scholarly journals Identification of Chemical Toxicity Using Ontology Information of Chemicals

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanpeng Jiang ◽  
Rui Xu ◽  
Changchun Dong
Keyword(s):  
Combinatorial Chemistry ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Previous Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Chemical Toxicity ◽  
Synthetic Compounds ◽  
Limited Knowledge ◽  
Other Hand

With the advance of the combinatorial chemistry, a large number of synthetic compounds have surged. However, we have limited knowledge about them. On the other hand, the speed of designing new drugs is very slow. One of the key causes is the unacceptable toxicities of chemicals. If one can correctly identify the toxicity of chemicals, the unsuitable chemicals can be discarded in early stage, thereby accelerating the study of new drugs and reducing the R&D costs. In this study, a new prediction method was built for identification of chemical toxicities, which was based on ontology information of chemicals. By comparing to a previous method, our method is quite effective. We hope that the proposed method may give new insights to study chemical toxicity and other attributes of chemicals.

Two deoxyribonucleases from Novikoff ascites hepatoma cells

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1121-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. K. Ip ◽  
Shan-Ching Sung
Keyword(s):  
Actinomycin D ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Average Chain Length ◽  
Ascites Hepatoma ◽  
Dnase Digestion ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Acid Dnase ◽  
Sulfhydryl Compounds

Two DNases have been isolated and separated from Novikoff ascites hepatoma by ammonium sulfate fractionation and have been further purified by chromatography on ion-exchange columns of DEAE types.The partially purified acid DNase is free of any measurable RNase activity, while the partially purified alkaline DNase preparation still exhibits RNase activity.The alkaline DNase requires sulfhydryl compounds for maximum activity, whereas the acid DNase does not. Both DNases require Mg2+ ions for maximum activity. EDTA strongly inhibits the alkaline DNase activity and the inhibition can be reversed by the addition of Mg2+ ions. On the other hand, EDTA activates the acid DNase either in the presence or in the absence of Mg2+.Sarkomycin inhibits the alkaline DNase but does not inhibit the acid DNase. Actinomycin D and heparin inhibit both DNase activities.The products of the alkaline DNase digestion consist of four deoxymononucleotides as well as higher oligonucleotides, all terminating in 5′-phosphate. The alkaline DNase seems to exhibit an endonucleolytic mode of attack in the early stage of hydrolysis with a subsequent exonucleolytic action. However, the possibility of contamination by an unknown exonuclease cannot be ruled out. On the other hand, the products of the acid DNase digestion consist mainly of oligonucleotides with average chain length larger than 8 units all terminating in 3′-phosphate. No mononucleotides can be detected. This suggests that the acid DNase is a typical endonuclease and possesses no detectable exonuclease activity.The acid DNase preferentially attacks linkages of the type dPupGp, whereas the preferential linkage(s) for the alkaline DNase has not been established.

The Organisation of African Unity: A Progress Report

1966 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Markakis
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Progress Report ◽  
The Other ◽  
African Unity ◽  
Other Hand

The Organisation of African Unity is now three years old. In view of the nature of both its scope and its goals, it would obviously be premature to attempt an evaluation of this organisation at such an early stage. On the other hand, the O.A.U. has grown precociously since its birth in May 1963, and the time is ripe for a description of its rapidly multiplying organs, and for some preliminary observations of the multifarious activity in which they have been engaged. To state that the O.A.U. is still in the cradle stage of its development is to emphasise the obvious. It is hardly surprising also that it should suffer the pains of growth, which are likely to be rather severe in the case of a scheme so ambitiously conceived. These facts must be kept in mind while reviewing the O.A.U. at its present state of development.

scholarly journals Funding of clinical trials in Brazil for the development of new drugs: who are the sponsors?

