scholarly journals Investigation into the Flow Properties of Coarse Solid Fuels for Use in Industrial Feed Systems

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Craven ◽  
Jim Swithenbank ◽  
Vida N. Sharifi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Solid Fuels ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Feed System ◽  
Bulk Solid ◽  
Anthracite Coal ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Key Issues

Material feeding and handling systems have been cited as one of the most common causes of process downtime where thermochemical conversion processes are concerned. New and emerging fuels come in a variety of forms, and if such fuels are to be deployed widely it is imperative that material feeding and handling systems are designed appropriately. This study proposes an approach for designing material feeding and handling systems for use with coarse solid fuels. The data obtained from this study indicates particle size to be one of the key issues affecting the flowability of bulk solids further to the uniformity in particle shape. Coarse bulk solid samples were shown to flow more freely than their milled and pulverised counterparts, generating higher degrees of flowability. The results from this study were also applied to a new feed system used for feeding solid fuels to high pressure processes named the Hydraulic Lock Hopper. In this study the Hydraulic Lock Hopper demonstrated the feeding of wood pellets, torrefied spruce pellets, and ground anthracite coal grains against a pressure of 25 barg in two modes of operation. Energy savings compared to conventional lock hopper systems were recorded in the region of 80%.

ECP05-04 - Malpractice - An issue for all psychiatrists

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1802-1802
Author(s):  
J. Beezhold ◽  
N. Maughan
Keyword(s):  
Public Perception ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Popular Media ◽  
Psychiatric Practice ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
The Public ◽  
Malpractice Insurance ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Key Issues

IntroductionPsychiatrists practice in a world of ever increasing scrutiny of their daily practice. Premiums for malpractice insurance are increasing year after year. Yet there are common themes that emerge from complaints and malpractice litigation that may be usefully elucidated in order to contribute towards improvements in psychiatric practice.ObjectivesBy the end of this presentation the audience will have a good practical and theoretical understanding of the common causes of malpractice complaints and litigation, and will be well placed to improve their practice accordingly.AimsThis presentation aims to examine and discuss malpractice issues in psychiatry. The focus will be on learning the lessons from the experience of other psychiatrists in order to improve the standard of our own practice, and improve our ability to deal appropriately with any future concerns and complaints.MethodsData and experience from medical malpractice insurers, research findings, perspectives from cognitive neuroscience and stories from the popular media will be reviewed. The presentation will highlight key issues and themes in order to draw out the lessons for all psychiatrists.ResultsCertain simple principles are fundamental to safeguarding psychiatric practice from malpractice complaints and litigation.ConclusionsAll psychiatrists are potentially vulnerable to malpractice complaints and litigation. There is much media attention paid to certain cases. This may in turn contribute to the public perception of psychiatry and psychiatrists. Yet there are also a number of straightforward steps that many psychiatrists can take in their day to day practice that will protect both themselves and their patients now and in the future. Improving our practice can not only benefit our patients and ourselves personally, but can also contribute to combating stigma and enhancing the image of psychiatry.

scholarly journals Co-Combustion of Pulp- and Paper Sludge With Wood: Emissions of Nitrogen, Sulphur and Chlorine Compounds

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars-Erik A˚mand ◽  
Bo Leckner ◽  
Solvie Herstad Sva¨rd ◽  
Marianne Gyllenhammar ◽  
David Eskilsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Feed System ◽  
Cfb Boiler ◽  
Fuel Feed

Sludge from wastewater treatment plants in five Swedish pulp and paper mills has been burned together with wood in a circulating fluidised bed (CFB) boiler. The sludge was either mechanically dewatered or pre-dried. The mechanically dewatered sludge had to be fed with a pump, but the pre-dried sludge could be fed by the fuel feed system normally used for coal, wood chips or wood pellets. In parallel to the combustion tests in the CFB boiler the sludges were also investigated as single fuels in a small laboratory FB. The Swedish pulp and paper industry produces three major fractions of sludge: pure fibre sludge, sludge produced by employing a precipitation species like ironaluminiumsulphate, and finally, sludge subjected to biological cleaning. The way of production of the sludge influences its content of, for example, nitrogen, sulphur and chlorine, but the composition of the sludge is also influenced by the pulp and paper process. The present measurements show that the concentrations of nitrogen, sulphur and chlorine in the sludge have a great impact on the corresponding gaseous emissions from combustion. Actions to prevent these emissions could be necessary, depending on the origin of the sludge and treatment process used. In the present project all sludges were burned with wood-pellets as the main fuel under identical operating conditions, typical for a CFB boiler. Wood pellets were chosen as a well defined, low-polluting fuel that makes comparison of emissions from the sludges clear. Co-combustion with wood-pellets has the advantage of enabling operation also with wet sludges that cannot be used as single fuels without pre-drying. No actions were taken to improve sulphur and chlorine retention, by for example adding limestone. From a combustion point of view the co-combustion works well with low levels of carbon monoxide present in the flue gas and no light hydrocarbons.

