scholarly journals Inferring Diversity and Evolution in Fish by Means of Integrative Molecular Cytogenetics

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Ferreira Artoni ◽  
Jonathan Pena Castro ◽  
Uedson Pereira Jacobina ◽  
Paulo Augusto Lima-Filho ◽  
Gideão Wagner Werneck Félix da Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetics ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Fish Chromosomes ◽  
Population Structuring ◽  
The Will

Fish constitute a paraphyletic and profusely diversified group that has historically puzzled ichthyologists. Hard efforts are necessary to better understand this group, due to its extensive diversity. New species are often identified and it leads to questions about their phylogenetic aspects. Cytogenetics is becoming an important biodiversity-detection tool also used to measure biodiversity evolutionary aspects. Molecular cytogenetics by fluorescencein situhybridization (FISH) allowed integrating quantitative and qualitative data from DNA sequences and their physical location in chromosomes and genomes. Although there is no intention on presenting a broader review, the current study presents some evidences on the need of integrating molecular cytogenetic data to other evolutionary biology tools to more precisely infer cryptic species detection, population structuring in marine environments, intra- and interspecific karyoevolutionary aspects of freshwater groups, evolutionary dynamics of marine fish chromosomes, and the origin and differentiation of sexual and B chromosomes. The new cytogenetic field, called cytogenomics, is spreading due to its capacity to give resolute answers to countless questions that cannot be answered by traditional methodologies. Indeed, the association between chromosomal markers and DNA sequencing as well as between biological diversity analysis methodologies and phylogenetics triggers the will to search for answers about fish evolutionary, taxonomic, and structural features.

Progress in the molecular cytogenetics of man

1988 ◽  
Vol 319 (1194) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetics ◽  
Chromosome Analysis ◽  
Parental Origin ◽  
Human Chromosomes ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
Chromosome Deletions ◽  
Dna Technology

Recombinant DNA technology has contributed greatly to the precision of chromosome analysis in man. Breakpoints of chromosome deletions and rearrangements may be defined on a chromosome map whose landmarks are the loci of DNA sequences rather than Giemsa bands. Flow cytogenetics allows the extent of chromosome duplications and deletions to be measured more precisely than has hitherto been possible. DNA probes can reveal hidden translocations through the application of in situ hybridization, and may be used as markers to determine the parental origin of non-disjunction. It is evident that a study of the pathology of human chromosomes now requires the combined skills of recombinant DNA and cytology.

Molecular cytogenetic analysis of durum wheat × tritordeum hybrids

Genome ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lima-Brito ◽  
H. Guedes-Pinto ◽  
G. E. Harrison ◽  
J. S. Heslop-Harrison
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Nuclear Architecture ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetics ◽  
Hordeum Chilense

Southern and in situ hybridization were used to examine the chromosome constitution, genomic relationships, repetitive DNA sequences, and nuclear architecture in durum wheat × tritordeum hybrids (2n = 5x = 35), where tritordeum is the fertile amphiploid (2n = 6x = 42) between Hordeum chilense and durum wheat. Using in situ hybridization, H. chilense total genomic DNA hybridized strongly to the H. chilense chromosomes and weakly to the wheat chromosomes, which showed some strongly labelled bands. pHcKB6, a cloned repetitive sequence isolated from H. chilense, enabled the unequivocal identification of each H. chilense chromosome at metaphase. Analysis of chromosome disposition in prophase nuclei, using the same probes, showed that the chromosomes of H. chilense origin were in individual domains with only limited intermixing with chromosomes of wheat origin. Six major sites of 18S–26S rDNA genes were detected on the chromosomes of the hybrids. Hybridization to Southern transfers of restriction enzyme digests using genomic DNA showed some variants of tandem repeats, perhaps owing to methylation. Both techniques gave complementary information, extending that available from phenotypic, chromosome morphology, or isozyme analysis, and perhaps are useful for following chromosomes or chromosome segments during further crossing of the lines in plant breeding programs.Key words: In situ hybridization, molecular cytogenetics, plant breeding, Hordeum chilense, Southern hybridization, durum wheat, hybrids.

