scholarly journals Disorders of the Oral Cavity in Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonian Syndromes

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yair Zlotnik ◽  
Yacov Balash ◽  
Amos D. Korczyn ◽  
Nir Giladi ◽  
Tanya Gurevich
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Orofacial Pain ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Body ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Nonmotor Symptoms ◽  
Parkinsonian Syndromes

Awareness of nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease is growing during the last decade. Among these, oral cavity disorders are, although prevalent, often neglected by the patients, their caregivers, and physicians. Some of these disorders include increased prevalence of caries and periodontal disease, sialorrhea and drooling, xerostomia, orofacial pain, bruxism, and taste impairment. Though many of these disorders are not fully understood yet and relatively few controlled trials have been published regarding their treatment, physicians should be aware of the body of evidence that does exist on these topics. This paper reviews current knowledge regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment options of disorders of the oral cavity in Parkinson’s disease patients.

scholarly journals Parkinson's Disease and Sleep/Wake Disturbances

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd J. Swick
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Rem Sleep Behavior Disorder ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Nonmotor Symptoms ◽  
Sleep Behavior

Parkinson's disease (PD) has traditionally been characterized by its cardinal motor symptoms of bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability. However, PD is increasingly being recognized as a multidimensional disease associated with myriad nonmotor symptoms including autonomic dysfunction, mood disorders, cognitive impairment, pain, gastrointestinal disturbance, impaired olfaction, psychosis, and sleep disorders. Sleep disturbances, which include sleep fragmentation, daytime somnolence, sleep-disordered breathing, restless legs syndrome (RLS), nightmares, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), are estimated to occur in 60% to 98% of patients with PD. For years nonmotor symptoms received little attention from clinicians and researchers, but now these symptoms are known to be significant predictors of morbidity in determining quality of life, costs of disease, and rates of institutionalization. A discussion of the clinical aspects, pathophysiology, evaluation techniques, and treatment options for the sleep disorders that are encountered with PD is presented.

Clinical review of treatment options for select nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 294-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindy D. Wood ◽  
Joshua J. Neumiller ◽  
Stephen M. Setter ◽  
Erin K. Dobbins
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Clinical Review ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Nonmotor Symptoms

scholarly journals Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Parkinson’s Disease: Impact on Neuronal Survival and Plasticity

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Regensburger ◽  
Iryna Prots ◽  
Beate Winner
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Disease Mechanisms ◽  
Newborn Neurons

In Parkinson’s disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies, chronic neurodegeneration occurs within different areas of the central nervous system leading to progressive motor and nonmotor symptoms. The symptomatic treatment options that are currently available do not slow or halt disease progression. This highlights the need of a better understanding of disease mechanisms and disease models. The generation of newborn neurons in the adult hippocampus and in the subventricular zone/olfactory bulb system is affected by many different regulators and possibly involved in memory processing, depression, and olfaction, symptoms which commonly occur in PD. The pathology of the adult neurogenic niches in human PD patients is still mostly elusive, but different preclinical models have shown profound alterations of adult neurogenesis. Alterations in stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival as well as neurite outgrowth and spine formation have been related to different aspects in PD pathogenesis. Therefore, neurogenesis in the adult brain provides an ideal model to study disease mechanisms and compounds. In addition, adult newborn neurons have been proposed as a source of endogenous repair. Herein, we review current knowledge about the adult neurogenic niches in PD and highlight areas of future research.

scholarly journals Altered cardiorespiratory regulation during exercise in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A challenging non-motor feature

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 205031212092160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeann L Sabino-Carvalho ◽  
Lauro C Vianna
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Motor Impairments ◽  
Patients Experience

The incidence of Parkinson’s disease is increasing worldwide. The motor dysfunctions are the hallmark of the disease, but patients also experience non-motor impairments, and over 40% of the patients experience coexistent abnormalities, such as orthostatic hypotension. Exercise training has been suggested as a coping resource to alleviate Parkinson’s disease symptoms and delay disease progression. However, the body of knowledge is showing that the cardiovascular response to exercise in patients with Parkinson’s disease is altered. Adequate cardiovascular and hemodynamic adjustments to exercise are necessary to meet the metabolic demands of working skeletal muscle properly. Therefore, since Parkinson’s disease affects parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system and the latter are crucial in ensuring these adjustments are adequately made, the understanding of these responses during exercise in this population is necessary. Several neural control mechanisms are responsible for the autonomic changes in the cardiovascular and hemodynamic systems seen during exercise. In this sense, the purpose of the present work is to review the current knowledge regarding the cardiovascular responses to dynamic and isometric/resistance exercise as well as the mechanisms by which the body maintains appropriate perfusion pressure to all organs during exercise in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Results from patients with Parkinson’s disease and animal models of Parkinson’s disease provide the reader with a well-rounded knowledge base. Through this, we will highlight what is known and not known about how the neural control of circulation is responding during exercise and the adaptations that occur when individuals exercise regularly.

scholarly journals Environment, Genetics and Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judes Poirier ◽  
Sandra Kogan ◽  
Serge Gauthier
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Idiopathic Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinsonian Syndromes ◽  
Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Radical Generation ◽  
Review Current ◽  
Aging Factor

