scholarly journals Electroencephalographic Changes Associated with Antinociceptive Actions of Lidocaine, Ketamine, Meloxicam, and Morphine Administration in Minimally Anaesthetized Dogs

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ubedullah Kaka ◽  
Chen Hui Cheng ◽  
Goh Yong Meng ◽  
Sharida Fakurazi ◽  
Asmatullah Kaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Postoperative Pain Management ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Median Frequency ◽  
Electric Stimulus ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Morphine Administration ◽  
Antinociceptive Effects ◽  
Eeg Changes ◽  
Rate Infusion

Effects of ketamine and lidocaine on electroencephalographic (EEG) changes were evaluated in minimally anaesthetized dogs, subjected to electric stimulus. Six dogs were subjected to six treatments in a crossover design with a washout period of one week. Dogs were subjected to intravenous boluses of lidocaine 2 mg/kg, ketamine 3 mg/kg, meloxicam 0.2 mg/kg, morphine 0.2 mg/kg and loading doses of lidocaine 2 mg/kg followed by continuous rate infusion (CRI) of 50 and 100 mcg/kg/min, and ketamine 3 mg/kg followed by CRI of 10 and 50 mcg/kg/min. Electroencephalogram was recorded during electrical stimulation prior to any drug treatment (before treatment) and during electrical stimulation following treatment with the drugs (after treatment) under anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with halothane at a stable concentration between 0.85 and 0.95%. Pretreatment median frequency was evidently increased (P<0.05) for all treatment groups. Lidocaine, ketamine, and morphine depressed the median frequency resulting from the posttreatment stimulation. The depression of median frequency suggested evident antinociceptive effects of these treatments in dogs. It is therefore concluded that lidocaine and ketamine can be used in the analgesic protocol for the postoperative pain management in dogs.

scholarly journals Cardiorespiratory, Sedative and Antinociceptive Effects of a Medetomidine Constant Rate Infusion with Morphine, Ketamine or Both

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2081
Author(s):  
Lucas Troya-Portillo ◽  
Javier López-Sanromán ◽  
María Villalba-Orero ◽  
Isabel Santiago-Llorente
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Constant Rate Infusion ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Antinociceptive Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Rate Infusion ◽  
Related Mortality ◽  
All Treatment

Standing surgery under sedation reduces anesthetic-related mortality in horses. Medetomidine, alone and combined with morphine in a constant rate infusion (CRI), has been described for standing surgery but their cardiorespiratory, sedative and antinociceptive effects have never been compared. The addition of ketamine could improve analgesia in these procedures with minimal cardiorespiratory consequences. The objectives were to compare the cardiorespiratory effects, quality of sedation, antinociception and ataxia produced by administration of a medetomidine-based CRI with morphine, ketamine or both, in standing horses. A prospective, blind, randomized crossover, experimental design with six healthy adult horses was performed, in which four treatments were administered to all horses with at least two weeks of washout period: medetomidine (M); medetomidine and ketamine (MK); medetomidine and morphine (MMo); and medetomidine, morphine and ketamine (MMoK). Dosages were the same in all treatment groups: medetomidine at 5 µg/kg bwt followed by 5 µg/kg bwt/h, ketamine at 0.4 mg/kg/h and morphine at 50 µg/kg bwt, followed by morphine 30 µg/kg bwt/h. Drug infusions were maintained for 120 min. Cardiorespiratory variables, sedation degree and antinociceptive effects were evaluated during the procedure. All combinations produced similar sedation and antinociceptive effects and no clinically relevant alterations in cardiorespiratory variables occurred. Medetomidine CRI combined with morphine, ketamine or both are suitable and safe protocols for standing sedation in horses and the addition of morphine and/or ketamine did not cause any negative effect but no improving effect on sedation and antinociception was detected.

Modulation of Remifentanil-induced Analgesia and Postinfusion Hyperalgesia by Parecoxib in Humans

2006 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 1016-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Tröster ◽  
Ruth Sittl ◽  
Boris Singler ◽  
Martin Schmelz ◽  
Jürgen Schüttler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Numeric Rating Scale ◽  
Cyclooxygenase 2 ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Antinociceptive Effects ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Mu Opioids

Background Numerous experimental and clinical studies suggest that brief opioid exposure can enhance pain sensitivity. It is suggested that spinal cyclooxygenase activity may contribute to the development and expression of opioid tolerance. The aim of the investigation was to determine analgesic and antihyperalgesic properties of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor parecoxib on remifentanil-induced hypersensitivity in humans. Methods Fifteen healthy male volunteers were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in a crossover design. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation at high current densities was used to induce spontaneous acute pain (numeric rating scale 6 of 10) and stable areas of pinprick hyperalgesia. Pain intensities and areas of hyperalgesia were assessed before, during, and after a 30-min intravenous infusion of remifentanil (0.1 microg x kg x min) or placebo (saline). Parecoxib (40 mg) was administered intravenously either with onset of electrical stimulation (preventive) or in parallel to the remifentanil infusion. Results Remifentanil reduced pain and mechanical hyperalgesia during the infusion, but upon withdrawal, pain and hyperalgesia increased significantly above control level. Preventive administration of parecoxib led to an amplification of remifentanil-induced antinociceptive effects during the infusion (71.3 +/- 7 vs. 46.4 +/- 17% of control) and significantly diminished the hyperalgesic response after withdrawal. In contrast, parallel administration of parecoxib did not show any modulatory effects on remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia. Conclusion The results confirm clinically relevant interaction of mu opioids and prostaglandins in humans. Adequate timing seems to be of particular importance for the antihyperalgesic effect of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors.

