scholarly journals The Estimation of First-Phase Insulin Secretion by Using Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in a Chinese Population

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiunn-diann Lin ◽  
Chun-Hsien Hsu ◽  
Yao-Jen Liang ◽  
Wei-Cheng Lian ◽  
Chang-Hsun Hsieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Fasting Plasma

Aims. There are two phases of insulin secretion, the first (FPIS) and second phase (SPIS). In this study, we built equations to predict FPIS with metabolic syndrome (MetS) components and fasting plasma insulin (FPI).Methods. Totally, 186 participants were enrolled. 75% of participants were randomly selected as the study group to build equations. The remaining 25% of participants were selected as the external validation group. All participants received a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, and acute insulin response after the glucose load (AIRg) was obtained. The AIRg was considered as FPIS.Results. When MetS components were only used, the following equation was built: log (FPIS) = 1.477 − 0.119 × fasting plasma glucose (FPG) + 0.079 × body mass index (BMI) − 0.523 × high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). After FPI was added, the second equation was formulated: log (FPIS) = 1.532 − 0.127 × FPG + 0.059 × BMI - 0.511 × HDL-C + 0.375 × log (FPI), which provided a better accuracy than the first one.Conclusions. Using MetS components, the FPIS could be estimated accurately. After adding FPI into the equation, the predictive power increased further. We hope that these equations could be widely used in daily practice.

scholarly journals Patterns of Insulin Secretion During First-Phase Insulin Secretion in Normal Chinese Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Yuan ◽  
Shuoning Song ◽  
Tianyi Zhao ◽  
Yanbei Duo ◽  
Shihan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
First Phase Insulin Secretion

BackgroundThe increase in diabetes worldwide is alarming. Decreased acute insulin response to intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) during first-phase insulin secretion (FPIS) is a characteristic of diabetes. However, knowledge of the insulin secretion characteristics identified by different time to glucose peak in subjects with different metabolic state is sparse.AimsThis study aimed to find different patterns of FPIS in subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and analyzed the relationship between insulin secretion patterns and the risk for development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsA total of 126 subjects were divided into three groups during a 10-min IVGTT, including NGT with time to glucose peak after 3 min (G1, n = 21), NGT with time to glucose peak at 3 min (G2, n = 95), and prediabetes or diabetes with time to glucose peak at 3 min (G3, n = 10). Glucose, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations at 0, 3, 5, 7, and 10 min during the IVGTT were tested. IVGTT-based indices were calculated to evaluate the insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity.ResultsAge, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, triglyceride (TG), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of subjects were gradually higher, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was gradually lower from G1 to G3 (p for linear trend <0.05), and the differences between G1 and G2 were also statistically significant (p < 0.05). Glucose peak of most participants in G1 converged at 5 min, and the curves shape of insulin and C-peptide in G2 were the sharpest among three groups. There was no significant difference in all IVGTT-based indices between G1 and G2, but AUCIns, AUCIns/AUCGlu, and △Ins3/△Glu3 in G2 were the highest, and the p-value for linear trend of those indices among three groups were statistically significant (p < 0.05).ConclusionsTwo patterns of FPIS were in subjects with NGT, while subjects with later time to glucose peak during FPIS might be less likely to develop T2DM in the future.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary fat on insulin secretion in subjects with the metabolic syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 180 (5) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne L Gulseth ◽  
Ingrid M F Gjelstad ◽  
Audrey C Tiereny ◽  
Danielle McCarthy ◽  
Julie A Lovegrove ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Pufa Supplementation ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Objective Impaired insulin secretion and action contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes. Dietary fat modification may improve insulin sensitivity, whereas the effect on insulin secretion is unclear. We investigated the effect of dietary fat modification on insulin secretion in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Design In a 12-week pan-European parallel, randomized controlled dietary intervention trial (LIPGENE), 486 subjects were assigned to four isoenergetic diets: high-fat diets rich in saturated fat (HSFA) or monounsaturated fat (HMUFA) or low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate diets with (LFHCC n-3) or without (LFHCC control) 1.2 g/day of n-3 PUFA supplementation. Insulin secretion was estimated as acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg) and disposition index (DI), modeled from an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Results There were no overall effect of the dietary intervention on AIRg and DI in the total cohort, in neither the high-fat nor LFHCC groups. We observed significant diet*fasting glucose category interactions for AIRg (P = 0.021) and DI (P = 0.001) in the high-fat groups. In subjects with normal fasting glucose and preserved first phase insulin secretion, the HMUFA diet increased, whereas the HSFA diet reduced AIRg (P = 0.015) and DI (P = 0.010). Conclusions The effects of dietary fat modification on insulin secretion were minor, and only evident in normoglycemic subjects. In this case, the HMUFA diet improved AIRg and DI, as compared to the HSFA diet.

