scholarly journals The Male Reproductive Cycle of the Spotted Toad-Headed Agama,Phrynocephalus maculatus, in Iran

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Soheila Rahmani ◽  
Vida Hojati
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Tunica Albuginea ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Germinal Layer ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
The Right ◽  
Semnan Province

The spotted toad-headed agama,Phrynocephalus maculatus, distributed in the central and southeastern arid regions of Iran, belongs to the Agamidae family. In this research, the male reproductive cycle of this species was studied from 5 April to 5 August, 2013. Totally, 40 adult males were collected at midday from southern deserts of Damghan County, located in Semnan Province of Iran. Testes were removed and processed for morphometric and histological studies. The spermatogenic cycle begins from early April, mating occurs in mid-May, and it ends in August. Maximum reproductive activity occurs in early June and reduces from early July and ends in August. The numbers of seminal vesicles were 33–127 and their diameter varied between 69.0 and 258.3 microns. The diameter of tunica albuginea varied between 3.0 and 8.1 microns. The diameter of germinal layer varied between 10.0 and 110.0 microns. There were significant differences in macroscopic and microscopic testicular characters between months. Also, there were no significant differences in the testicular and hemipenal characters between the left side and the right side of body. Since spermatogenesis occurs from April through August,P. maculatusfollows an associated reproductive cycle typical for temperate species.

scholarly journals The Female Reproductive Cycle of the Bedriaga Plate-Tailed Gecko,Teratoscincus bedriagai(Sauria: Gekkonidae) in Iran

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Mojibi ◽  
Vida Hojati
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Eastern Desert ◽  
Central Plateau ◽  
Oocyte Growth ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Desert Regions ◽  
Semnan Province

The Bedriaga Plate-tailed Gecko,Teratoscincus bedriagaiNikolsky, 1900, is distributed in the northern and eastern desert basins of the Central Plateau of Iran, Sistan, and the desert regions of southern Afghanistan. Iranian specimens are believed to be rare in collections. In this study, the reproductive cycle of this species has been investigated through focusing on oogenesis from 5 April to 5 August, 2013. Generally, 15 adult females were collected by hand at midnight from southern parts of Damghan County, situated in Semnan Province of Iran. Ovaries were removed and processed for the purpose of histological and morphometric studies. The results revealed that oocyte growth starts in early April and terminates in late July. Moreover, mating commences in spring, especially at the beginning of May, with oviposition occurring from late May to late July. Approximately, 1 to 2 eggs are laid by females per clutch with the possibility of producing a secondary clutch later in the season. The maximum reproductive activity takes place in May and continues with a decreasing trend in June and more reduction in July and finally ends in August. No significant difference was observed between right and left side of reproductive system. Therefore, oogenesis occurs from April to July, whileT. bedriagaifollows an oogenic cycle typical for temperate species.

Reproduction of the Spinifex Hopping Mouse (Notomys-Alexis) in the Natural-Environment

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
WG Breed
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Field Trips ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Sexually Mature

Seven field trips to Curtin Springs Station, in the south of the Northern Territory (two in July and five in December-January), were carried out between July 1984 and January 1991 to investigate the reproductive activity of spinifex hopping mice in the natural environment. Gonadal activity was determined from most samples of animals collected. Pregnant animals were present on only one occasion (December 1988-January 1989), but two females collected in December 1985 had corpora lutea in their ovaries. Most adult males were, by contrast, sexually mature, as indicated by germ-cell associations in the seminiferous tubules, spermatozoa in the excurrent ducts, and secretion in the lumina of the ventral prostates and seminal vesicles. Nevertheless, the testes were invariably very small, 2-4 germ-cell associations were sometimes present in tubule cross-sections, epididymal spermatozoa were highly pleiomorphic and seminal vesicles minute. Such morphological traits are thus invariable features of the reproductive biology of males of this species.

Changes in the Male Reproductive Organs of the Dugong, Dugong dugon (Sirenia: Dugondidae) with Age and Reproductive Activity

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 721 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Marsh ◽  
GE Heinsohn ◽  
TD Glover
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Growth Layer ◽  
Male Reproductive Tract ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Quantitative Examination ◽  
Testicular Histology

The anatomy and histology of the male reproductive tract of the dugong (Dugong dugon) is described. Each testis and its adjacent epididymis lie immediately caudal to the corresponding kidney. The seminal vesicles are large but there is no discrete prostate gland and the bulbo-urethral glands are also diffuse. Both qualitative and quantitative examination of the testes and epididymides of 59 males whose ages have been estimated from tusk dentinal growth layer counts indicate that the male dugong does not produce spermatozoa continuously, despite the absence of a distinct breeding season. Individual dugongs were observed with testes at all stages between complete quiescence and full spermatogenesis, and only 10 of the 40 mature males had fully spermatogenic testes and epididymides packed with spermatozoa. Androgenic and spermatogenic activity of the testes appeared to be in phase, but the testicular histology of some old males suggested that they may have been sterile for long periods.

