scholarly journals Current Concept and Update of the Macrophage Plasticity Concept: Intracellular Mechanisms of Reprogramming and M3 Macrophage “Switch” Phenotype

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Malyshev ◽  
Yuri Malyshev

Macrophages play a key role in immunity. In this review, we consider the traditional notion of macrophage plasticity, data that do not fit into existing concepts, and a hypothesis for existence of a new switch macrophage phenotype. Depending on the microenvironment, macrophages can reprogram their phenotype toward the proinflammatory M1 phenotype or toward the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Macrophage reprogramming involves well-coordinated changes in activities of signalling and posttranslational mechanisms. Macrophage reprogramming is provided by JNK-, PI3K/Akt-, Notch-, JAK/STAT-, TGF-β-, TLR/NF-κB-, and hypoxia-dependent pathways. Posttranscriptional regulation is based on micro-mRNA. We have hypothesized that, in addition to the M1 and M2 phenotypes, an M3 switch phenotype exists. This switch phenotype responds to proinflammatory stimuli with reprogramming towards the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype or, contrarily, it responds to anti-inflammatory stimuli with reprogramming towards the proinflammatory M1 phenotype. We have found signs of such a switch phenotype in lung diseases. Understanding the mechanisms of macrophage reprogramming will assist in the selection of new therapeutic targets for correction of impaired immunity.

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Baitsch ◽  
Ralph Telgmann ◽  
Georg Varga ◽  
Carsten Muller-Tidow ◽  
Martine Bot ◽  
...  

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) exerts anti-atherogenic effects by promoting cholesterol efflux and hepatic lipoprotein clearance. However, apoE retains protective effects even under experimental settings, in which its influence on plasma cholesterol is negligible suggesting that this lipoprotein inhibits atherosclerosis independently from cholesterol transport. To gain further insight into mechanisms underlying apoE-mediated atheroprotection, we investigated its effect on the functional phenotype of RAW 264.7 macrophages overexpressing either of two apoE receptors: ApoER2/LRP8 or VLDL-R. Incubation of ApoER2/LRP8- or VLDL-R-expressing macrophages with apoE downregulated markers of pro-inflammatory M1 functional phenotype (expression and activity of iNOS, production of IL-12), whereas markers of anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype (expression and activity of arginase-I, production of IL-1RA) were upregulated. In addition, macrophage responses typical for M1 phenotype (migration, generation of reactive oxygen species, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity) were suppressed in ApoER2/LRP8- or VLDL-R-expressing cells in the presence of apoE. Finally, apoE prevented LPS- and IFN-γ-induced activation of ApoER2/LRP8- or VLDL-R-expressing macrophages as documented by reduced production of IL-12, TNF-α and MCP-1, reduced expression and activity of iNOS and COX2, and reduced activation and/or phosphorylation of NF-κB, IκB and STAT1. The modulatory effects of apoE on macrophage phenotype were inhibited by SB220025, a p38MAP kinase inhibitor, and PP1A, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Accordingly, apoE induced tyrosine kinase-dependent activation of p38MAP kinase in ApoER2/LRP8- or VLDL-R-expressing macrophages. Under in vivo conditions, apoE −/− mice transplanted with apoE-producing wild-type bone marrow presented with increased plasma IL-1RA levels. In addition, peritoneal macrophages from transplanted animals demonstrated enhanced M2 phenotype (increased IL-1RA production and CD206 expression). We conclude that apoE signalling over ApoER2/LRP8 or VLDL-R promotes macrophage conversion from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. This effect may represent a novel anti-atherogenic activity of apoE.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Wang ◽  
Chuan-Shan Zhang ◽  
Bin-Bin Fang ◽  
Jiao Hou ◽  
Wen-Ding Li ◽  
...  