Plasma C-peptide and insulin in trained and untrained subjects

1981 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Wirth ◽  
C. Diehm ◽  
H. Mayer ◽  
H. Morl ◽  
I. Vogel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Rebound Effect ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
C Peptide

Plasma insulin and C-peptide were simultaneously determined under various conditions in 11 endurance-trained athletes and 12 nonathletes. Both groups performed an exhaustive ergometer test and an endurance test with 38% of the maximal achieved work load for 45 min. An intravenous glucose tolerance test was also performed. In the basal state, athletes had low plasma insulin and C-peptide concentrations. During exercise, insulin and C-peptide decreased similarly in both groups. In the recovery period, insulin and C-peptide rose within a few minutes. There were differences between the extent as well as the time course of this "rebound" effect after exhaustive or endurance exercise that might be related to glucose alterations. The insulin response but not the C-peptide response after glucose injection was blunted in trained subjects. Results indicate that basal plasma insulin concentrations are lower in athletes due to reduced insulin secretion. During exercise, insulin secretion is diminished independent of the training state. The blunted response of insulin after glucose administration in athletes is due to an enhanced plasma clearance.

scholarly journals Different metabolic responses induced by long-term interdisciplinary therapy in obese adolescents related to ACE I/D polymorphism

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 147032031770345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro S Almeida ◽  
Flavia C Corgosinho ◽  
Carlos EN Amorim ◽  
Marcos F Gregnani ◽  
Raquel MS Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Interdisciplinary Therapy ◽  
Obese Adolescents ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Introduction: The main purpose of the present study was to investigate whether I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene might affect metabolic changes related to the metabolic syndrome through a long-term interdisciplinary therapy in obese adolescents. Methods: In total, 125 obese adolescents who entered the interdisciplinary obesity programme were assigned to the following two subgroups: metabolic syndrome or non-metabolic syndrome. They were evaluated at baseline and after 1 year. Genomic DNA was extracted from circulating leukocytes. Results: Subjects with the II genotype in the non-metabolic syndrome group were only to increase their fat-free mass after therapy. Regarding lipid profile, subjects with ID and DD genotypes from both groups reduced their low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly. The metabolic parameters from the ID and DD genotypes of the non-metabolic syndrome group showed a significantly improved insulin response. Conclusion: In the present study, we showed that the ACE polymorphism was able to influence the fat-free mass in the I-carry allele in the non-metabolic syndrome group positively. In addition, the I-carry allele was able to improve the insulin resistance of the metabolic syndrome group significantly. These results suggest that the ACE I/D genotypes can influence, in different ways, the specific parameters of metabolism among obese adolescents submitted for long-term interdisciplinary therapy.

scholarly journals Top Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Affecting Carbohydrate Metabolism in Metabolic Syndrome: From the LIPGENE Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. E384-E389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Delgado-Lista ◽  
Pablo Perez-Martinez ◽  
Juan Solivera ◽  
Antonio Garcia-Rios ◽  
A. I. Perez-Caballero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Intravenous Glucose

Rationale: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a high-prevalence condition characterized by altered energy metabolism, insulin resistance, and elevated cardiovascular risk. Objectives: Although many individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been linked to certain MetS features, there are few studies analyzing the influence of SNPs on carbohydrate metabolism in MetS. Methods: A total of 904 SNPs (tag SNPs and functional SNPs) were tested for influence on 8 fasting and dynamic markers of carbohydrate metabolism, by performance of an intravenous glucose tolerance test in 450 participants in the LIPGENE study. Findings: From 382 initial gene-phenotype associations between SNPs and any phenotypic variables, 61 (16% of the preselected variables) remained significant after bootstrapping. Top SNPs affecting glucose metabolism variables were as follows: fasting glucose, rs26125 (PPARGC1B); fasting insulin, rs4759277 (LRP1); C-peptide, rs4759277 (LRP1); homeostasis assessment of insulin resistance, rs4759277 (LRP1); quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, rs184003 (AGER); sensitivity index, rs7301876 (ABCC9), acute insulin response to glucose, rs290481 (TCF7L2); and disposition index, rs12691 (CEBPA). Conclusions: We describe here the top SNPs linked to phenotypic features in carbohydrate metabolism among approximately 1000 candidate gene variations in fasting and postprandial samples of 450 patients with MetS from the LIPGENE study.