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Eccard da Silva ◽  
Angélica Amorim Amato ◽  
Maria Rita Carvalho Garbi Novaes
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Neglected Diseases ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Other Hand

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> A low rate of investment in science it is directly impacts the technological independence and capacity in health care costs. Knowledge of funding sources is critical to understand the problem and formulates hypotheses for future studies.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Two databases were used: the System for Control of Clinical Research (SCCR) from the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa), and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP).  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> From 2009 to 2012, 77% of the clinical trials approved by Anvisa were sponsored by transnational pharmaceutical industry. On the other hand, the national pharmaceutical industry sponsored 8% of the trials over the same period. The most frequent sponsor of clinical trials involving drugs registered in the ICTRP from 2011 to 2012 was the transnational pharmaceutical industry (43%). Among the trials with national sponsors, are those involving neglected diseases such as chronic hepatitis C (ICD X B18.2), cutaneous leishmaniasis (ICD X B55.1) and yellow fever (ICD X A95), which were all sponsored by national governmental foundations. None of the active pharmaceutical ingredients studied by the transnational pharmaceutical industry or the transnational biopharmaceutical company were in the national list of essential medicines. On the other hand, 83% and 66.6% of the active pharmaceutical ingredients studied by national private universities and the international governmental agency, respectively, are in the national list of essential medicines.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The national pharmaceutical industry and government still invests little in Research and Development (R&amp;D) activities, when compared with transnational industries. This affects directly its technological and innovation ability.</p>

Diagnosis and Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease

CNS Spectrums ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya Simuni ◽  
Matthew B. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Other Hand

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. The last 5 years have been marked by rapid developments in understanding the pathophysiology of PD as well as by the introduction of a number of new drugs for symptomatic treatment of the disease. On the other hand, the diagnosis of PD is still made purely on clinical grounds. Due to continuing advances in therapy, it is increasingly important to recognize PD in its earliest stages and to distinguish it from other causes of parkinsonism, for which prognosis and response to treatment differ. This article reviews the epidemiology of PD and then elaborates on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

On the Neural Crest of the Lamprey Embryo

Development ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-375
Author(s):  
D. R. Newth
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Embryonic Tissue ◽  
Critical Step ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Vertebrate Embryo ◽  
Common Ancestors

The neural crest is an embryonic tissue found only in craniate vertebrates, but important in the embryogenesis of all of them in which it has been studied. It may be assumed to be of great antiquity and, indeed, to have been present in the latest common ancestors of cyclostomes and gnathostomes, its acquisition having been an early and critical step in the evolution of the craniates. It follows that its properties in living cyclostomes have a twofold interest. It is possible that it is here in one or more ways ‘primitive’, and that its study will reveal something of an early stage in the evolution of the vertebrate embryo. On the other hand, the presumptive fate of the crest in cyclostomes may differ from that of the crest in higher vertebrates for another reason. For certain structures in gnathostomes that are of crest origin, in particular elements of the cartilaginous visceral skeleton, are only doubtfully homologous with their cyclostome analogues.

An extension of Maxwell’s theory of pin-jointed frameworks by M. W. Crofton, F.R.S

1989 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-56 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Railway System ◽  
The One

At an early stage of Maxwell’s researches into the theory of plane ‘triangulated’ frameworks whose bars or ‘pieces’ arc connected together by pin-joints he derived a relation between the number of bars, joints and supports, respectively, that was necessary if the forces throughout, due to imposed loads, were to be found by simple statics (1). Those researches were stimulated by the needs of engineers to determine the general and detailed proportions of the then novel iron frameworks, especially for bridges for the developing railway system. Rigidity or stiffness to imposed loads was implied by Maxwell’s criterion. Violation of the criterion would, on the one hand, result in a mechanism whereby the bars would be capable of motion and, on the other hand, in a framework with excess stiffness. Moreover, the latter would be capable of having unknown forces introduced into its bars by, say, malpractice during construction, that would then be additional to those caused by eventual loading; that is, it could be self-strained.

scholarly journals Muamma (conundrum) of Riba (Interest and Usury) in Major Religions in General and Islam in Particular

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 4438-4443
Author(s):  
Dr Ahmad Khalid Khan ◽  
Dr Omar Abdullah Al Aboud ◽  
Dr. Syed Mohammad Faisal
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Jewish Law ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Limited Knowledge ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
Human Limitation

