scholarly journals Development and Structural Variety of the Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans-Contained Extracellular Matrix in the Mouse Brain

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriko Horii-Hayashi ◽  
Takayo Sasagawa ◽  
Wataru Matsunaga ◽  
Mayumi Nishi
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Lectin Histochemistry ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans ◽  
Amygdaloid Nucleus ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Structural Variety ◽  
The Brain

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the brain. In adult mammals, CSPGs form the specialized ECM structure perineuronal nets (PNNs) that surround somata and dendrites of certain types of neurons. PNNs restrict synaptic plasticity and regulate the closure of critical periods. Although previous studies have examined the starting period of PNN formation, focusing on primary sensory cortices, there are no systematic studies at the whole brain level. Here, we examined the starting period of PNN formation in male mice ranging in age from postnatal day 3 to week 11, mainly focusing on several cortical areas, limbic structures, hypothalamus, and brain stem, using lectin histochemistry withWisteria floribundaagglutinin (WFA). Results showed that early PNN formation was observed in several reticular formations of the brain stem related to the cranial nerves and primary somatosensory cortices. In the limbic system, PNN formation in the hippocampus started earlier than that of the amygdala. Furthermore, in the medial amygdaloid nucleus and some hypothalamic regions, WFA labeling did not show typical PNN-like forms. The present study suggests spatiotemporal differences at the beginning of PNN formation and a structural variety of CSPG-contained ECM in the brain.

scholarly journals HDAC6 and Miro1: Another interaction causing trouble in neurons

2019 ◽  
Vol 218 (6) ◽  
pp. 1769-1770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludo Van Den Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Axonal Transport ◽  
Axonal Growth ◽  
Growth Cones ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans ◽  
Cell Biol ◽  
Myelin Associated Glycoprotein

Myelin-associated glycoprotein and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix can prevent regeneration of injured axons. In this issue, Kalinski et al. (2019. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201702187) report that inhibition of HDAC6 prevents the deacetylation of Miro1, increases mitochondrial axonal transport, and restores the size of axonal growth cones.

Molecular Interactions of Neural Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans in the Brain Development

2000 ◽  
Vol 374 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsuhiko Oohira ◽  
Fumiko Matsui ◽  
Yoshihito Tokita ◽  
Shinobu Yamauchi ◽  
Sachiko Aono
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Molecular Interactions ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans ◽  
The Brain

Brain Stem and Cranial Nerve Monitoring

2016 ◽  
pp. 788-798
Author(s):  
Brian A. Crum
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Nerve Monitoring ◽  
Motor Pathways ◽  
Cranial Nerve Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Clinical Deficits

Cranial nerves can be injured during surgical procedures performed in the middle and posterior cranial fossae as well as in the head and neck region. Damage results from compression, stretch, abrasion, or ischemia of the nerve. If axonal disruption occurs, recovery is limited, resulting in significant clinical deficits. Cranial nerve function can be monitored during anesthesia by recording spontaneous or stimulus-evoked electrical activity directly from the nerve or the cranial muscles. Activity in other pathways in the brain stem can be monitored by following changes in evoked potentials of sensory and motor pathways. These methods can detect damage to either the intra-axial or the extra-axial portion of cranial nerves and can localize cranial nerves during an operation when normal anatomy is altered, making accurate identification of nerves difficult. Finally, information from intraoperative cranial nerve monitoring may lead to an altered surgical plan to preserve neurological function.

scholarly journals Transient accumulation of perisinusoidal chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans during liver regeneration and development.

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 969-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Yada ◽  
N Koide ◽  
K Kimata
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Partial Hepatectomy ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Core Protein ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Complete Restoration ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
And Function

After partial hepatectomy, the liver is capable of complete restoration of normal hepatic size, architecture, and function (regeneration). To study roles of the extracellular matrix in regeneration, the temporal and spatial sequences of deposition of several components, including collagen I, III, and IV, fibronectin, laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan (perlecan), and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans were characterized by light microscopic immunohistochemistry in rat liver after 70% partial hepatectomy. Consistent with previous reports, there was a brisk mitosis of hepatocytes after the partial hepatectomy. Of the extracellular matrix components studied, 1B5 epitope generated by chondroitinase ABC digestion on chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans exhibited the most dramatic changes; the epitope was detectable as early as 1.5 hr after partial hepatectomy and its immunoreactivity reached a maximum at 24 hr, then declined gradually. This transient expression of the 1B5 epitope was also detected in neonatal rat liver during development. By Western blotting, the 1B5 epitope was found on two forms of the core protein of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans with apparent molecular masses of 163 KD and 152 KD, which were also regulated in the same temporal manner.

