scholarly journals Significant Depletion of CD4+T Cells Occurs in the Oral Mucosa during Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection with the Infected CD4+T Cell Reservoir Continuing to Persist in the Oral Mucosa during Antiretroviral Therapy

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffy George ◽  
Wendeline Wagner ◽  
Mark G. Lewis ◽  
Joseph J. Mattapallil
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Viral Reservoir ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
A Minor

Human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV) infections are characterized by manifestation of numerous opportunistic infections and inflammatory conditions in the oral mucosa. The loss of CD4+T cells that play a critical role in maintaining mucosal immunity likely contributes to this process. Here we show that CD4+T cells constitute a minor population of T cells in the oral mucosa and display a predominantly central memory phenotype mirroring other mucosal sites such as the rectal mucosa. Chronic SIV infection was associated with a near total depletion of CD4+T cells in the oral mucosa that appear to repopulate during antiretroviral therapy (ART). Repopulating CD4+T cells harbored a large fraction of Th17 cells suggesting that ART potentially reconstitutes oral mucosal immunity. However, a minor fraction of repopulating CD4+T cells harbored SIV DNA suggesting that the viral reservoir continues to persist in the oral mucosa during ART. Therapeutic approaches aimed at obtaining sustainable CD4+T cell repopulation in combination with strategies that can eradicate the latent viral reservoir in the oral mucosa are essential for better oral health and long-term outcome in HIV infected patients.

scholarly journals Early Antiretroviral Therapy for Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Leads to Mucosal CD4+ T-Cell Restoration and Enhanced Gene Expression Regulating Mucosal Repair and Regeneration

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 2709-2719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. George ◽  
Elizabeth Reay ◽  
Sumathi Sankaran ◽  
Satya Dandekar
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections lead to rapid depletion of CD4+ T cells from gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Although the administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been shown to increase CD4+ T-cell levels in the peripheral blood in both SIV and HIV infections, its efficacy in restoring intestinal mucosal CD4+ T cells has not been well investigated. To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms of virally induced disruptions in the mucosal immune system, we have evaluated longitudinal changes in viral burden, T-cell subsets, and mucosal gene expression profiles in SIV-infected rhesus macaques in the absence or presence of ART. Our results demonstrate a dramatic suppression of mucosal viral loads and rapid reconstitution of CD4+ T cells in GALT in animals receiving ART that were not observed in untreated SIV-infected animals. DNA microarray-based gene expression profiling indicated that CD4+ T-cell restoration in GALT was associated with up regulation of growth factors and genes involved in repair and regeneration of the mucosal epithelium. In contrast, untreated SIV-infected animals increased expression of lymphocyte activation and inflammatory response-associated genes and did not up regulate mucosal growth and repair associated transcription. In conclusion, these data indicate that initiating ART in primary SIV infection may lead to the restoration of the mucosal immune system through reduction of inflammation and promotion of epithelial repair in the intestinal mucosa.