scholarly journals Adult Male’s Penile Size Measurement and Its Affecting Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Mikhael San Putra Wijanarko ◽  
Cathelin Stella ◽  
Gian Oktavianto
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
General Population ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Size Measurement ◽  
Affecting Factors ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
The Right

Background: In the general population, it is estimated that 91% of adult males perceive their penile size to be smaller than average. Concern about penile size can affect one’s self-esteem, which then affects its sexual function, satisfaction, as well as physical and mental health. Therefore, accurate penile measurements are needed for clinical and academic purposes. Reviews: Measurement of penile size can be performed in an erect, stretched, even flaccid condition. However, from various researches, there is no standardization of such a measurement method. Various researches have carried out average penile measurement but many factors can affect these results such as race, genital conditions, systemic diseases, surgical procedures, and aging.  Summary: There is no internationally agreed way of measuring an adult male's penis and many other factors can make the results of penile measurements vary. Proper measurement and finding out the right average of penile size in adult male with regard to other affecting factors, will be indispensable for both clinical and academic purposes.

scholarly journals Actividad reproductiva y dieta de Hemidactylus frenatus (Sauria: Gekkonidae) en el norte de Colombia

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (36) ◽  
pp. 459
Author(s):  
Jorge A. Díaz-Pérez ◽  
Alcides C. Sampedro-Marín ◽  
Martha P. Ramírez-Pinilla
Keyword(s):  
Diet Composition ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Environmental Availability ◽  
Hemidactylus Frenatus

Despite its success as an invasive species, little is known about the ecological aspects of the gekkonid lizard Hemidactylus frenatus in Colombia. In the present study the size at maturity, sexual dimorphism, reproductive activity, and diet composition of a population of this species in an urban locality of Northern Colombia were determined. We conducted eleven samplings from September 2011 to August 2012 in buildings of the municipality of Sincelejo. A total of 264 specimens H. frenatus were captured, 112 were adult females, 133 adult males and 19 juveniles. Males reach sexual maturity at a smaller size (snout-vent length) than females (males: 35.7 mm; females: 42.7 mm), also they are larger and have proportionally larger heads and mouths than females. Males were reproductive throughout the year; although testicular volume varied significantly between samples, this variation was not associated with body size and precipitation in the study area. Reproductive adult females were found during all the sampling period. Females have an invariable clutch size of two eggs and we found no differences in the diameter and weight of eggs in each oviduct. The diet of H. frenatus is varied, with Diptera, Hemiptera and Formicidae being the prey types with the greatest relative importance values. Individuals of both sexes consume a similar volume and number of prey. Thus, the studied population of H. frenatus has continuous reproductive activity and a generalist-opportunistic feeding behavior. The climatic conditions of the study area, environmental availability of prey and intrinsic features of this species appear to be responsible for their abundance and colonizing success in this and other localities.

Body mass changes in male Daubenton's bats Myotis daubentonii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) during the seasonal activity period

Mammalia ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge A. Encarnação ◽  
Markus Dietz ◽  
Uwe Kierdorf ◽  
Volkmar Wolters
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Body Mass Changes ◽  
Myotis Daubentonii ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Juvenile Males ◽  
Wallis Anova

Body mass changes of adult and juvenile male Daubenton’s bats were studied in a summer habitat in Hesse (Germany) in the years 1998-2001. Animals from the resident population were regularly captured along the flight path from April to October, and body mass was determined using a digital balance. Body mass of adult individuals differed significantly among fortnightly periods (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA by ranks: H = 141.75, p < 0.001). Body mass increased significantly from the second half of April (median: 7.0 g) to the first half of May (median: 7.8 g). Between the second half of May and the first half of August, median body mass fluctuated between 7.8 g and 8.3 g. From the second half of July (median: 7.9 g) to the second half of August (median: 8.4 g), and the second half of September (median: 9.3 g) body mass again significantly increased. The highest median body mass (9.6 g) was recorded in the second half of October. Median body mass of juvenile males ranged between 6.5 g in the first half of July and 8.5 g in the second half of October. Differences in body mass over the studied period were significant (H = 21.70, p < 0.01). During the months July, August, and September, body mass of adult males was significantly higher than that of juveniles, whereas in October the difference was no longer of statistical significance. It is suggested that the decrease in body mass observed in some adult males in September was related to their reproductive activity.

442 ULTRASONOGRAPHIC TESTICULAR ECHOTEXTURE IN NELORE BULLS

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
D. S. Costa ◽  
F. J. C. Faria ◽  
J. C. Borges
Keyword(s):  
Tunica Albuginea ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Ultrasound Waves ◽  
Scanning Area ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lilliefors Test ◽  
Pixel Value ◽  
Portable Ultrasonography ◽  
The Right