scholarly journals Early maternal undernutrition programs increased feed intake, altered glucose metabolism and insulin secretion, and liver function in aged female offspring

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (7) ◽  
pp. R795-R804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey A. George ◽  
Liren Zhang ◽  
Nuermaimaiti Tuersunjiang ◽  
Yan Ma ◽  
Nathan M. Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Liver Function ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Insulin resistance and obesity are components of the metabolic syndrome that includes development of cardiovascular disease and diabetes with advancing age. The thrifty phenotype hypothesis suggests that offspring of poorly nourished mothers are predisposed to the various components of the metabolic syndrome due to adaptations made during fetal development. We assessed the effects of maternal nutrient restriction in early gestation on feeding behavior, insulin and glucose dynamics, body composition, and liver function in aged female offspring of ewes fed either a nutrient-restricted [NR 50% National Research Council (NRC) recommendations] or control (C: 100% NRC) diet from 28 to 78 days of gestation, after which both groups were fed at 100% of NRC from day 79 to lambing and through lactation. Female lambs born to NR and C dams were reared as a single group from weaning, and thereafter, they were fed 100% NRC recommendations until assigned to this study at 6 yr of age. These female offspring were evaluated by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, followed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for body composition analysis prior to and after ad libitum feeding of a highly palatable pelleted diet for 11 wk with automated monitoring of feed intake (GrowSafe Systems). Aged female offspring born to NR ewes demonstrated greater and more rapid feed intake, greater body weight gain, and efficiency of gain, lower insulin sensitivity, higher insulin secretion, and greater hepatic lipid and glycogen content than offspring from C ewes. These data confirm an increased metabolic “thriftiness” of offspring born to NR mothers, which continues into advanced age, possibly predisposing these offspring to metabolic disease.

A minimal model of insulin secretion and kinetics to assess hepatic insulin extraction

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (1) ◽  
pp. E169-E176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianna Toffolo ◽  
Marco Campioni ◽  
Rita Basu ◽  
Robert A. Rizza ◽  
Claudio Cobelli
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Minimal Model ◽  
Insulin Delivery ◽  
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Insulin Degradation ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Hepatic Extraction ◽  
Minimal Models ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
C Peptide

The liver is the principal site of insulin degradation, and assessing its ability to extract insulin is important to understand several pathological states. Noninvasive quantification of hepatic extraction (HE) in an individual requires comparing the profiles of insulin secretion (ISR) and posthepatic insulin delivery rate (IDR). To do this, we propose here the combined use of the classical C-peptide minimal model with a new minimal model of insulin delivery and kinetics. The models were identified on insulin-modified intravenous glucose tolerance test (IM-IVGTT) data of 20 healthy subjects. C-peptide kinetics were fixed to standard population values, whereas insulin kinetics were assessed in each individual, along with IDR parameters, thanks to the presence of insulin decay data observed after exogenous insulin administration. From the two models, profiles of ISR and IDR were predicted, and ISR and IDR indexes of β-cell responsivity to glucose in the basal state, as well as during first- and second-phase secretion, were estimated. HE profile, obtained by comparing ISR and IDR profiles, showed a rapid suppression immediately after the glucose administration. HE indexes, obtained by comparing ISR and IDR indexes, indicated that the liver is able to extract 70 ± 9% of insulin passing through it in the basal state and 54 ± 14% during IM-IVGTT. In conclusion, insulin secretion, kinetics, and hepatic extraction can be reliably assessed during an IM-IVGTT by using insulin and C-peptide minimal models.