Electromyographic and ultrasonographic evaluation of neuromuscular electrical stimulation training on the equine rectus abdominis muscle

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-100
Author(s):  
T. Hernández-Fernández ◽  
L. Gutiérrez-Cepeda ◽  
J. López-Sanromán ◽  
G. Manso-Díaz ◽  
R. Cediel
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Force ◽  
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
Rectus Abdominis ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Median Frequency ◽  
Rectus Abdominis Muscle ◽  
Test Analysis

The current study aimed to determine the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on equine rectus abdominis using surface electromyography (sEMG) and ultrasonographic muscle thickness evaluation. Five horses were trained with NMES for 12 weeks; muscle thickness and sEMG evaluations were obtained before and after the training period. Three different tests were carried out for sEMG evaluations: Test A tried to elicit a voluntary maximal isometric contraction (VMIC); Test B used NMES to elicit a muscular contraction; and Test C used 1 ms repetitive electrical impulses to elicit a series of M-waves. Muscle strength was evaluated from the root mean square (RMS; Tests A and B) and peak to peak (PP; Test C) values obtained from the sEMG data. Measures related to amplitude (RMSa; RMSm; RMSa; PP) were normalised with their pre-training values for every muscle prior to statistical analysis, leading to values as a proportion of the initial value. The evaluation of muscle fatigue was performed using a Fourier test analysis of the frequency range, obtaining the median frequency (MF) for all tests. Muscle thickness (MT) was measured by ultrasound of left and right sides of the rectus abdominis. Data were analysed using non parametric test of Wilcoxon (Test A RMSa; Test A RMSm; Test B RMSa; Test B RMSm; Test C PP; MT; P<0.05) and t-test (Test A MF; Test B MF; Test C MF; P<0.05). Statistical differences were observed between baseline and trained horses. Muscle force increase following NMES training in Test B (RMSa 2.50±0.69; RMSm 2.59±0.76) and Test C (PP 5.20±1.76). Fatigue of the rectus abdominis decreased in Test A (168.33±55.19 vs 232.63±44.15 Hz) and Test C MF (187.93±20.76 vs 236.98±52.39 Hz), but not in Test B (363.98±45.48 vs 327.95±50.84 Hz). The difference in muscle thickness between the two groups was not significant (10.96±0.64; 11.78±0.79 mm). The results suggest that NMES training could be used as an effective method to increase muscle force and fatigue resistance of the rectus abdominis muscle in the horse.

Modification of cortical, reticular and hippocampal unit activity by nicotine in the rabbit

1960 ◽  
Vol 198 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Dunlop ◽  
C. Stumpf ◽  
D. S. Maxwell ◽  
W. Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Unit Activity ◽  
Eeg Changes ◽  
Stimulation Of

Of the three regions examined, the hippocampus had the lowest threshold for nicotine effects. Following nicotine injection, regularization of the EEG in all regions was accompanied by increased unit excitability, and during seizures the unit activity was depressed. Modification of neocortical and reticular unit activity without any concomitant EEG changes in these regions was occasionally recorded after nicotine injection. Further experiments indicated that these changes of unit activity were due to alterations in hippocampal excitability elicited by the drug. Electrical stimulation of the hippocampus which evoked regularization and seizure discharges similarly modified the reticular unit excitability, but no conclusive results could be obtained regarding the hippocampal influence on neocortical units.

EEG Changes due to Low-Frequency Electrical Stimulation to the BL62 and KI6 of Elderly Women

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanghun Lee ◽  
Kwang-Ho Choi ◽  
Seong Jin Cho ◽  
Sun-Mi Choi ◽  
Kwon Eui Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Eeg Changes

Thermal antinociception after dexmedetomidine administration in cats: A comparison between intramuscular and oral transmucosal administration

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 829-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa S. Slingsby ◽  
Polly M. Taylor ◽  
Taylor Monroe
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Visual Analogue Scale ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
General Linear Model ◽  
Test Drug ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Antinociceptive Effects ◽  
Sedation Scores ◽  
Transmucosal Administration ◽  
Over Time

Dexmedetomidine 40 μg/kg was administered either intramuscularly (IM) or oral transmucosally (OTM) to 12 cats in a randomised cross-over study. Thermal nociceptive thresholds and visual analogue scale (VAS) sedation scores were obtained before and at regular intervals up to 24 h after test drug administration. The summary measures of overall mean threshold, overall mean VAS sedation plus onset, offset and duration of analgesia were investigated using a univariate general linear model. There were no significant differences between treatment groups. Data are presented as mean±standard deviation: delta T mean increase over time (IM 6°C±3°C, OTM 6°C±2°C); overall mean VAS (IM 43±9 OTM 39±1); onset (IM 35±32 and OTM 30±40 min); offset (IM 96±56 and OTM 138±135 min); duration (IM 61±47 OTM 99±124 min). Dexmedetomidine is well absorbed through the oral mucosa in cats since OTM and IM administration of dexmedetomidine 40 μg/kg produced similar overall sedative and antinociceptive effects.