ABSTRACT:Since Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) was first described more than 170 years ago, there have been major advances in the understanding of the etiology of the disease as well as in its treatment. This article will review current knowledge concerning the role of the environment, genetic hypotheses and the aging factor in the etiology of IPD and proposes a complex interaction involving all these factors. Hypotheses regarding mitochondrial inhibition and free radical generation in IPD are discussed in relation to the mechanism of action of neurotoxins known to produce parkinsonian syndromes.

scholarly journals Diagnosis, treatment and management of apathy in Parkinson’s disease: a scoping review

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e037632
Author(s):  
Bria Mele ◽  
Shinia Van ◽  
Jayna Holroyd-Leduc ◽  
Zahinoor Ismail ◽  
Tamara Pringsheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cochrane Central Register

ObjectiveTo conduct a scoping review of the literature on apathy in Parkinson’s disease (PD), to better understand how apathy in Parkinson’s disease is diagnosed, treated and managed.MethodsMEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Control Trials and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched to 17 May 2017. An updated review was run from 17 May 2017 to 28 January 2019. The grey literature was searched using the CADTH Grey Matters tool. Original peer-reviewed research was included if it included individuals with PD and apathy. Non-original data was only included if it was in the form of meta-analysis. All information regarding diagnosis, treatment and management of PD was extracted. Citation screening and extraction were performed in duplicate.ResultsFrom 11 375 citations, 362 articles were included in the final review. The majority of included studies focussed on prevalence, with few studies examining treatment. Twenty screening tools for apathy were identified. Fifty per cent of treatment studies were randomised control trials (RCTs). RCTs applied treatment methods including: exercise, mindfulness, rotigotine (Neupro) transdermal patch and rivastigmine (Exelon).ConclusionsThis review identified a large body of literature describing current knowledge on diagnosing, treating and managing apathy in PD. Future research should aim to detect an ideal screening tool for apathy in PD, to identify the best treatment options for apathy and the variety of comorbidities it may present with and finally aim to better understand postoperative apathy in those with deep brain stimulation.

scholarly journals Understanding the Potential of Genome Editing in Parkinson’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (17) ◽  
pp. 9241
Author(s):  
David Arango ◽  
Amaury Bittar ◽  
Natalia P. Esmeral ◽  
Camila Ocasión ◽  
Carolina Muñoz-Camargo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gene Therapies ◽  
Therapy Targets ◽  
Cost Efficient

CRISPR is a simple and cost-efficient gene-editing technique that has become increasingly popular over the last decades. Various CRISPR/Cas-based applications have been developed to introduce changes in the genome and alter gene expression in diverse systems and tissues. These novel gene-editing techniques are particularly promising for investigating and treating neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, for which we currently lack efficient disease-modifying treatment options. Gene therapy could thus provide treatment alternatives, revolutionizing our ability to treat this disease. Here, we review our current knowledge on the genetic basis of Parkinson’s disease to highlight the main biological pathways that become disrupted in Parkinson’s disease and their potential as gene therapy targets. Next, we perform a comprehensive review of novel delivery vehicles available for gene-editing applications, critical for their successful application in both innovative research and potential therapies. Finally, we review the latest developments in CRISPR-based applications and gene therapies to understand and treat Parkinson’s disease. We carefully examine their advantages and shortcomings for diverse gene-editing applications in the brain, highlighting promising avenues for future research.

SPECT-Befunde bei Hemiparkinson-Syndrom mit 99mTc-HMPAO

1989 ◽  
Vol 28 (03) ◽  
pp. 92-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Neumann ◽  
H. Baas ◽  
R. Hefner ◽  
G. Hör
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Tracer Uptake ◽  
The Body ◽  
99Mtc Hmpao ◽  
Do So

The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease often begin on one side of the body and continue to do so as the disease progresses. First SPECT results in 4 patients with hemiparkinsonism using 99mTc-HMPAO as perfusion marker are reported. Three patients exhibited reduced tracer uptake in the contralateral basal ganglia One patient who was under therapy for 1 year, showed a different perfusion pattern with reduced uptake in both basal ganglia. These results might indicate reduced perfusion secondary to reduced striatal neuronal activity.

Rapid Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease from Sebum using Paper Spray Ionisation Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Depanjan Sarkar ◽  
Drupad Trivedi ◽  
Eleanor Sinclair ◽  
Sze Hway Lim ◽  
Caitlin Walton-Doyle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Ion Mobility ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Paper Spray ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Validation Set

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder for which identification of robust biomarkers to complement clinical PD diagnosis would accelerate treatment options and help to stratify disease progression. Here we demonstrate the use of paper spray ionisation coupled with ion mobility mass spectrometry (PSI IM-MS) to determine diagnostic molecular features of PD in sebum. PSI IM-MS was performed directly from skin swabs, collected from 34 people with PD and 30 matched control subjects as a training set and a further 91 samples from 5 different collection sites as a validation set. PSI IM-MS elucidates ~ 4200 features from each individual and we report two classes of lipids (namely phosphatidylcholine and cardiolipin) that differ significantly in the sebum of people with PD. Putative metabolite annotations are obtained using tandem mass spectrometry experiments combined with accurate mass measurements. Sample preparation and PSI IM-MS analysis and diagnosis can be performed ~5 minutes per sample offering a new route to for rapid and inexpensive confirmatory diagnosis of this disease.

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