Echinococcus multilocularis larvae, predominantly located in the liver, cause a tumor-like parasitic disease, alveolar echinococcosis (AE), that is characterized by increased infiltration of various immune cells, including macrophages, around the lesion that produces an “immunosuppressive” microenvironment, favoring its persistent infection. However, the role of hepatic macrophages in the host defense against E. multilocularis infection remains poorly defined. Using human liver tissues from patients with AE and a hepatic experimental mouse model of E. multilocularis, we investigated the phenotype and function of hepatic macrophages during the parasite infection. In the present study, we found that a large number of CD68+ macrophages accumulated around the metacestode lesion in the liver of human AE samples and that both S100A9+ proinflammatory (M1 phenotype) and CD163+ anti-inflammatory (M2 phenotype) macrophages were significantly higher in close liver tissue (CLT) than in distant liver tissue (DLT), whereas M2 macrophages represent the dominant macrophage population. Furthermore, E. multilocularis-infected mice exhibited a massive increase in macrophage (F4/80+) infiltration in the liver as early as day 5, and the infiltrated macrophages were mainly monocyte-derived macrophages (CD11bhi F4/80int MoMFs) that preferentially differentiated into the M1 phenotype (iNOS+) at the early stage of E. multilocularis infection and then polarized to anti-inflammatory macrophages of the M2 phenotype (CD206+) at the chronic stage of infection. We further showed that elimination of macrophages by treatment of mice with clodronate-liposomes before E. multilocularis infection impaired worm expulsion and was accompanied by a reduction in liver fibrosis, yielding a high parasite burden. These results suggest that hepatic macrophages may play a dual role in the establishment and development of E. multilocularis metacestodes in which early larvae clearance is promoted by M1 macrophages while persistent metacestode infection is favored by M2 macrophages.


2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thai Hien Tu ◽  
Yeonsoo Joe ◽  
Hye-Seon Choi ◽  
Hun Taeg Chung ◽  
Rina Yu

Adipose macrophages with the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype protect against obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which elicits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, modulates macrophage phenotypes and thus is implicated in various inflammatory diseases. Here, we demonstrate that the HO-1 inducer, hemin, protects against obesity-induced adipose inflammation by inducing macrophages to switch to the M2 phenotype. HO-1 induction by hemin reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-αand IL-6) from cocultured adipocytes and macrophages by inhibiting the activation of inflammatory signaling molecules (JNK and NF-κB) in both cell types. Hemin enhanced transcript levels of M2 macrophage marker genes (IL-4, Mrc1, and Clec10a) in the cocultures, while reducing transcripts of M1 macrophage markers (CD274 and TNF-α). The protective effects of hemin on adipose inflammation and macrophage phenotype switching were confirmed in mice fed a high-fat diet, and these were associated with PPARγupregulation and STAT6 activation. These findings suggest that induction of HO-1 with hemin protects against obesity-induced adipose inflammation through M2 macrophage phenotype switching, which is induced by the PPARγand STAT6 pathway. HO-1 inducers such as hemin may be useful for preventing obesity-induced adipose inflammation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1060.3-1061
Author(s):  
S. Tardito ◽  
S. Soldano ◽  
E. Gotelli ◽  
P. Montagna ◽  
S. Paolino ◽  
...  