scholarly journals Two-Year Follow-Up of Macaques Developing Intermittent Control of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Homolog Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac251 in the Chronic Phase of Infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (15) ◽  
pp. 7521-7535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iart Luca Shytaj ◽  
Gabrielle Nickel ◽  
Eric Arts ◽  
Nicholas Farrell ◽  
Mauro Biffoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Drug Combination ◽  
Viral Reservoir ◽  
Intermittent Control ◽  
Viral Rebound ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACTOff-therapy control of viremia by HIV-infected individuals has been associated with two likely players: a restricted viral reservoir and an efficient cell-mediated immune response. We previously showed that a combination of highly suppressive antiretroviral therapy and two experimental drugs, i.e., auranofin and buthionine sulfoximine, was able to reduce the viral reservoir, elicit efficient cell-mediated antiviral responses, and induce intermittent posttherapy viral load control in chronically SIVmac251-infected macaques. We here show that the macaques that had received this drug combination and then stopped antiretroviral therapy were also able to maintain low numbers of activated CD4+T cells at viral rebound. Moreover, these macaques consistently displayed low-level simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) diversity, which was in line with the strong and broadly reactive cell-mediated immune responses against conserved Gag antigens. Extended follow-up showed that the two macaques that had received the complete drug combination remained healthy and did not develop AIDS in 2 years of follow-up after therapy suspension. This disease-free survival is longer than twice the average time of progression to AIDS in SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques. These results suggest that limited numbers of activated T cells at viral rebound and subsequent development of broadly reactive cell-mediated responses may be interrelated in reducing the viral reservoir.IMPORTANCEThe HIV reservoir in CD4+T cells represents one main obstacle to HIV eradication. Recent studies, however, show that a drastic reduction of this reservoir is insufficient for inducing a functional cure of AIDS. In the present work, we thoroughly studied and subjected to long-term follow-up two macaques showing intermittent control of the virus following suspension of antiretroviral therapy plus an experimental antireservoir treatment, i.e., the gold salt auranofin and the investigational chemotherapeutic agent buthionione sulfoximine (BSO). We found that these drugs were able to decrease the number of activated CD4+T cells, which are preferential targets for HIV infection. Then, efficient immune responses against the virus were developed in the macaques, which remained healthy during 2 years of follow-up. This result may furnish another building block for future attempts to cure HIV/AIDS.

scholarly journals Early Antiretroviral Therapy Prevents Viral Infection of Monocytes and Inflammation in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henintsoa Rabezanahary ◽  
Julien Clain ◽  
Gina Racine ◽  
Guadalupe Andreani ◽  
Ghita Benmadid-Laktout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Productive Infection ◽  
Viral Reservoir ◽  
Viral Rebound ◽  
Art Initiation ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT Despite early antiretroviral therapy (ART), treatment interruption is associated with viral rebound, indicating early viral reservoir (VR) seeding and absence of full eradication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) that may persist in tissues. Herein, we address the contributing role of monocytes in maintaining VRs under ART, since these cells may represent a source of viral dissemination due to their ability to replenish mucosal tissues in response to injury. To this aim, monocytes with classical (CD14+), intermediate (CD14+ CD16+), and nonclassical (CD16+) phenotypes and CD4+ T cells were sorted from the blood, spleen, and intestines of untreated and early-ART-treated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) before and after ART interruption. Cell-associated SIV DNA and RNA were quantified. We demonstrated that in the absence of ART, monocytes were productively infected with replication-competent SIV, especially in the spleen. Reciprocally, early ART efficiently (i) prevented the establishment of monocyte VRs in the blood, spleen, and intestines and (ii) reduced systemic inflammation, as indicated by changes in interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) plasma levels. ART interruption was associated with a rebound in viremia that led to the rapid productive infection of both CD4+ T cells and monocytes. Altogether, our results reveal the benefits of early ART initiation in limiting the contribution of monocytes to VRs and SIV-associated inflammation. IMPORTANCE Despite the administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV persists in treated individuals and ART interruption is associated with viral rebound. Persistent chronic immune activation and inflammation contribute to disease morbidity. Whereas monocytes are infected by HIV/SIV, their role as viral reservoirs (VRs) in visceral tissues has been poorly explored. Our work demonstrates that monocyte cell subsets in the blood, spleen, and intestines do not significantly contribute to the establishment of early VRs in SIV-infected rhesus macaques treated with ART. By preventing the infection of these cells, early ART reduces systemic inflammation. However, following ART interruption, monocytes are rapidly reinfected. Altogether, our findings shed new light on the benefits of early ART initiation in limiting VR and inflammation.

scholarly journals Increased Loss of CCR5+ CD45RA− CD4+ T Cells in CD8+ Lymphocyte-Depleted Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Monkeys

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 5618-5630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald S. Veazey ◽  
Paula M. Acierno ◽  
Kimberly J. McEvers ◽  
Susanne H. C. Baumeister ◽  
Gabriel J. Foster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
T Cell Responses ◽  
Lymphocyte Depletion ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Siv Infection