scholarly journals The Effects of Prophylactic Dexmedetomidine Administration on General Anesthesia Recovery Quality in Healthy Dogs Anesthetized With Sevoflurane and a Fentanyl Constant Rate Infusion Undergoing Elective Orthopedic Procedures

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah K. Jarosinski ◽  
Bradley T. Simon ◽  
Courtney L. Baetge ◽  
Stephen Parry ◽  
Joaquin Araos
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Numerical Rating Scale ◽  
Orthopedic Procedures ◽  
Bolus Administration ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Locoregional Anesthesia ◽  
Numerical Rating ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Rate Infusion

To determine the effects of a dexmedetomidine slow bolus, administered prior to extubation, on recovery from sevoflurane-anesthesia and a fentanyl continuous rate infusion (CRI) in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgical procedures. Sixty-two client-owned, healthy dogs weighing 27.4 ± 11 kg undergoing elective orthopedic procedures were premedicated with: 0.1 mg/kg hydromorphone intramuscular, 0.05 mg/kg hydromorphone intravenously (IV) or 5 mcg/kg fentanyl IV. Following premedication, dogs were induced with propofol, administered locoregional anesthesia and maintained with sevoflurane and a fentanyl CRI (5–10 mcg/kg/hr). Dogs were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: 0.5 mcg/kg dexmedetomidine (DEX) or 0.5 ml/kg saline (SAL). Following surgery, patients were discontinued from the fentanyl CRI and administered DEX or SAL IV over 10 min. Following treatment, dogs were discontinued from sevoflurane and allowed to recover without interference. Recoveries were video recorded for 5 min following extubation and assessed by two blinded anesthesiologists using a visual analog scale (VAS; 0–10 cm) and a numerical rating scale (NRS; 1–10). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), pulse oximetry (SpO2), temperature, respiratory rate (RR), and end-tidal sevoflurane (EtSevo) and carbon dioxide (EtCO2) concentrations were recorded at specific time-points from induction to 5 min post-bolus administration and analyzed using linear mixed models. Fentanyl, propofol, and hydromorphone dose and the time to extubation were compared using an unpaired t-test. Differences in recovery scores between groups were evaluated with a Mann-Whitney test. Data reported as mean ± SD or median [interquartile range] when appropriate. A p &lt; 0.05 was significant. There were no significant differences between groups in fentanyl, propofol, and hydromorphone dose, duration of anesthesia, intraoperative MAP, HR, RR, SpO2, temperature, EtCO2, EtSevo or anesthetic protocol. MAP was higher in DEX compared to SAL at 10 (104 ± 27 and 83 ± 23, respectively) and 15 (108 ± 28 and 86 ± 22, respectively) min after treatment. DEX had significantly lower VAS [0.88 (1.13)] and NRS [2.0 (1.5)] scores when compared to SAL [VAS = 1.56 (2.59); NRS = 2.5 (3.5)]. Time to extubation (min) was longer for DEX (19.7 ± 11) when compared to SAL (13.4 ± 10). Prophylactic dexmedetomidine improves recovery quality during the extubation period, but prolongs its duration, in sevoflurane-anesthetized healthy dogs administered fentanyl.

Evoked Electromyographic Fatigue Indices During Intermittent Stimulation Towards Dynamic Wrist Contractions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lachlan R. McKenzie ◽  
Benjamin C. Fortune ◽  
Logan T. Chatfield ◽  
Christopher G. Pretty
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Functional Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Stroke Rehabilitation ◽  
Median Frequency ◽  
Therapeutic Impact ◽  
Intermittent Stimulation ◽  
Evoked Electromyography ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract Functional electrical stimulation (FES) in stroke rehabilitation is hindered by early patient fatigue. Therefore the study of FES-elicited fatigue is needed to optimise its therapeutic impact. In this study, the reliability of evoked electromyography (EMG) median frequency (MDF) and peak-to-peak (PTP) fatigue indices were investigated during stimulation of the forearm. During isometric constant stimulation the MDF-time and PTP-time waveforms exhibited negative gradients in the ranges (−1.3 to −3.6) Hz · s−1 and (−0.013 to −0.016) V · s−1 respectively, most with coefficients of determination (R2) greater than 0.83. During vEMG-controlled stimulation the MDF-contraction waveforms exhibited negative gradients in the range (−2.4 to −9.0) Hz · Cont−1 while the PTP gradients ranged from (0.0070 to −0.019) V · Cont−1. For these datasets the MDF waveforms’ R2 &gt; 0.62 and most PTP waveforms’ R2 &lt; 0.35. These findings suggest that the MDF and PTP amplitude are suitable fatigue indices during isometric constant stimulation but the PTP-based index becomes unreliable during vEMG-controlled stimulation.

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