scholarly journals Insight into Bone-Derived Biological Apatite: Ultrastructure and Effect of Thermal Treatment

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Liu ◽  
Haobo Pan ◽  
Zhuofan Chen ◽  
Jukka Pekka Matinlinna
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Spongy Bone ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Trabecular Thickness ◽  
Physiochemical Properties ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Biological Apatite ◽  
Vertebral Bodies

Objectives. This study aims at examining the ultrastructure of bone-derived biological apatite (BAp) from a series of small vertebrates and the effect of thermal treatment on its physiochemical properties.Materials and Methods. Femurs/fin rays and vertebral bodies of 5 kinds of small vertebrates were firstly analyzed with X-ray microtomography. Subsequently, BAp was obtained with thermal treatment and low power plasma ashing, respectively. The properties of BAp, including morphology, functional groups, and crystal characteristics were then analyzed.Results. The bones of grouper and hairtail were mainly composed of condensed bone. Spongy bone showed different distribution in the bones from frog, rat, and pigeon. No significant difference was found in bone mineral density of condensed bone and trabecular thickness of spongy bone. Only platelet-like crystals were observed for BAp obtained by plasma ashing, while rod-like and irregular crystals were both harvested from the bones treated by sintering. A much higher degree of crystallinity and larger crystal size but a lower content of carbonate were detected in the latter.Conclusion. Platelet-like BAp is the common inorganic component of vertebrate bones. BAp distributing in condensed and spongy bone may exhibit differing thermal reactivity. Thermal treatment may alter BAp’sin vivostructure and composition.

scholarly journals P0869EXOGENOUS OSTEOGENIC FACTOR 1 ADMINISTRATION ATTENUATED VASCULAR CALCIFICATION AND IMPROVED BONE DISORDERS IN CHRONIC UREMIC RATS

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Te Lee ◽  
Hwee-Yeong Ng ◽  
Wen-Lin Chen ◽  
Yuai-Ting Lee
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Vascular Calcification ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Disorders ◽  
Trabecular Thickness ◽  
Bony Structure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fgf 23 ◽  
Osteogenic Factor

Abstract Background and Aims Hyperphosphatemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism are frequent complications in chronic kidney disease (CKD) which both contribute to increased morbidity and mortality in CKD. Osteogenic factor-1 (OP-1) is an important member of BMPs subfamily and its effects on CKD-associated mineral and bone disorders (MBD) is controversial. The study examined whether exogenous OP-1 administration can modulate disturbed CKD-MBD in adenine-induced chronic uremic rats Method Chronic renal failure was induced in adult male SD rats by feeding adenine-containing diet. After adenine diet feeding 3 weeks, animals were injected with OP-1 (5μg/kg/day) intraperitoneally for 2 weeks. The serum and urine phosphorus levels and associated mineral parameters, including fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF-23), DKK-1 and sclerostin were measured. Vascular calcification was assessed by immunohistochemistry staining on aortic tissue. Bony structure was evaluated by microCT (Bruker-microCT, Kontich, Belgium). Results A significant decrease of body weight and deteriorated renal function was observed in adenine and OP-1 treatment groups during study period and serum creatinine levels were similar (5.23 ±1.1 mg/dL vs. 5.4 ±1.2 mg/dL, p>0.05). Animals in OP-1 group had lower serum phosphorous (18.7±5.1 vs. 29.0±9.6 mg/dL, p<0.05) and intact parathyroid hormone levels (2906.1±1206.9 vs. 4669.7±2505.9 pg/dL, p<0.05) compared to adenine group. Decreased urine phosphorous excretion was noted in both groups without significant difference. Levels of serum FGF-23, sclerostin and DKK-1 were significantly lower in OP-1 treatment group (all p< 0.05). OP-1 administration diminished the staining of RUNX2 (59.1±3% of adenine-treated group), alkaline-phosphatase (49.4±5.7%), β-caterin (39.3±1.8%), BMP2 (43.2%±6.7%), and BMP7 (51.9±10%, all p <0.05). MicroCT revealed that bone mineral density was increased by OP-1 treatment (0.46±0.1 vs.0.39±0.06 g/cm3). Total volume was increased but bone volume was not changed. OP-1 administration did not affect trabecular thickness and trabecular number. Conclusion Our data indicated administration of exogenous OP-1 improved hyperparathyroidism and attenuated vascular calcification. OP-1 treatment was also associated with beneficial effects on bony structure in animals with renal failure.