Current status and the future of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in plant genome research

Genome ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1057-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiming Jiang ◽  
Bikram S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetics ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Resolution Mapping

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), which allows direct mapping of DNA sequences on chromosomes, has become the most important technique in plant molecular cytogenetics research. Repetitive DNA sequence can generate unique FISH patterns on individual chromosomes for karyotyping and phylogenetic analysis. FISH on meiotic pachytene chromosomes coupled with digital imaging systems has become an efficient method to develop physical maps in plant species. FISH on extended DNA fibers provides a high-resolution mapping approach to analyze large DNA molecules and to characterize large genomic loci. FISH-based physical mapping provides a valuable complementary approach in genome sequencing and map-based cloning research. We expect that FISH will continue to play an important role in relating DNA sequence information to chromosome biology. FISH coupled with immunoassays will be increasingly used to study features of chromatin at the cytological level that control expression and regulation of genes.

scholarly journals Prins and C-PRINS: Promising tools for the physical mapping of the lupin genome

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Kaczmarek ◽  
Barbara Naganowska ◽  
Bogdan Wolko
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Physical Mapping ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetics ◽  
Chromosome Identification ◽  
Prins Reaction ◽  
Mitotic Chromosomes ◽  
Coding Sequences ◽  
Dna Labeling

AbstractTwo molecular cytogenetics methods, PRINS (primed in situ DNA labeling) and C-PRINS (cycling PRINS), were optimized for the physical mapping of several types of DNA sequences on the mitotic chromosomes of the narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.). The fragment of the FokI element from Vicia faba was localised by indirect PRINS reaction. Two other sequences, fragments of the coding sequences of L. luteus and of L. angustifolius, were localised by indirect C-PRINS. These techniques are faster and more sensitive than FISH, and they allowed the mapping of short DNA fragments. The data obtained shows that both types of PRINS are valuable tools for chromosome identification in lupin.

Nonisotopic in situ hybridization and plant genome mapping: the first 10 years

Genome ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 717-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiming Jiang ◽  
Bikram S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Physical Mapping ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Genome Mapping ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetics ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes

Nonisotopic in situ hybridization (ISH) was introduced in plants in 1985. Since then the technique has been widely used in various areas of plant genome mapping. ISH has become a routine method for physical mapping of repetitive DNA sequences and multicopy gene families. ISH patterns on somatic metaphase chromosomes using tandemly repeated sequences provide excellent physical markers for chromosome identification. Detection of low or single copy sequences were also reported. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) was successfully used to analyze the chromosome structure and evolution of allopolyploid species. GISH also provides a powerful technique for monitoring chromatin introgession during interspecific hybridization. A sequential chromosome banding and ISH technique was developed. The sequential technique is very useful for more precise and efficient mapping as well as cytogenetic determination of genomic affinities of individual chromosomes in allopolyploid species. A critical review is made on the present resolution of the ISH technique and the future outlook of ISH research is discussed.Key words: in situ hybridization, physical mapping, genome mapping, molecular cytogenetics.

Image analysis of fish stained specimens: A new diagnostic tool in genetics and oncology

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 78-79
Author(s):  
H. J. Tanke ◽  
J. Vrolijk ◽  
A. K. Raap
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetics ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Current Status ◽  
List Type ◽  
Interphase Cytogenetics ◽  
Intact Cells

In situ hybridization allows the detection of specific nucleic acid sequences in morphologically intact cells and chromosomes. Presently, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has reached a high detection sensitivity (defined as the smallest DNA target detectable, high DNA resolution (defined as the smallest distance in kilobasepairs between two DNA targets that can be resolved microscopically and a high multiplicity (defined as the number of different probes that can be identified simultaneously. The current status of FISH methodology:*several direct and indirect nucleic acid modifications*sensitivity: unique DNA sequences 1-5 kb*DNA resolution: metaphase ~ > 1-3 Mbp (light microscopy) interphase ~50 kbp DNA halos ~ 1 kbp*multiplicity: at least 12Progress in in situ hybridization and related technology has caused molecular cytogenetics to become an established. In particular the ability of ISH techniques to detect chromosomes and/or chromosome parts in interphase nuclei (interphase cytogenetics) has significantly contributed to this acceptance of ISH, since this technique provides statistically reliable means to study the genetic composition of cells that can not, or only by complicated techniques, be brought in mitosis.