Background:Among the cells involved in the inflammatory process of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [1], macrophages play a key role through their capacity to polarize into “classically” or “alternatively” activated phenotypes (M1 or M2) and making macrophages important players for the inflammatory cascade or for the anti-inflammatory reaction, respectively [2]. CTLA4-Ig fusion protein (abatacept) has been shown to contribute to macrophage shift from M1 to M2 [3].Objectives:We aimed to investigate the effects of abatacept to induce the polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype into the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype in cultured human macrophages obtained from RA patients’ and healthy subjects’(HS) circulating monocytes.Methods:Cultured monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of three early RA patients and ten HS, after signing informed consent and Ethics Committee approval. Cells were treated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) [5ng/ml] for 24 hours (hrs) to induce their differentiation into monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Therefore, cultured HS MDMs were stimulated with lipopolysaccharides [LPS, 1mg/mL] for 4hrs [4] in order to induce their polarization into a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype and then treated or not with abatacept at the concentrations of 100mg/mL and 500mg/mL for 3, 12, 24 and 48hrs. Cultured RA MDMs, were directly treated with abatacept as previous described. Cultured HS and RA MDMs without any pro-inflammatory stimuli and abatacept treatment were used as respective control.The transition of MDMs from M1 to M2 phenotype was evaluated through gene expression and protein synthesis of M2 macrophage markers, namely scavenger receptors (CD163 and CD204), and mannose receptor-1 (CD206) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by Western blotting. The statistical analysis evaluation was carried out by GraphPad Prism 8 analysis software using the Wilcoxon non-parametric t-test. Any p-value lower than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results were indicated as median±standard deviation (SD).Results:In cultured RA MDMs (three cases), abatacept upregulated the gene expression of all investigated M2 markers, specifically after 12hrs of treatment with the concentration of 100mg/mL. In these cells, abatacept upregulated only the CD204 protein synthesis with more evidence at 24hrs of treatment and with the 500mg/mL concentration. In cultured HS MDMs (ten cases), abatacept upregulated the gene expression of M2 markers, significantly for that of CD206 [at 3hrs with 100mg/mL concentration, p= 0.0312] and CD163 [at 12hrs with 500mg/mL concentration, p= 0.0312]. Moreover, in these cells, abatacept significantly upregulated the protein synthesis of CD206 [at 48hrs with 500mg/mL concentration, p= 0.0195] and CD204 [at 24hrs with 100mg/mL concentration, p= 0.0156; both at 24 and 48hrs with 500mg/mL concentration, p= 0.0234].Conclusion:Preliminary data seem to indicate that abatacept can promote the in vitro shift from the M1 into the M2 macrophage phenotype, by upregulating specific markers (CD163, CD204, CD206) in cultured M1-MDMs from RA patients and in M1 macrophages induced from HS.References:[1]McInnes IB, et al. N Engl J Med 2011;365:2205–19.[2]Fujii M, et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013;438(1):103-9.[3]Cutolo M, et al. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11:R176.[4]Pelegrin P., Surprenant, A. EMBO J. 2009 Jul 22; 28(14): 2114–2127.Disclosure of Interests:Samuele Tardito: None declared, Stefano Soldano: None declared, Emanuele Gotelli: None declared, Paola Montagna: None declared, Sabrina Paolino: None declared, Vanessa Smith: None declared, Maurizio Cutolo Grant/research support from: I received grant/research support from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer, Celgene.


Author(s):  
Е.Г. Чурина ◽  
О.И. Уразова ◽  
А.В. Ситникова ◽  
В.В. Новицкий ◽  
Т.Е. Кононова ◽  
...  