Role of Osteoclast in Preferential Alignment of Biological Apatite (BAp) in Long Bones

2006 ◽  
Vol 512 ◽  
pp. 265-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jee Wook Lee ◽  
Takayoshi Nakano ◽  
Satoru Toyosawa ◽  
Naokuni Ijuhin ◽  
Yasuhiko Tabata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Cells ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Femoral Diaphysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Osteoblast Activity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Biological Apatite ◽  
Preferential Alignment

Absorption and formation of hard tissues are repeated in vivo by the activity of osteoclast and osteoblast, respectively. The preferential alignment of BAp or collagen fibril is thought to be closely related to the activity of the bone cells. In this study, changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and preferential alignment of biological apatite (BAp) were examined focusing on the role of osteoblast using the model of osteopetrotic (op/op) mice in which osteoblast activity was normal but the expression of osteoclast was reduced. Osteopetrotic (op/op) mice and their normal littermates aged 5, 12 and 24 weeks were analyzed. The BMD and BAp texture of femoral diaphysis were measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and a microbeam X-ray diffractometer system with a 50 µmφ diameter beam spot respectively. The decrease in osteoclast expression induced both the reduction of the skeletal system and calcification of the medullary cavity, which are typical features of osteopetrosis. As a result, the shape, BMD and preferential BAp alignment of the femur in the op/op mice were remarkably different from those in the control group. At the center of the femoral diaphysis, BMD in the cortical area showed no significant difference between the two groups, but preferential alignment of the BAp c-axis in the op/op mice group had a lower value than that in the control group. This suggests that the decrease in the number of osteoclasts suppresses normal remodeling, resulting in a decrease in bone quality, especially the preferential alignment of the BAp c-axis.

scholarly journals High Impact Exercise Improves Bone Microstructure and Strength in Growing Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanvir Mustafy ◽  
Irène Londono ◽  
Florina Moldovan ◽  
Isabelle Villemure
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Bone Quality ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Trabecular Thickness ◽  
Proliferative Zone ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Physical activity is beneficial for skeletal development. However, impact sports during adolescence, leading to bone growth retardation and/or bone quality improvement, remains unexplained. This study investigated the effects of in vivo low (LI), medium (MI), and high (HI) impact loadings applied during puberty on bone growth, morphometry and biomechanics using a rat model. 4-week old rats (n = 30) were divided into control, sham, LI, MI, and HI groups. The impact was applied on the right tibiae, 5 days/week for 8 weeks mimicking walking (450 µε), uphill running (850 µε) and jumping (1250 µε) conditions. Trabecular and cortical parameters were determined by micro-CT, bone growth rate by calcein labeling and toluidine blue staining followed by histomorphometry. Bio-mechanical properties were evaluated from bending tests. HI group reduced rat body weight and food consumption compared to shams. Bone growth rate also decreased in MI and HI groups despite developing thicker hypertrophic and proliferative zone heights. HI group showed significant increment in bone mineral density, trabecular thickness, cortical and total surface area. Ultimate load and stiffness were also increased in MI and HI groups. We conclude that impact loading during adolescence reduces bone growth moderately but improves bone quality and biomechanics at the end of the growing period.