ABSTRACT Previously we have shown that CD8+ T cells are critical for containment of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) viremia and that rapid and profound depletion of CD4+ T cells occurs in the intestinal tract of acutely infected macaques. To determine the impact of SIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses on the magnitude of the CD4+ T-cell depletion, we investigated the effect of CD8+ lymphocyte depletion during primary SIV infection on CD4+ T-cell subsets and function in peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and intestinal tissues. In peripheral blood, CD8+ lymphocyte-depletion changed the dynamics of CD4+ T-cell loss, resulting in a more pronounced loss 2 weeks after infection, followed by a temporal rebound approximately 2 months after infection, when absolute numbers of CD4+ T cells were restored to baseline levels. These CD4+ T cells showed a markedly skewed phenotype, however, as there were decreased levels of memory cells in CD8+ lymphocyte-depleted macaques compared to controls. In intestinal tissues and lymph nodes, we observed a significantly higher loss of CCR5+ CD45RA− CD4+ T cells in CD8+ lymphocyte-depleted macaques than in controls, suggesting that these SIV-targeted CD4+ T cells were eliminated more efficiently in CD8+ lymphocyte-depleted animals. Also, CD8+ lymphocyte depletion significantly affected the ability to generate SIV Gag-specific CD4+ T-cell responses and neutralizing antibodies. These results reemphasize that SIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses are absolutely critical to initiate at least partial control of SIV infection.

scholarly journals T-cell subset differentiation and antibody responses following antiretroviral therapy during simian immunodeficiency virus infection

Immunology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 155 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-466
Author(s):  
Mitra Bhattacharyya ◽  
James B. Whitney ◽  
Michael Seaman ◽  
Dan H. Barouch ◽  
Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cell Subset ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection ◽  
T Cell Subset ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals Aviremia 10 Years Postdiscontinuation of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiated During Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection and Association With Gag-Specific T-Cell Responses

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Kinloch-de Loes ◽  
Lucy Dorrell ◽  
Hongbing Yang ◽  
Gareth A. D. Hardy ◽  
Sabine Yerly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Viral Reservoir ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Drug Free ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1

Abstract Combination antiretroviral therapy during primary human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection may enable long-term drug-free virological control in rare individuals. We describe a female who maintained aviremia and a normal CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio for 10 years after stopping therapy, despite a persistent viral reservoir. Cellular immune responses may have contributed to this outcome.

Alteration of tumor necrosis factor–α T-cell homeostasis following potent antiretroviral therapy: contribution to the development of human immunodeficiency virus–associated lipodystrophy syndrome

Blood ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 3191-3198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Ledru ◽  
Névéna Christeff ◽  
Olivier Patey ◽  
Pierre de Truchis ◽  
Jean-Claude Melchior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Abstract Highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has lead to a dramatic decrease in the morbidity of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, metabolic side effects, including lipodystrophy-associated (LD-associated) dyslipidemia, have been reported in patients treated with antiretroviral therapy. This study was designed to determine whether successful HAART was responsible for a dysregulation in the homeostasis of tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), a cytokine involved in lipid metabolism. Cytokine production was assessed at the single cell level by flow cytometry after a short-term stimulation of peripheral blood T cells from HIV-infected (HIV+) patients who were followed during 18 months of HAART. A dramatic polarization to TNF- synthesis of both CD4 and CD8 T cells was observed in all patients. Because it was previously shown that TNF- synthesis by T cells was highly controlled by apoptosis, concomitant synthesis of TNF- and priming for apoptosis were also analyzed. The accumulation of T cells primed for TNF- synthesis is related to their escape from activation-induced apoptosis, partly due to the cosynthesis of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and TNF-. Interestingly, we observed that LD is associated with a more dramatic TNF- dysregulation, and positive correlations were found between the absolute number of TNF- CD8 T-cell precursors and lipid parameters usually altered in LD including cholesterol, triglycerides, and the atherogenic ratio apolipoprotein B (apoB)/apoA1. Observations from the study indicate that HAART dysregulates homeostasis of TNF- synthesis and suggest that this proinflammatory response induced by efficient antiretroviral therapy is a risk factor of LD development in HIV+ patients.