Author did courage to undertake this project with his limited knowledge of Religion, therefore, he seek apology in advance with the readers if any mistake has been committed. This paper has no religious relevance rather author has strived to uplift the pride of Interest and rent by making study in different major religion. The paper entitled, “Muamma (conundrum) of Riba (Interest and Usury) in Major Religions in General and Islam in Particular” It is an attempt to study the indication given by the religion that why it is haram. Interest is a very interesting thing; almost in all major religion Riba (Interest and Usury) is Haram including Judaism, however one side in Judaism, the Torah and Talmud encourage the granting of loans if they do not involve interest, on the other hand the halakhah [applicable Jewish law] regarding free loans apply only to loans made to other Jews but it is permissible to make loans with Riba (Interest and Usury) to non-Jews. Yet Riba (Interest and Usury) is Haram in most of the major religion because it disturbs the social fabric, it perturbs the connection which people share, which can facilitate to form an ethnically rich and in a social context cohesive community, Honestly speaking Riba (Interest and Usury) is not only the perpetrator for it, but Riba (Interest and Usury) is one of the cause for it. On the other hand, where the purpose is for utilization when one has for some cause or other gone astray his earnings, to insist a fixed return where no homecoming is produced is frequently considered as iniquitous.  Especially so if the collateral demanded is the house in which the borrower lives or land from the prospect turn out of which he expects to pay back the loan.  All the way through the era, currency providers have used the first type of case to defend their business.  Ironically it is their appliance of it to the second set of circumstances that twisted the ground for the second type of spat.   Nevertheless, by the last part of the thirteenth century a number of causes emerged which greatly destabilized the influence of the Orthodox Church.  In due course, the reformist faction, led by Luther (1483-1546) and Zwingli (1484-1531), approved to the charging of Riba (Interest and Usury) on the entreaty of human limitation

Development of Pilot Navigation Procedures for Long Haul Commercial Transport

1977 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-287
Author(s):  
A. I. Terrell
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
The South ◽  
Limited Knowledge ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Aerial Navigation ◽  
Ship Navigation ◽  
Cave Dweller

Throughout history man has navigated himself or his vehicle; while some of the methods he has used have remained unchanged through the centuries, other methods have been developed, and when superseded by later developments often lost. The stone age cave dweller used navigation, after chasing his quarry, to find his way back to his cave and this particular form of the art of navigation is little changed today. On the other hand the arts and the techniques which enabled early Polynesian navigators to sail the South Seas, and the crews of Arabian dhows to return to their home ports unerringly, may well be lost for all time. We do not propose to regret this; it is part of the evolutionary process that as each skill is lost it is replaced by a greater skill. The modern marine sextant can trace its ancestry back to the practice of measuring the height of a star in finger breadths used by those Arab navigators. Aerial navigation entirely, and from our limited knowledge we suggest ship navigation also, is at a point in its development where the man is being replaced by the machine, and it may be that we should assess the best way to ensure that we, as navigators, remain master of that machine.

Nouns in σις and -τύς in Homer

Antichthon ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 15-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.P. Shipp
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Importance ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Verbal Nouns ◽  
Language And Thought ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Secondary Type

The study of verbal nouns in Homer is of considerable importance for the understanding of the development of Greek language and thought and hence of methods of expression in the languages of Western Europe. Verbal nouns function primarily in much the same way as verbs, i.e. they express the same ideas as do verbs, and on the other hand they play similar parts in the structure of the sentence to other nouns. From this second aspect there evolves the tendency to particular reference, the ‘concrete’ use. The two functions of verbal nouns are a commonplace of semantic studies. In English we can say (1) in the building of houses=when one is building houses, (2) he came out of the building, and, in the plural, an important step, these buildings are to be demolished. The suffix -ing would be the nearest equivalent to -σις, capable like it of construction from any verb. The particular interest of nouns in -σις and -τύς in Homer is that the secondary type of use is still very rare, for example these nouns hardly ever occur in the plural, and thus the development of the ‘concrete’ use can be observed at a very early stage. The only functionally similar nouns in Homer, of types still in ‘free’ use, are those in -θμóς and -σἰη, which for reasons of space will be mentioned only incidentally, as their use impinges on that of the two other classes.

scholarly journals Myoglobinuria, 1984

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis P. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject

The year is included in the title of this review because the subject is the diversity of conditions that result in myoglobinuria, and new causes keep appearing as conditions in society change or new drugs are introduced. The syndrome is often linked to seamier aspects of society or medicine : war; sadistic drill sergeants; drug abuse; attempted suicide; self-medication or inadequate supervision of drug therapy. On the other hand, study of myoglobinuric syndromes has informed us about new hereditable biochemical causes and we have learned more about the action of viruses on muscle.

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