Change in Biological Apatite Orientation in Beagle Mandible

2010 ◽  
Vol 654-656 ◽  
pp. 2216-2219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wataru Fujitani ◽  
Takayoshi Nakano
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Functional Adaptation ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Normal Side ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Root Region ◽  
Biological Apatite ◽  
Molar Extraction

The orientation of biological apatite (BAp) is one of the bone quality parameters dominating bone mechanical function. In the mandible, the preferential orientation of the BAp c-axis changes depending on alteration of the in vivo stress condition induced by a change in the biting stress. In this study, to clarify the functional adaptation of the preferential BAp orientation and bone mineral density (BMD), all beagle mandibular molars on one side were extracted to remove the biting stress, leading to changes in both BAp orientation and BMD. The BMD exhibited discontinuous distribution around the first molar, mainly responsible for mastication, on the normal side. However, the distribution was continuous along the mesiodistal axis of the edentulous side. The preferential BAp orientation was analyzed in mandibular cross-sections at the first molar root region. Molar extraction led to a change in the BAp orientation: immediately under the root region on the lingual sides, two-dimensional preferential alignment in the mesiodistal and biting directions of the normal side changed to one-dimensional alignment along the mesiodistal axis of the edentulous side. One-dimensional alignment was also observed on the buccal sides irrespective of molar extraction. These findings clarify the close relationship between in vivo biting stress and the preferential BAp orientation, and will be useful clinically for diagnosis, implant placement, and so on.

scholarly journals Using Transgenic Mice to Explore the Effect of il-17rc Gene Knockout on Bone Metabolism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Yu ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
Guoliang Zhang ◽  
Song Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Interleukin 17 ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Trabecular Thickness ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract ObjectiveTo investigate whether interleukin-17 receptor C (il-17rc) gene knockout leads to systemic osteoporosis in transgenic mice. MethodsThe immunohistochemistry and micro computed tomography (micro-CT) were used to analyze the condition of vertebral cancellous bone in 3-month healthy female wild-type C57BL/6 mice (control group) and il-17rc gene knockout C57BL/6 mice (experimental group). ResultsWild type C57BL/6 mice had higher bone density per unit volume (0.52 ± 0.12 vs. 0.47 ± 0.05, P = 0.028) (g/cm3), more trabecular connections (8.97 ± 1.46 vs. 5.59 ± 3.15, P = 0.017) (1/mm), thicker trabecular thickness (0.16 ± 0.08 vs. 0.10 ± 0.04, P = 0.029) (1/mm) and the number of trabeculae was more (5.01 ± 0.33 vs. 3.16 ± 0.37, P = 0.038) (1/mm) than mut-il-17rc mice. In addition, the results of micro-CT also showed that the osteoporosis of il-17rc gene knockout C57BL/6 mice was mainly manifested in T13 (P = 0.039), L1 (P = 0.035), L3 (P = 0.018), L5 (P = 0.021) and L6 (P = 0.036), but the mean bone mineral density between L2 (P = 0.317) and L4 (P = 0.242) was no significant difference between the two groups. ConclusionIL-17/il-17rs signal axis is widely distributed in the animal skeletal system and is one of the important signal pathways regulating bone metabolism. Knockout of il-17rc gene can lead to the occurrence of osteoporosis in model animals.

BONY TRABECULAR MICRO-STRUCTURE AND POROSITY WITH AGE IN YOUNG RABBIT’S FEMUR: IN-VIVO STUDY

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (6-8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khairunnisa Abd Manan ◽  
Sulaiman Md Dom
Keyword(s):  
Total Porosity ◽  
Average Intensity ◽  
Mechanical Index ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Bone Morphology ◽  
Trabecular Thickness ◽  
Trabecular Microstructure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ct Analysis

The established of micro computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis software make it compatible to use to determine abnormality of bone morphology. This study investigated 90 new rabbits for bony trabecular microstructure and porosity after their dams were exposed to ultrasound at the second stage of pregnancy (duration - 90 minutes; frequency - 7.09 MHz; spatial peak temporal average intensity (SPTA) - 49.4 W/cm2; power - 56 W; thermal index (TI) - 0.2; mechanical index (MI) - 1.0). A femur of five groups of litters (n = 18 litters per group): 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 month-old was excised and scanned using SkyscanTM 1176. For total porosity, a significant difference was shown in at two month-old group (p = 0.017). A significant difference was also shown in bony trabecular thickness for three month-old group (p < 0.05). For trabecular separation, there was a significant difference at four month-old group (p = 0.040). This study suggested that there might be some significant differences in bony trabecular structure and total porosity with ages. This may be due to heat created by ultrasound exposure, which can apply effect to bone morphology. To determine whether the findings are applicable to human, clinical trials should be carried out in the future.