Введение. При клинической манифестации туберкулеза легких альвеолярные макрофаги накапливают микобактерии и перестают выполнять свои эффекторные функции. Это связано с конверсией их провоспалительного фенотипа М1 в противовоспалительный М2, что способствует хронизации инфекции. Научная гипотеза исследования предполагает влияние цитокинового статуса организма на поляризацию моноцитов в крови в процессе их миграции к очагу воспаления, определяя дифференцировку и пути активации макрофагов в тканях. Цель исследования - оценка иммунофенотипа моноцитов крови и исследование in vitro уровня секреции иммунорегуляторных цитокинов мононуклеарными лейкоцитами периферической крови у больных с различными клиническими формами туберкулеза легких. Методика. Обследовано 65 пациентов с впервые выявленным туберкулезом легких. Материалом исследования служили венозная кровь и мононуклеарные лейкоциты периферической крови. Исследование иммунофенотипа моноцитов проводили методом проточной цитометрии (цитофлуориметр Cytoflex, Becman Coulter, США) в цельной крови с использованием моноклональных антител («eВioscience», США). Обработку полученных данных проводили с помощью программы «CytExpert 2.0». Определяли количество клеток экспрессирующих поверхностные маркеры: CD14, CD163, CD204 и HLA-DR. Содержание цитокинов (IL-2, IL-10, TGFβ) в супернатантах клеточных культур оценивали с помощью твердофазного иммуноферментного анализа (ELISA). Результаты. Полученные результаты позволяют предположить, что при общем снижении численности циркулирующих CD14-позитивных моноцитов крови у больных туберкулезом легких, независимо от его клинической формы сохраняется высокая экспрессия маркеров активации клеток как по провоспалительному фенотипу М1 (HLA-DR-позитивные моноциты), так и противовоспалительному фенотипу М2 (CD163-позитивные моноциты). При диссеминированной форме заболевания повышается количество противовоспалительных CD204-позитивных моноцитов, предшественников М2-макрофагов, что свидетельствует о доминировании супрессорного типа иммунного ответа. Анализ цитокинового статуса in vitro показал, что течение болезни сопровождается угнетением эффекторных иммунных реакций и повышением уровня противовоспалительных цитокинов. Выявленные изменения в равной степени могут быть как причиной, так и следствием дефицита секреции IL-2. Показано также, что уровень секреции медиаторов с супрессорными эффектами (IL-10, TGFβ) меняется в зависимости от клинической формы заболевания и чувствительности возбудителя к противотуберкулезным препаратам: гиперсекреция IL-10 отмечается у больных с инфильтративным лекарственно-чувствительным, а TGFβ - при диссеминированном лекарственно-устойчивом туберкулезе легких. Заключение. Особенности дифференциации моноцитов крови у больных туберкулезом легких позволили прийти к заключению, что предшественники макрофагов - моноциты, уже в кровотоке начинают экспрессировать маркеры, характерные для разных по функциям М1- и М2-макрофагов, c поляризацией в направлении М2-иммунофенотипа. Следовательно, при развитии туберкулеза легких реализуются механизмы цитокиновой регуляции, подавляющие активацию врожденного иммунитета, что, возможно, является причиной хронизации воспалительного процесса в легких и формирования иммунодефицита индуцированного Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In clinical manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis, alveolar macrophages perform as a reservoir where they accumulate mycobacteria and lose their effector functions due to the pathological conversion of macrophage pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, which provides transition to chronic infection. The study hypothesis suggested that the cytokine status, as evaluated by leukocyte secretion of cytokines in vitro, influences the monocyte polarization in the blood during their migration to the inflammatory focus, thereby determining differentiation and pathways of macrophage activation in tissues. The aim of this work was to assess the immunophenotype of blood monocytes and the in vitro secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines by mononuclear peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with different clinical forms of pulmonary tuberculosis taking into account the pathogen sensitivity to major anti-tuberculosis drugs. Methods. 65 patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis were evaluated. The study material was venous blood and peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes. Monocyte immunophenotype was determined in whole blood by flow cytometry on a Cytoflex flow cytometer (Becman Coulter, USA) with monoclonal antibodies (eBioscience, USA). Results were processed with a CytExpert 2.0 software. The number of cells expressing surface markers, CD14, CD163, CD204 and HLA-DR, was determined. Content of cytokines (IL-2, IL-10, TGFβ) in supernatants of cell cultures was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results of the study were processed with a SPSS v.11.0 standard software package. Results. The study results suggested that with an overall decrease in the number of circulating CD14-positive blood monocytes in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis regardless of its clinical form, high expression of cell activation markers remained both for the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype (HLA-DR-positive monocytes) and the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype (CD163-positive monocytes). In disseminated tuberculosis, the number of anti-inflammatory CD204-positive monocytes, M2 macrophage precursors, increases indicating predomination of the immunosuppressive response. In vitro analysis of the cytokine status showed that tuberculosis progression is accompanied by inhibition of effector immune responses and increases in anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in vitro. These changes may be equally either a cause or a consequence of deficient IL-2 secretion. We also found that the secretion of mediators with suppressor effects (IL-10, TGFβ) varied depending on both the clinical form of tuberculosis and the pathogen sensitivity to anti-TB drugs; IL-10 hypersecretion was observed in patients with drug-sensitive, infiltrative tuberculosis whereas TGFβ hypersecretion was observed in disseminated, drug-resistant tuberculosis. Conclusion. Features of blood monocyte differentiation in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis allowed us to conclude that monocytes, the macrophage precursors, start expressing markers for different functions of M1 and M2 macrophages with polarization toward the M2 immunophenotype already in the bloodstream. Therefore, in the development of pulmonary tuberculosis, cytokine regulation mechanisms become involved in suppressing the activation of innate immunity, which possibly causes chronic inflammation in the lungs and formation of Mtb-induced immunodeficiency.


Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 1970-1970
Author(s):  
Sonia Marsilio ◽  
Barbara Sherry ◽  
Xiao J. Yan ◽  
Jacqueline C. Barrientos ◽  
Steven L. Allen ◽  
...  