The objective of this research was to determine the minimum area representative of the testicular parenchyma echotexture in Nelore bulls, and to evaluate the presence of echotexture homogeneity between the right and left testicles and between different regions of testicle. Twenty-nine Nelore bulls raised under extensive management and free of reproductive disorders were used. The average body weight was 352.8 ± 51.0 kg and age ranged between 18 and 24 months. Echotexture was assessed using a portable ultrasonography device equipped with a 7.5-MHz linear transducer. All measurement was done by a single, experienced operator, and scanner settings that affect image attributes (i.e. proximal, distal, and total gains; focus area; brightness and contrast) were standardized to predetermined values. In the examinations, a layer of gel was applied to the transducer scanning area, which was positioned in the testicular longitudinal plane, proceeding with enough pressure to capture an image. The frozen images were obtained with minimal artifacts (refraction, dispersion, and attenuation of ultrasound waves) taking care to avoid the mediastinum testis and tunica albuginea, and recorded as .bmp files in a USB pen drive connected to the ultrasound device. Echotexture was defined in terms of mean pixel value quantified using values from 0 (black) to 255 (white) through the ImageJ 1.41 software. After the selection of a specific area of testicular parenchyma, the average tonality of the gray pixels in the selected region was calculated by the software and expressed in 256 gray-scales. Squares selections of 400 (20 × 20), 1600 (40 × 40), 3600 (60 × 60), and 6400 (80 × 80) pixels were assessed from images of the extremitas capitata, middle, and extremitas caudata regions of both testicles to determine the minimum sampling area of an image needed to represent the echotexture of testicular parenchyma. The normal distribution verification (Lilliefors test) of the variable mean pixel value was tested in each area, followed by variance analysis. The averages were compared through Tukey’s test with 5% significance. There was no significant difference between the different pixel areas assessed (P > 0.05), indicating that all were samples representative of testicular echotexture. Furthermore, the extremitas capitata, middle, and extremitas caudata regions showed no significant difference in echotexture (P > 0.05) regardless of the area analyzed, and there was no significant difference between the right and left testicles (P > 0.05) in any of the assessed areas. In conclusion, this research shows that testicular echotexture assessments can be made in Nelore bulls through selections of 400, 1600, 3600, or 6400 pixels, and that images can be captured from any region of any testicle. Fundect - Fundação deApoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, CiÊncia e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul.

100 Reproductive cycle and pregnancy monitoring in the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) through salivary steroid analyses and transabdominal ultrasonography

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
J. Wojtusik ◽  
I. M. C. Brandicourt ◽  
W. Rice ◽  
T. L. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Transabdominal Ultrasonography ◽  
Hippopotamus Amphibius ◽  
Steroid Analysis ◽  
The Common

The common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) is listed as vulnerable to extinction by the IUCN due to a significant decrease in population size, caused by habitat loss and poaching. Ex situ populations can help ensure against species loss, but careful reproductive management is essential to maintain sustainable populations. Hormone monitoring allows for characterisation of the reproductive cycle and gestation, offering insight into timing of receptivity and conception and facilitating pregnancy diagnosis and estimation of parturition date. Fecal steroid analysis has been validated for measuring progestogens in hippos. However, hippos are often housed in groups and frequently defecate in the water, making sample collection and source identification difficult. Salivary steroid analysis has been employed for monitoring reproductive activity in several species, but has not been tested in hippos. Additionally, transabdominal ultrasonography has proven valuable in diagnosing and monitoring pregnancy in many large mammals, but efficacy in the common hippo is unknown. The goals of this project were to (1) validate the use of an enzyme immunoassay to monitor progestogens in hippo saliva, (2) confirm that salivary progestogen profiles accurately reflect reproductive activity, (3) determine if transabdominal ultrasonography can be used to diagnose pregnancy, and, if so, (4) monitor and characterise fetal development via weekly examinations. Saliva (4-7 per week) and fecal (2-7 per week) samples were collected from 7 adult female hippos housed at 3 USA facilities over 3-7 months. Saliva and fecal samples were extracted in ethanol and extracts diluted (1:2 to 1:10 and 1:25 to 1:500, respectively) before evaluation by enzyme immunoassay (Progesterone mini-kit; Arbor Assays). Parallelism was confirmed between serially diluted fecal (r2=0.993) and saliva (r2=0.990) samples and the standard curve. Inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation were maintained at &lt;10%. Comparison of fecal and saliva progestogen concentrations revealed a strong correlation between the 2 sample types (r2=0.848) and suggested that saliva offers a comparable alternative. Both fecal and saliva extracts exhibited elevated progestogens during luteal phases and gestation. One nulliparous female housed at the Cincinnati Zoo &amp; Botanical Garden (Cincinnati, OH, USA) was trained for voluntary transabdominal ultrasound exams. An Ibex Pro portable ultrasound machine (E.I. Medical Imaging, Loveland, CO, USA) with curvilinear probe (5-2.5MHz) was used at a scanning depth of 17.8 and 23.4cm. Intrauterine fluid and possible fetal tissue were observed 79 days following the last confirmed mating. Spine, rib cage, and beating heart were clearly visible at ~156 days of gestation. Ultrasound procedures were continued until the premature birth of a calf at ~181 days (normal hippo gestation ~231 days). Salivary progestogen monitoring and transabdominal ultrasonography appear suitable for tracking reproductive activity and diagnosing and monitoring pregnancy in the common hippo.

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