scholarly journals Does Bisphosphonate Increase the Sclerosis of Tibial Subchondral Bone in the Progression of Knee Osteoarthritis—A Propensity Score Matching Cohort Study Based on Osteoarthritis Initiative

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyang Li ◽  
Yong Nie ◽  
Yi Zeng ◽  
Yuangang Wu ◽  
Yuan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
Subchondral Bone ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Trabecular Thickness ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Osteoarthritis Initiative

Bisphosphonate has great potential in KOA therapy, but whether the anti-resorption mechanism of bisphosphonate aggravates sclerosis of subchondral bone remains unclear. We found that bisphosphonate use did not increase sclerosis of subchondral bone in established KOA, perhaps resolving some concerns about bisphosphonate in patients with KOA.Introduction: Most studies have focused on the protective effect of bisphosphonate on early knee osteoarthritis (KOA) through its anti-resorption mechanism in osteoclasts. However, late KOA has a decreased rate of resorption, which is the opposite of early KOA. The risk of subchondral bone sclerosis in late KOA after using bisphosphonate has not been investigated using morphometry.Methods: Forty-five patients who had ever used bisphosphonate (or 33 patients with current use) were matched with controls through propensity matching methods, including age, body mass index (BMI), sex, health status (12-Item Short Form Survey physical health score), physical activity level (Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly score), vitamin D use, and calcium use. At the baseline and 12-month (or 18-month) follow-up, bone mineral density (BMD) of the tibia and hip was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and medial tibial subchondral bone morphometry: bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) were calculated based on 3-T trabecular MRI. Data were obtained from the Bone Ancillary Study in the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) project.Results: The yearly percentage change in hip BMD of the current bisphosphonate-use group was significantly greater than that of the non-bisphosphonate-use group (0.7% vs. −1%, P = 0.02). The other outcomes (BV/TV, Tb.N, Tb.Sp, Tb.Th, tibia medial BMD, and tibia lateral BMD) between the two groups presented no significant difference. The non-bisphosphonate-use group experienced a significant increase in Tb.Th [2%, 95% CI = (1%, 4%), P = 0.01], while the bisphosphonate-use group presented no significant change [1%, 95% CI = (−2%, 4%), P = 0.54].Conclusions: Bisphosphonate use did not increase sclerosis of subchondral bone in established KOA. Bisphosphonate might have a stage-dependent effect on subchondral bone in KOA initiation and progression.

Variation in Bone Quality during Regenerative Process

2007 ◽  
Vol 539-543 ◽  
pp. 675-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayoshi Nakano ◽  
Takuya Ishimoto ◽  
Yukichi Umakoshi ◽  
Yasuhiko Tabata
Keyword(s):  
Bone Quality ◽  
Regenerative Process ◽  
Hard Tissue ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Engineering Technique ◽  
Biological Apatite ◽  
Tissue Engineering Technique ◽  
Preferential Alignment

Since preferential orientation of c-axis of biological apatite (BAp) crystallites depends strongly on the shape of hard tissue, closely relating to the in vivo stress distribution, it is a useful parameter to judge the bone quality. In this study, preferential alignment of BAp crystallites in original and regenerated hard tissues were analyzed by the micro-beam X-ray diffractometer (μ-XRD) with a beam spot of 50 or 100 μm in diameter. Regenerating processes of bone defects introduced artificially in the rabbit ulna or skull were healed by inserting a biodegradable gelatin hydrogel incorporating basic fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). Recovery of BAp orientation alignment depends strongly on the regenerated portion and period, which is insufficient to recover the original level, while bone mineral density (BMD) is almost improved to the original level. This means that BMD recovers prior to improvement of the BAp orientation and the related mechanical function in the regenerated tissues. Thus, reloading on the regenerated portion caused by BMD restoration is suggested to accelerate to produce the appropriate BAp preferential alignment due to the remodeling process. The BAp orientation was finally concluded to be one of the most important indices to check the regenerative degree and process in the regenerated bone under the tissue engineering technique.