Primary brain stem tethering: a rare cause of geniculate neuralgia

1999 ◽  
Vol 113 (10) ◽  
pp. 945-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geert G. Buyse ◽  
Jo Caekebeke ◽  
Philippe Demaerel ◽  
Chris Plets
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Considerable Decrease ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Fitting In ◽  
Lower Cranial Nerves ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Subcutaneous Lipoma

AbstractThis rare case of brain stem tethering presented with chronic and progressive geniculate neuralgia. In view of the fact that an occipital subcutaneous lipoma had been resected in childhood, it probably concerned a primary tethering, fitting in with an occult occipital dysraphism.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) clearly demonstrated an underlying tethering, causing a distortion of the brain stem. Consequently, this led to the hypothesis that the geniculate neuralgia could be explained by traction on the lower cranial nerves secondary to the brain stem displacement. Untethering resulted in a considerable decrease of the neuralgia.MRI proved to be essential in the diagnosis and treatment of this unusual case.

Interferon Gamma Binds to Extracellular Matrix Chondroitin-Sulfate Proteoglycans, Thus Enhancing Its Cellular Response

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 1456-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Hurt Camejo ◽  
Birgitta Rosengren ◽  
Germán Camejo ◽  
Peter Sartipy ◽  
Gunnar Fager ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Interferon Gamma ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans

The Latero-Medial Inferior Pontine Syndrome

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward L. Applebaum ◽  
R. J. Lawrence Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Vascular Lesion ◽  
Diagnostic Evaluation ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Brain Scan ◽  
First Time ◽  
Total Deafness ◽  
The Brain

A case is presented with a pontine vascular lesion involving the V, VI, VII, and VIII cranial nerves. The diagnostic evaluation included audiometry and electronystagmography as well as arteriography, pneumoencephalography, and brain scan. Total deafness developed in the involved ear and was present for seven weeks before complete recovery occurred. Electronystagmographic findings consistent with a brain stem lesion also resolved following recovery of the patient. Audiometry and electronystagmography are described and documented for the first time in a report of a patient with a latero-medial inferior pontine syndrome. A discussion of some of the unique features of the brain stem vasculature and its relationship to clinical syndromes involving the brain stem is given.

scholarly journals Semaphorin 3A Binds to the Perineuronal Nets via Chondroitin Sulfate Type E Motifs in Rodent Brains

2013 ◽  
Vol 288 (38) ◽  
pp. 27384-27395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Dick ◽  
Chin Lik Tan ◽  
Joao Nuno Alves ◽  
Erich M. E. Ehlert ◽  
Gregory M. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Core Protein ◽  
Axon Growth ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans ◽  
Perineuronal Nets ◽  
Chondroitinase Abc ◽  
Blocking Antibody ◽  
Guidance Molecule

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and the CS-rich extracellular matrix structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs) restrict plasticity and regeneration in the CNS. Plasticity is enhanced by chondroitinase ABC treatment that removes CS from its core protein in the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans or by preventing the formation of PNNs, suggesting that chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the PNNs control plasticity. Recently, we have shown that semaphorin3A (Sema3A), a repulsive axon guidance molecule, localizes to the PNNs and is removed by chondroitinase ABC treatment (Vo, T., Carulli, D., Ehlert, E. M., Kwok, J. C., Dick, G., Mecollari, V., Moloney, E. B., Neufeld, G., de Winter, F., Fawcett, J. W., and Verhaagen, J. (2013) Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 56C, 186–200). Sema3A is therefore a candidate for a PNN effector in controlling plasticity. Here, we characterize the interaction of Sema3A with CS of the PNNs. Recombinant Sema3A interacts with CS type E (CS-E), and this interaction is involved in the binding of Sema3A to rat brain-derived PNN glycosaminoglycans, as demonstrated by the use of CS-E blocking antibody GD3G7. In addition, we investigate the release of endogenous Sema3A from rat brain by biochemical and enzymatic extractions. Our results confirm the interaction of Sema3A with CS-E containing glycosaminoglycans in the dense extracellular matrix of rat brain. We also demonstrate that the combination of Sema3A and PNN GAGs is a potent inhibitor of axon growth, and this inhibition is reduced by the CS-E blocking antibody. In conclusion, Sema3A binding to CS-E in the PNNs may be a mechanism whereby PNNs restrict growth and plasticity and may represent a possible point of intervention to facilitate neuronal plasticity.

The plated bayonet: a new instrument to facilitate surgery for intra-axial neoplasms of the spinal cord and brain stem

1993 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred J. Epstein ◽  
Memet Ozek
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Neoplastic Tissue ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Small Incision ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Print

✓ A new instrument for use in surgically treating intra-axial neoplasms of the spinal cord and brain stem is described. The plated bayonet allows neoplastic tissue in the spinal cord to be separated from functioning neural elements without perforating the adjacent spinal cord. In addition, the plated bayonet facilitates exposure through the very small incision necessary to remove tumors of the brain stem without damaging cranial nerves or other vital structures.

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