scholarly journals Eocene origin, Miocene diversification and intercontinental dispersal of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Sen ◽  
Neha Tiwari ◽  
R Ganesan
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Fossil Calibration ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nuclear Its

AbstractResolving the evolutionary history of plant carnivory is of great interest to biologists throughout the world. Among the carnivorous plants, Genus Drosera (Droseraceae) is highly diverse with a wide pantropical distribution. Despite being a group of interest for evolutionary biology studies since the time of Charles Darwin, the historical biogeography of this group remains poorly understood. In this study, with an improved species sampling from Genbank, we present a reanalyzed phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Drosera. We developed a dated molecular phylogeny of Drosera from DNA sequences of nuclear ITS and chloroplast rbcL genes. Divergence times were estimated on the combined dataset using an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock model and a known fossil calibration implemented in BEAST. The maximum clade credibility tree was then used for ancestral range estimations using DEC+J model implemented in BioGeoBEARS. Our analysis suggests that Drosera evolved during the Mid Eocene 36 Ma [95% HPD: 49.5-26] and have diversified and dispersed from the late Miocene onwards. Ancestral areas estimated using the DEC+J models suggest an African origin followed major radiation within Australia. Diversification in Drosera is temporally congruent with the prevailing drier conditions during the Miocene. From Miocene, grasslands and open habitats dominated across continents and might have provided ecological opportunities for their dispersal and diversification. Several long-distance dispersals and range extensions and in situ radiations coinciding with the evolution of drier conditions can explain their extant distribution across continents. Overall our data set provides fresh insights into the biogeographic factors that shaped the origin and evolution of the genus Drosera.

DNA sequence mapping in interphase and metaphase chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 496-497
Author(s):  
Barbara Trask ◽  
Susan Allen ◽  
Anne Bergmann ◽  
Mari Christensen ◽  
Anne Fertitta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Dual Band ◽  
Nick Translation ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Band Pass ◽  
Texas Red ◽  
Fluorescent Spot

Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the positions of DNA sequences can be discretely marked with a fluorescent spot. The efficiency of marking DNA sequences of the size cloned in cosmids is 90-95%, and the fluorescent spots produced after FISH are ≈0.3 μm in diameter. Sites of two sequences can be distinguished using two-color FISH. Different reporter molecules, such as biotin or digoxigenin, are incorporated into DNA sequence probes by nick translation. These reporter molecules are labeled after hybridization with different fluorochromes, e.g., FITC and Texas Red. The development of dual band pass filters (Chromatechnology) allows these fluorochromes to be photographed simultaneously without registration shift.

Homology, Genes, and Evolutionary Innovation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Günter P. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Major Transitions ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Historical Continuity ◽  
Evolutionary Innovation ◽  
Character Identity

Homology—a similar trait shared by different species and derived from common ancestry, such as a seal's fin and a bird's wing—is one of the most fundamental yet challenging concepts in evolutionary biology. This book provides the first mechanistically based theory of what homology is and how it arises in evolution. The book argues that homology, or character identity, can be explained through the historical continuity of character identity networks—that is, the gene regulatory networks that enable differential gene expression. It shows how character identity is independent of the form and function of the character itself because the same network can activate different effector genes and thus control the development of different shapes, sizes, and qualities of the character. Demonstrating how this theoretical model can provide a foundation for understanding the evolutionary origin of novel characters, the book applies it to the origin and evolution of specific systems, such as cell types; skin, hair, and feathers; limbs and digits; and flowers. The first major synthesis of homology to be published in decades, this book reveals how a mechanistically based theory can serve as a unifying concept for any branch of science concerned with the structure and development of organisms, and how it can help explain major transitions in evolution and broad patterns of biological diversity.

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