compared to diabetic control, and it was consistent until the end of treatment (p<0.01, p<0.001). In Randall Selitto method RSE produced a significant increase in paw withdrawal threshold after the 4th week compared to diabetic control, and it was consistently increased until the end of treatment. RSE (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly restored the levels of antioxidant enzymes and decreased lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent fashion in comparison with the diabetic control group. RSE (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) attenuated the nerve degeneration and axonal swelling along with quercetin. Conclusion: The findings from the current study showed the antinociceptive and antioxidant effect of R. sativus in neuropathic pain in diabetes.

The Warburg effect promoted the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome induced by Ni-refining fumes in BEAS-2B cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 580-590
Author(s):  
Rui Wang ◽  
Sheng-Yuan Wang ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
Rui Xin ◽  
Bing Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nlrp3 Inflammasome ◽  
Warburg Effect ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Chain Reactions ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reactions ◽  
The Warburg Effect

Nickel (Ni) is a known human carcinogen that has an adverse effect on various human organs in occupational workers during Ni refinement and smelting. In the present study, we used real-time polymerase chain reactions, Western blot analysis, and a lactate production assay to investigate whether an increase in the NLRP3 inflammasome induced by Ni-refining fumes was associated with the Warburg effect in BEAS-2B cells, a nonmalignant pulmonary epithelial line. Exposure to Ni-refining fumes suppressed cell proliferation and increased lactate production compared with those in an untreated control group in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Ni-refining fumes induced the Warburg effect, which was observed based on increases in the levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase isozyme type M2, and lactate dehydrogenase A. In addition, Ni-refining fumes promoted increased expression of NLRP3 at both the gene and protein levels. Furthermore, inhibition of the Warburg effect by 2-Deoxy-d-glucose reversed the increased expression of NLRP3 induced by Ni-refining fumes. Collectively, our data demonstrated that the Warburg effect can promote the expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome induced by the Ni-refining fumes in BEAS-2B cells. This indicates a new phenomenon in which alterations in energy production in human cells induced by Ni-refining fumes regulate the inflammatory response.

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