Muscarinic stimulation maintains in vivo insulin secretion in response to glucose after prolonged hyperglycemia

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (2) ◽  
pp. R475-R479 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Balkan ◽  
B. E. Dunning
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance

Prolonged hyperglycemia impairs the in vitro insulin release by islets of Langerhans in response to glucose but exaggerates the in vivo insulin response. We hypothesized that this discrepancy results from increased vagal stimulation of the islets. Conscious chronically cannulated rats were infused with glucose (15 mg/min) or saline for 48 h. Three hours thereafter, an intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed with or without prior injection of atropine (0.2 mg). Atropine markedly (> 70%) reduced the insulin response in glucose-infused, but not in saline-infused, rats. Glucose-infused rats displayed basal hypoglycemia but normal glucose excursions during an intravenous glucose tolerance test. It is concluded that prolonged hyperglycemia produces exaggerated muscarinic activation of the beta-cells that will persist > or = 3 h after the termination of the glucose infusion and normalizes in vivo insulin secretion. It is possible that increased parasympathetic activation of the pancreas might constitute a general mechanism to maintain insulin output when the demand for insulin exceeds the inherent beta-cell responsiveness.

scholarly journals When MINMOD Artifactually Interprets Strong Insulin Secretion as Weak Insulin Action

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joon Ha ◽  
Ranganath Muniyappa ◽  
Arthur S. Sherman ◽  
Michael J. Quon
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Minimal Model ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Model Studies ◽  
Increased Risk

We address a problem with the Bergman-Cobelli Minimal Model, which has been used for 40 years to estimate SI during an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). During the IVGTT blood glucose and insulin concentrations are measured in response to an acute intravenous glucose load. Insulin secretion is often assessed by the area under the insulin curve during the first few minutes (Acute Insulin Response, AIR). The issue addressed here is that we have found in simulated IVGTTs, representing certain contexts, Minimal Model estimates of SI are inversely related to AIR, resulting in artifactually lower SI. This may apply to Minimal Model studies reporting lower SI in Blacks than in Whites, a putative explanation for increased risk of T2D in Blacks. The hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HIEC), the reference method for assessing insulin sensitivity, by contrast generally does not show differences in insulin sensitivity between these groups. The reason for this difficulty is that glucose rises rapidly at the start of the IVGTT and reaches levels independent of SI, whereas insulin during this time is determined by AIR. The minimal model in effect interprets this combination as low insulin sensitivity even when actual insulin sensitivity is unchanged. This happens in particular when high AIR results from increased number of readily releasable insulin granules, which may occur in Blacks. We conclude that caution should be taken when comparing estimates of SI between Blacks and Whites.

scholarly journals Effects of prolonged fasting and sustained lipolysis on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in normal subjects

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (3) ◽  
pp. E454-E461 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Salgin ◽  
M. L. Marcovecchio ◽  
S. M. Humphreys ◽  
N. Hill ◽  
L. J. Chassin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Disposition Index ◽  
Acute Insulin Response ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
Prolonged Fast

Normal β-cells adjust their function to compensate for any decrease in insulin sensitivity. Our aim was to explore whether a prolonged fast would allow a study of the effects of changes in circulating free fatty acid (FFA) levels on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity and whether any potential effects could be reversed by the antilipolytic agent acipimox. Fourteen (8 female, 6 male) healthy young adults (aged 22.8–26.9 yr) without a family history of diabetes and a body mass index of 22.6 ± 3.2 kg/m2 were studied on three occasions in random order. Growth hormone and FFA levels were regularly measured overnight (2200-0759), and subjects underwent an intravenous glucose tolerance test in the morning (0800-1100) on each visit. Treatment A was an overnight fast, treatment B was a 24-h fast with regular administrations of a placebo, and treatment C was a 24-h fast with regular ingestions of 250 mg of acipimox. The 24-h fast increased overnight FFA levels (as measured by the area under the curve) 2.8-fold [51.3 (45.6–56.9) vs. 18.4 (14.4–22.5) *104 μmol/l*min, P < 0.0001], and it led to decreases in insulin sensitivity [5.7 (3.6–8.9) vs. 2.6 (1.3–4.7) *10−4 min−1 per mU/l, P < 0.0001] and the acute insulin response [16.3 (10.9–21.6) vs. 12.7 (8.7–16.6) *102 pmol/l*min, P = 0.02], and therefore a reduction in the disposition index [93.1 (64.8–121.4) vs. 35.5 (21.6–49.4) *102 pmol/mU, P < 0.0001]. Administration of acipimox during the 24-h fast lowered FFA levels by an average of 20% (range: −62 to +49%; P = 0.03), resulting in a mean increase in the disposition index of 31% ( P = 0.03). In conclusion, the 24-h fast was accompanied by substantial increases in fasting FFA levels and induced reductions in the acute glucose-simulated insulin response and insulin sensitivity. The use of acipimox during the prolonged fast increased the disposition index, suggesting a partial reversal of the effects of fasting on the acute insulin response and insulin sensitivity.

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