scholarly journals Micro-computed tomography and mechanical evaluation of trabecular bone structure in osteopenic and osteoporotic fractures

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 230949901769271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fırat Ozan ◽  
Mahmut Pekedis ◽  
Şemmi Koyuncu ◽  
Taşkın Altay ◽  
Hasan Yıldız ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Osteoporotic Fractures ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Trabecular Thickness ◽  
Significant Difference

Purpose: Osteopenia and osteoporosis are the two most common musculoskeletal disorders in the elderly population. We determined whether osteopenic and osteoporotic patients with fractures exhibit differences in trabecular morphology and biomechanical properties of bone. Methods: Fourteen osteopenic patients and 28 osteoporotic patients with hip fractures who underwent hemiarthroplasty for proximal femoral fractures caused by low-energy injury were included. Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements were performed. Compression tests and high-resolution micro-computed tomography were used to assess cancellous bone samples obtained from the principal compressive region of the femoral head. Results: The BMD values were lower in the osteoporotic patients than in the osteopenic patients ( p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the yield stress values between the groups ( p < 0.05). However, no significant differences in the strain energy density, stiffness and Young’s modulus were observed between the groups ( p > 0.05). The mean maximum stress was significantly higher in the osteoporotic patients than in the osteopenic patients ( p < 0.05). Although structural parameters, including bone volume (BV), BV fraction, trabecular thickness, trabecular connectivity density and trabecular number, were higher in the osteopenic patients, the differences were not significant ( p > 0.05). Trabecular separation values were significantly higher in the osteoporotic patients ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our results showed that the trabecular morphology and biomechanical properties of bone were not significantly different between osteopenic and osteoporotic patients in terms of some parameters.

scholarly journals Pax5 Negatively Regulates Osteoclastogenesis through Downregulation of Blimp1

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2097
Author(s):  
Jiyeon Yu ◽  
Sumi Kim ◽  
Nari Lee ◽  
Hyoeun Jeon ◽  
Jun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Lineage Specification ◽  
Bone Volume Fraction ◽  
Trabecular Thickness ◽  
Negative Role

Paired box protein 5 (Pax5) is a crucial transcription factor responsible for B-cell lineage specification and commitment. In this study, we identified a negative role of Pax5 in osteoclastogenesis. The expression of Pax5 was time-dependently downregulated by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK) ligand (RANKL) stimulation in osteoclastogenesis. Osteoclast (OC) differentiation and bone resorption were inhibited (68.9% and 48% reductions, respectively) by forced expression of Pax5 in OC lineage cells. Pax5 led to the induction of antiosteoclastogenic factors through downregulation of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp1). To examine the negative role of Pax5 in vivo, we generated Pax5 transgenic (Pax5Tg) mice expressing the human Pax5 transgene under the control of the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) promoter, which is expressed mainly in OC lineage cells. OC differentiation and bone resorption were inhibited (54.2–76.9% and 24.0–26.2% reductions, respectively) in Pax5Tg mice, thereby contributing to the osteopetrotic-like bone phenotype characterized by increased bone mineral density (13.0–13.6% higher), trabecular bone volume fraction (32.5–38.1% higher), trabecular thickness (8.4–9.0% higher), and trabecular number (25.5–26.7% higher) and decreased trabecular spacing (9.3–10.4% lower) compared to wild-type control mice. Furthermore, the number of OCs was decreased (48.8–65.3% reduction) in Pax5Tg mice. These findings indicate that Pax5 plays a negative role in OC lineage specification and commitment through Blimp1 downregulation. Thus, our data suggest that the Pax5–Blimp1 axis is crucial for the regulation of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document