scholarly journals Inheritance Pattern of Temephos Resistance, an Organophosphate Insecticide, in Aedes aegypti (L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinaya Shetty ◽  
Deepak Sanil ◽  
N. J. Shetty
Keyword(s):  
Single Gene ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Inheritance Pattern ◽  
Organophosphate Insecticide ◽  
Resistant Parent ◽  
Degree Of Dominance ◽  
Gene Comparison ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Homozygous Resistant ◽  
Mode Of Inheritance

The present paper reports the mode of inheritance of resistance in laboratory induced temephos resistant and susceptible strains of Ae. aegypti. Homozygous resistant and susceptible strains of Ae. aegypti were generated by selective inbreeding at a diagnostic dose of 0.02 mg/L of temephos. Genetic crosses were carried out between these strains to determine the inheritance pattern of temephos resistance. The log-dosage probit mortality relationships and degree of dominance (D) were calculated. The dosage-mortality (d-m) line of the F1 generation was nearer to the resistant parent than the susceptible one. The “D” value was calculated as 0.15 indicating that the temephos resistant gene is incompletely dominant. The d-m lines of the F2 generation and progeny from the backcross exhibited clear plateaus of mortality across a range of doses indicating that temephos resistance is controlled by a single gene. Comparison of the mortality data with the theoretical expectations using the χ2 test revealed no significant difference, confirming a monogenic pattern of inheritance. In conclusion, the study provides evidence that the temephos resistance in Ae. aegypti follows an incompletely dominant and monogenic mode of inheritance.

scholarly journals Genetic Study of Propoxur Resistance—A Carbamate Insecticide in the Malaria Mosquito, Anopheles stephensi Liston

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sanil ◽  
N. J. Shetty
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Study ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Malaria Mosquito ◽  
Incomplete Dominance ◽  
Diagnostic Dose ◽  
Degree Of Dominance ◽  
Carbamate Insecticide ◽  
Homozygous Resistant ◽  
Mode Of Inheritance

Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae) is the urban vector of malaria in the Indian subcontinent and several countries of the Middle East. The genetics of propoxur resistance (pr) in An. stephensi larvae was studied to determine its mode of inheritance. A diagnostic dose of 0.01 mg/L as recommended by WHO was used to establish homozygous resistant and susceptible strains. Reciprocal crosses between the resistant and susceptible strains showed an F1 generation of incomplete dominance. The progenies of backcrosses to susceptible parents were in 1 : 1 ratio of the same phenotypes as the parents and hybrids involved. The dosage mortality (d-m) lines were constructed for each one of the crosses, and the degree of dominance was calculated. It is concluded that propoxur resistance in An. stephensi larvae is due to monofactorial inheritance with incomplete dominance and is autosomal in nature.

scholarly journals Reducing the anticholinergic and sedative load in older patients on polypharmacy by pharmacist-led medication review: a randomised controlled trial

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. e019042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helene G van der Meer ◽  
Hans Wouters ◽  
Lisa G Pont ◽  
Katja Taxis
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Medication Review ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Secondary Outcomes ◽  
Randomised Controlled

ObjectiveTo evaluate if a pharmacist-led medication review is effective at reducing the anticholinergic/sedative load, as measured by the Drug Burden Index (DBI).DesignRandomised controlled single blind trial.Setting15 community pharmacies in the Northern Netherlands.Participants157 community-dwelling patients aged ≥65 years who used ≥5 medicines for ≥3 months, including at least one psycholeptic/psychoanaleptic medication and who had a DBI≥1.InterventionA medication review by the community pharmacist in collaboration with the patient’s general practitioner and patient.Primary and secondary outcomes measuresThe primary outcome was the proportion of patients whose DBI decreased by at least 0.5. Secondary outcomes were the presence of anticholinergic/sedative side effects, falls, cognitive function, activities of daily living, quality of life, hospital admission and mortality. Data were collected at baseline and 3 months follow-up.ResultsMean participant age was 75.7 (SD, 6.9) years in the intervention arm and 76.6 (SD, 6.7) years in the control arm, the majority were female (respectively 69.3% and 72.0%). Logistic regression analysis showed no difference in the proportion of patients with a≥0.5 decrease in DBI between intervention arm (17.3%) and control arm (15.9%), (OR 1.04, CI 0.47 to 2.64, p=0.927). Intervention patients scored higher on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, measure of cognitive function (OR 2.02, CI 1.11 to 3.67, p=0.021) and reported fewer sedative side effects (OR 0.61, CI 0.40 to 0.94, p=0.024) at follow-up. No significant difference was found for other secondary outcomes.ConclusionsPharmacist-led medication review as currently performed in the Netherlands was not effective in reducing the anticholinergic/sedative load, measured with the DBI, within the time frame of 3 months. Preventive strategies, signalling a rising load and taking action before chronic use of anticholinergic/sedative medication is established may be more successful.Trial registration numberNCT02317666.