Co-Combustion of Municipal Sludge With Wood/Coal in CFB: Enrichment of Phosphorous and Cadmium in Ashes

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars-Erik A˚mand ◽  
Bo Leckner ◽  
Leif Hansson ◽  
Olof Norrlo¨w
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
Municipal Sludge ◽  
Bag Filter ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Feed System ◽  
Cfb Boiler ◽  
Fuel Feed

Municipal sludge, originating from two wastewater treatment plants in Sweden, has been burned together with wood pellets or bituminous coal in a circulating fluidised bed (CFB) boiler equipped with a secondary cyclone and bag filter for fly ash removal. Such co-combustion is an alternative to mono-combustion of sludge. The sludge is burned in either mechanically dewatered or pre-dried form. The mechanically dewatered sludge was fed with a pump, but pre-dried sludge could be fed by the fuel feed system normally used for coal. Both types of sludge were burned with either wood-pellets or coal as main fuel under identical operating conditions, typical for a CFB boiler. The focus was on ash balances and on analysis of fuels and ashes to obtain concentrations of relevant species. The presence of phosphorous (P) is of special interest in relation to trace elements, such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn). For this reason a comparison has been made between these trace elements and phosphorous in the various ashes and the original sludge as well as other sources of phosphorous that could be used for agricultural purposes. The results show that sewage sludge and fly ash, after combustion of sludge, contain similar amounts of phosphorous as other phosphorous sources for agricultural use, but the levels of trace elements in relation to phosphorous (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu) are higher than in animal manure and artificial fertilizer and higher than the present limits in Sweden.

Energy Efficiency of “Green Structures” in Cooling Period

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.2) ◽  
pp. 453
Author(s):  
Tkachenko Tetiana ◽  
. .
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Cooling Effect ◽  
Solid Fuels ◽  
Practical Recommendation ◽  
Cooling Period ◽  
Reduction Of Co2

The proposed methodology for estimating the reduction of CO2 emissions by green constructions (green roof and facade greening) due to the “cooling effect” during the cooling period allows to calculate CO2 savings in warm periods of the year. For Kyiv, in July, the reduction of CO2 emissions per m2 at coal using is 133 g / m2, during the warm period of the year – 515 g / m2; using gas – 78 g / m2 and 303 g / m2. It is established that the energy savings of a green roof depends on the thickness of the thermal insulation of buildings: the thicker insulation causes the less green roof contribution to energy savings. However, the significance of their effectiveness remains. Green roofs can be especially effective in switching from gas to local solid fuels: peat waste, pellets, etc. As a practical recommendation, it is proposed to coordinate the placement of greened and ungreen parts of the green roof with rooms under the roof, which allows to reduce the refrigeration load on air conditioning. In addition, recommendations on grass care on the green roof have been developed. To maximize the cooling effect, it is necessary to maintain grass height no more than120 mm. Before the beginning of the transition period, it is necessary to stop mowing the grass, which reduces the cooling effect.  

scholarly journals Solid Biofuel Characterization and Ash Properties of Acacia Mangium

Paliva ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Van Minh Duong ◽  
Emmanuel Padouvas
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Acacia Mangium ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Solid Fuels ◽  
Physiochemical Properties ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Solid Biofuel

Acacia Mangium is a common industrial planted woody biomass in the tropical and subtropical climates. As an economically viable, agroforestry beneficial and environmentally sustainable bio-energy form, it has the potential to generate heat for thermochemical conversion systems. This article provides a comprehensive evaluation of its characteristics, physiochemical properties, ash composition and transformation phenomena. In accordance with the ISO/DIN guides for solid fuels, the standard methods were applied. The results of analyses solid biofuel showed the significant calorific value (19-20 MJ/kg); high volatile matter, relatively low ash content; and a low S content. X-ray analyskjhgis detected high values of Ca, K, Fe, Al and Si the ash-forming elements. Ash softening and fusion phenomena were observed, with heat generated continuously at constant rates (maintained at 550 ± 10 °C for 120 minutes and practically at 850 ± 10 °C for 240 minutes). The first signs of deformation were recorded at a temperature of approximately 1220 °C, with the melting point reached at 1310 °C, which was an advantage for a woody solid biofuel.

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