Abstract Background. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a prototypic microenvironment-dependent B-cell malignancy, in which neoplastic B cells co-evolve with a supportive tissue microenvironment to promote leukemia cell survival, growth, and drug-resistance. Within the microenvironment, hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic stromal and tumor cells produce factors that recruit circulating monocytes to tumor sites and induce differentiation into macrophages. Mirroring the Th1/Th2 paradigm, cells of monocyte-macrophage lineage reprogram their functions in response to environmental signals, undergoing M1 (classical) or M2 (alternative) activation, which represent extremes of a broad continuum of functional states. Classical M1 cells (activated by IFNs and TLR) are involved as inducer and effectors cells in polarized Th1 responses and as effectors of resistance against intracellular parasites and tumors. In contrast, M2 cells (activated by IL4 and IL13) are poor at antigen presentation, suppress Th1 adaptive immunity, actively scavenge debris, contribute to the dampening of inflammation, promote angiogenesis and tissue remodeling, and support tumor progression. One way to distinguish the two types of macrophages is based on surface antigen expression: M1-like cells up-regulate Fcg receptors I, II, III such as CD16, CD32 and CD64, whereas M2-like macrophages display abundant levels of CD23, CD163, and scavenger receptors (e.g. MCR1). Understanding the microenvironment and the crosstalk between B-CLL cells and their tissue neighbors can give insight into disease biology and for therapy. Aim. To investigate if the CLL milieu, contained within serum, influences monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation, promoting an anti (M2)- or pro (M1)- inflammatory microenvironment. Methods. Monocytes from healthy donors were isolated using Monocytes Isolation Kit II (Miltenyi) and cultured in Ultra-Low Attachment plates with 10% normal human AB serum or 10% CLL-derived serum -/+ IL4 or IFNg for 3 days. Macrophages were stained for CD23, CD64, CD32, MRC1, CD14, CD16, and data were acquired with a BD LSRII flow cytometer and analyzed by FlowJo V7.2.4 software. Results. Normal monocytes were differentiated to macrophages in vitro in the presence of sera from 24 untreated CLL patients with different prognostic factors (genomic aberrations, % CD38 and IGHVmutational status). About 45% of the CLL sera (N=10; 6 M-CLL, 4 U-CLL) drove macrophage maturation toward an M2-like phenotype, as assessed by surface expression of CD23, CD64, CD32, CD36, MRC1, etc. These 10 sera induced higher CD23 expression after 3 days in culture compared to AB human serum, whereas the levels of M1-specific markers (CD64 and CD32) did not change relative to the control. Interestingly all of these 10 CLL sera came from patients bearing 13q14 Δ (N=5), 17p13 Δ (N=3) or a combination of these (13q14 Δ + 17p13 Δ; N=1) and 17p13 Δ + trisomy12; N=1)). On the contrary, no increase in CD23 expression was detected in presence of sera from patients with 11q22 Δ (N=1) alone or in combination with 13q14 Δ (13q14 + 11q22 Δ; N=5). Of note, treatment with a neutralizing mAb specific for IL-4 did not block the CLL serum induced up-regulation of CD23 (N=2). In a parallel set of studies, normal monocytes were incubated with each of the 24 CLL sera in combination with the M1 promoting cytokine, IFNg or the M2 promoting cytokine, IL4. In all cases IL4 induced CD23 up-regulation and an M2 phenotype. Paradoxically, IFNg, which normally induces an M1 phenotype, also induced an M2 phenotype (i.e., enhanced CD23 expression) when co-cultured with sera from a subset patients (N=8; 6 M-CLL and 2 U-CLL). Of note, the IFNg stimulatory effect on CD23 expression was observed with a different set of sera from those that directly stimulated CD23 expression. Furthermore, CD64 expression did change after incubation with IFNg + CLL serum in 6 of 8 cases, yielding another unusual (CD23+CD64+) macrophage phenotype. The 2 sera that did not yield such hybrids were from M-CLL patients. Conclusions. Sera from CLL patients contain two apparently novel activities that mature normal monocytes to M2-like macrophages. The first acts directly by an action that is apparently independent of IL-4 and associates with 13q14 Δ or 17p13 Δ abnormalities. The second acts indirectly through IFNg and leads to macrophages with a hybrid M2/M1 phenotype (CD23+CD64+), suggestive of a new type of macrophage. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangyu Ge ◽  
Yitong Wang ◽  
Shu Yu ◽  
Xuemin Cao ◽  
Yicong Chen ◽  
...  

Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), and anti-inflammation has been considered as a potential therapeutic strategy. Achyranthes bidentate polypeptide fraction k (ABPPk) was shown to protect neurons from death and suppress microglia and astrocyte activation in PD model mice. However, how ABPPk regulates neuroinflammation to exert a neuroprotective role remains unclear. Toxic Aβ oligomers (AβOs) can trigger inflammatory response and play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. In the present study, for the first time, we investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of ABPPk on neuroinflammation in AβOs-induced models of AD. In vitro, ABPPk pretreatment dose-dependently inhibited AβOs-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines mRNA levels in BV2 and primary microglia. ABPPk pretreatment also reduced the neurotoxicity of BV2 microglia-conditioned media on primary hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, ABPPk down-regulated the AβOs-induced phosphorylation of IκBα and NF-κB p65 as well as the expression of NLRP3 in BV2 microglia. In vivo, ABPPk pre-administration significantly improved locomotor activity, alleviated memory deficits, and rescued neuronal degeneration and loss in the hippocampus of AβOs-injected mice. ABPPk inhibited the activation of microglia in hippocampal CA3 region and suppressed the activation of NF-κB as well as the expression of NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, and ASC in the brain after AβOs injection. ABPPk hindered the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoted the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the brain. Notably, the polarization experiment on BV2 microglia demonstrated that ABPPk inhibited M1-phenotype polarization and promoted M2-phenotype polarization by activating the LPS- or AβOs-impaired autophagy in microglia. Taken together, our observations indicate that ABPPk can restore the autophagy of microglia damaged by AβOs, thereby promoting M2-phenotype polarization and inhibiting M1-phenotype polarization, thus playing a role in regulating neuroinflammation and alleviating neurotoxicity.


Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2772
Author(s):  
Konsta Kivimäki ◽  
Tiina Leppänen ◽  
Mari Hämäläinen ◽  
Katriina Vuolteenaho ◽  
Eeva Moilanen

Pinosylvin is a natural stilbenoid found particularly in Scots pine. Stilbenoids are a group of phenolic compounds identified as protective agents against pathogens for many plants. Stilbenoids also possess health-promoting properties in humans; for instance, they are anti-inflammatory through their suppressing action on proinflammatory M1-type macrophage activation. Macrophages respond to environmental changes by polarizing towards proinflammatory M1 phenotype in infection and inflammatory diseases, or towards anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, mediating resolution of inflammation and repair. In the present study, we investigated the effects of pinosylvin on M2-type macrophage activation, aiming to test the hypothesis that pinosylvin could polarize macrophages from M1 to M2 phenotype to support resolution of inflammation. We used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce M1 phenotype and interleukin-4 (IL-4) to induce M2 phenotype in J774 murine and U937 human macrophages, and we measured expression of M1 and M2-markers. Interestingly, along with inhibiting the expression of M1-type markers, pinosylvin had an enhancing effect on the M2-type activation, shown as an increased expression of arginase-1 (Arg-1) and mannose receptor C type 1 (MRC1) in murine macrophages, and C-C motif chemokine ligands 17 and 26 (CCL17 and CCL26) in human macrophages. In IL-4-treated macrophages, pinosylvin enhanced PPAR-γ expression but had no effect on STAT6 phosphorylation. The results show, for the first time, that pinosylvin shifts macrophage polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype towards M2 phenotype, supporting resolution of inflammation and repair.


Rheumatology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 3070-3080
Author(s):  
Ping Luo ◽  
Sisi Peng ◽  
Yin Yan ◽  
Ping Ji ◽  
Jie Xu