scholarly journals Infectious Virus Persists in CD4+T Cells and Macrophages in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Celina M. Abreu ◽  
Rebecca T. Veenhuis ◽  
Claudia R. Avalos ◽  
Shelby Graham ◽  
Suzanne E. Queen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Treatment Interruption ◽  
Viral Rebound ◽  
Hiv Cure ◽  
Macaque Model ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Latently Infected

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the cellular and anatomical sites of latent virus that contribute to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rebound is essential for eradication. In HIV-positive patients, CD4+T lymphocytes comprise a well-defined functional latent reservoir, defined as cells containing transcriptionally silent genomes able to produce infectious virus once reactivated. However, the persistence of infectious latent virus in CD4+T cells in compartments other than blood and lymph nodes is unclear. Macrophages (Mϕ) are infected by HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and are likely to carry latent viral genomes during antiretroviral therapy (ART), contributing to the reservoir. Currently, the gold standard assay used to measure reservoirs containing replication-competent virus is the quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA). Using an SIV-macaque model, the CD4+T cell and Mϕ functional latent reservoirs were measured in various tissues using cell-specific QVOAs. Our results showed that blood, spleen, and lung in the majority of suppressed animals contain latently infected Mϕs. Surprisingly, the numbers of CD4+T cells, monocytes, and Mϕs carrying infectious genomes in blood and spleen were at comparable frequencies (∼1 infected cell per million). We also demonstrate thatex vivoviruses produced in the Mϕ QVOA are capable of infecting activated CD4+T cells. These results strongly suggest that latently infected tissue Mϕs can reestablish productive infection upon treatment interruption. This study provides the first comparison of CD4+T cell and Mϕ functional reservoirs in a macaque model. It is the first confirmation of the persistence of latent genomes in monocytes in blood and Mϕs in the spleen and lung of SIV-infected ART-suppressed macaques. Our results demonstrate that transcriptionally silent genomes in Mϕs can contribute to viral rebound after ART interruption and should be considered in future HIV cure strategies.IMPORTANCEThis study suggests that CD4+T cells found throughout tissues in the body can contain replication-competent SIV and contribute to rebound of the virus after treatment interruption. In addition, this study demonstrates that macrophages in tissues are another cellular reservoir for SIV and may contribute to viral rebound after treatment interruption. This new insight into the size and location of the SIV reservoir could have great implications for HIV-infected individuals and should be taken into consideration for the development of future HIV cure strategies.

scholarly journals Loss of Naïve Cells Accompanies Memory CD4+ T-Cell Depletion during Long-Term Progression to AIDS in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques

2006 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 893-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Nishimura ◽  
Tatsuhiko Igarashi ◽  
Alicia Buckler-White ◽  
Charles Buckler ◽  
Hiromi Imamichi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Virus Production ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) induce a slow progressive disease, characterized by the massive loss of memory CD4+ T cells during the acute infection followed by a recovery phase in which virus replication is partially controlled. However, because the initial injury is so severe and virus production persists, the immune system eventually collapses and a symptomatic fatal disease invariably occurs. We have assessed CD4+ T-cell dynamics and disease progression in 12 SIV-infected rhesus monkeys for nearly 2 years. Three macaques exhibiting a rapid progressor phenotype experienced rapid and irreversible loss of memory, but not naïve, CD4+ T lymphocytes from peripheral blood and secondary lymphoid tissues and died within the first 6 months of virus inoculation. In contrast, SIV-infected conventional progressor animals sustained marked but incomplete depletions of memory CD4+ T cells and continuous activation/proliferation of this T-lymphocyte subset. This was associated with a profound loss of naïve CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood and secondary lymphoid tissues, which declined at rates that correlated with disease progression. These data suggest that the persistent loss of memory CD4+T cells, which are being eliminated by direct virus killing and activation-induced cell death, requires the continuous differentiation of naïve into memory CD4+ T cells. This unrelenting replenishment process eventually leads to the exhaustion of the naïve CD4+T-cell pool and the development of disease.

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