Abstract Objectives IL-37 has been identified as an important anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive factor. This study was undertaken to explore how IL-37 affects M1/M2-like macrophage polarization and thus contributes to anti-inflammatory processes in the temporomandibular joint. Methods Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence were used to verify the IL-37-induced polarization shift from the M1 phenotype to the M2 phenotype, and the related key pathways were analysed by western blotting. Human chondrocytes were stimulated with M1-conditioned medium (CM) or IL-37-pretreated M1-CM, and inflammatory cytokines were detected. siRNA-IL-1R8 and MCC-950 were used to investigate the mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of IL-37. Complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced and disc perforation-induced inflammation models were used for in vivo studies. Haematoxylin and eosin, immunohistochemical and safranin-O staining protocols were used to analyse histological changes in the synovium and condyle. Results Western blotting, qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence showed that IL-37 inhibited M1 marker expression and upregulated M2 marker expression. Western blotting and qRT-PCR showed that pretreatment with IL-37 suppressed inflammatory cytokine expression in chondrocytes. IL-37 inhibited the expression of NLRP3 and upregulated the expression of IL-1R8. Si-IL-1R8 and MCC-950 further confirmed that the anti-inflammatory properties of IL-37 were dependent on the presence of IL-1R8 and NLRP3. In vivo, IL-37 reduced synovial M1 marker expression and cartilage degeneration and increased M2 marker expression. Conclusion IL-37 shifting of the polarization of macrophages from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the beneficial anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype seems to be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating temporomandibular joint inflammation.


Author(s):  
S.V. Kalish ◽  
S.V. Lyamina ◽  
L.V. Kuznetsova ◽  
O.P. Budanova ◽  
E.V. Malysheva ◽  
...  

В развитии рака предстательной железы (РПЖ) макрофаги играют важную роль. Многие опухоли выделяют противовоспалительные цитокины, которые перепрограммируют М1 фенотип макрофагов на проопухолевый М2 фенотип. М2 макрофаги подавляют противоопухолевый иммунитет, способствуют делению и метастазированию опухолевых клеток. Предыдущие исследования позволили нам обосновать предположение, что деление опухолевых клеток РПЖ человека может быть ограничено особым М3 фенотипом макрофагов. Фенотип М3, в отличие от М1 фенотипа, реагирует на противовоспалительные цитокины увеличением продукции провоспалительных противоопухолевых цитокинов, что способствует сохранению их противоопухолевых свойств в зоне опухоли. Цель исследования - проверка гипотезы о способности М3 макрофагов останавливать деление клеток предстательной железы больного РПЖ. Методика. В работе использовали макрофаги мышей, выделенные из перитонеального лаважа и макрофаги человека, полученные из моноцитов крови больных РПЖ. Фенотип М3 макрофагов получали добавлением в среду культивирования IFN-γ, ингибиторов STAT3, STAT6 и SMAD3 с последующей стимуляцией липополисахаридом. Результаты. Показано, что М3 макрофаги мышей и человека ограничивали деление клеток предстательной железы больных РПЖ в условиях 2D (на плоскости) культивирования на 43% и 93%, соответственно. При 3D (в объеме) культивировании М3 макрофаги мышей не ограничивали, а М3 макрофаги человека лишь незначительно ограничивали деление клеток предстательной железы у больных РПЖ. Заключение. Результаты работы делают обоснованными дальнейшие исследования и разработку клинической версии биотехнологии лечения рака предстательной железы с использованием М3 макрофагов.Macrophages play an important role in the development of prostate cancer (PCa). Many tumors, including PCa, secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines that reprogram the M1 macrophage phenotype into the pro-tumor M2 phenotype. M2 macrophages suppress antitumor immunity and promote division and metastasis of tumor cells. We hypothesized that the division of human PCa cells may be restricted by a specific M3 macrophage phenotype. The M3 phenotype, in contrast to the M1 phenotype, responds to anti-inflammatory cytokines by increasing the production of inflammatory anti-tumor cytokines and retains its anti-tumor properties in the tumor area. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis on the ability of M3 macrophages to stop division of prostate cells from patients with PCa. Methods. This study used murine macrophages isolated from the peritoneal lavage and human macrophages obtained from blood monocytes of patients with PCa. The M3 macrophage phenotype was obtained by adding IFN-γ, STAT3, STAT6, and SMAD3 inhibitors to the cultural medium followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Results. Murine and human M3 macrophages restricted the division of patients’ PCa cells in the conditions of 2D cultivation by 43% and 93%, respectively. In 3D cultivation, murine M3 macrophages did not restrict whereas human M3 macrophages only slightly limited the division of prostate cells from PCa patients. The results of the study warrant further research and development of a clinical biotechnology for PCa treatment with reprogrammed M3 macrophages.


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