scholarly journals Incidental abnormal CT scan findings during transcatheter aortic valve implantation assessment: incidence and implications

Open Heart ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. e000855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akshay Patel ◽  
Kajan Mahendran ◽  
Michael Collins ◽  
Mahmoud Abdelaziz ◽  
Saib Khogali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Valve ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation ◽  
Incidental Findings ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Transcatheter Aortic Valve ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aortic Valve Implantation ◽  
Valve Implantation

ObjectivesThe aim of this retrospective series is to describe the prevalence and clinical significance of the incidental findings found during pre–transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) work-up and to ascertain the clinical course of such patients.MethodsConsecutive patients undergoing TAVI from 2013 to 2015 where a TAVI CT assessment was performed (n=138) were included in the study. All incidental findings that were not expected from the patient’s history were discussed at the TAVI multidisciplinary meeting in order to ascertain the clinical significance of said findings and whether they would alter the proposed course of treatment. Mortality data were determined by careful retrospective case note and follow-up appointment analysis.ResultsSeventy-eight patients (57%) were found to have incidental findings on pre-TAVI CT scan. The majority of patients had benign pathology with high incidence in particular of diverticular disease, pleural effusions, gallstones, hiatus hernia and degenerative spinal disease. Vascular pathology such as superior mesenteric, renal and iliac artery stenoses and abdominal aortic aneurysm was detected in seven patients. In terms of long-term mortality data, we found no significant difference between those with incidental findings and those without (p=0.48). Survival as assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis showed no significant difference between those with and without incidental abnormal CT scan findings (p=0.98).ConclusionsIncidental findings with potential for malignancy are common in an elderly, comorbid population. Ultimately, clinical correlation and prognosis must be swiftly ascertained in order to streamline the patients down the appropriate management pathway while avoiding unnecessary delay for treatment of their aortic stenosis.

scholarly journals Inheritance Patterns of Coat Colouration and Horn Number in Jacob Sheep

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 363-367
Author(s):  
N.R. McEwan ◽  
O.A. Anjola
Keyword(s):  
Gene Locus ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Coat Colour ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Inheritance Patterns ◽  
Mode Of Inheritance

Abstract The allele for black coat colour is dominant relative to the allele for lilac in Jacob sheep and is affected by a single gene locus. The percentage of this colouration, as opposed to white fleece, across the body has a heritability value of 0.255. The mode of inheritance for horn number in these animals is less clear, with neither the trait for 2 horns, nor for 4 horns being totally dominant, based on crosses of 2 x 2-horned parents and 4 x 4-horned parents; although in these examples the majority of lambs had the same number of horns as their parents. However, when one parent had 2 horns and the other had 4 horns, the gender of the 4-horned parent appeared to influence the frequency of 4-horned offspring; 77% of lambs born to a 4-horned dam being 4-horned, but only 50% when the 4-horned parent was the sire. These data suggest evidence for sex-limiting factors being involved in determining the number of horns in this breed.

scholarly journals Genetic inheritance pattern in prurigo Hebra

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Siti Aisah Boediardja ◽  
Wahyuning Ramelan ◽  
Santoso Cornain
Keyword(s):  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Inheritance Pattern ◽  
Genetic Inheritance ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Lower Morbidity ◽  
Mode Of Inheritance ◽  
Rule Out

A study was conducted to analyze the multifactorial genetic inheritance pattern in prurigo Hebra (PH). Fiftyprobands (PH patients) consisting of 11 males and 39 females, with age ranged from 5-30 years were included in this study.A three-generation family tree was obtained from each subject, from which a total of 79 families were eligible for analysis. Foreach family the possible mode of inheritance, namely autosomal dominant (AD) or autosomal recessive (AR), was predicted.The families were then grouped according to the mode of inheritance. Analysis was conducted using Chi-square test,comparing the observed occurrence of PH and the expected value for each mode. To rule out mutation, the second methodwas applied, which only families with more than one affected child were analyzed, was used. The genetic inheritancepattern was not consistently compatible either with AR or AD. This finding, and other supporting facts, such as femalepreponderace, the role of HLA and the lower morbidity rate compared to the expected rate in AR or AD mode, indicated thatthe genetic inheritance of PH follows a multi-factorial pattern.

Synaptic mutants in hexaploid oats (Avena sativa L.)

Genome ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Rines ◽  
S. S. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Sodium Azide ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Inheritance Pattern ◽  
Late Prophase ◽  
Homologous Chromosomes ◽  
Breeding Station ◽  
Meiotic Synapsis

Three meiotic synapsis-deficient mutants of oats (Avena sativa L.) were analyzed to determine their inheritance pattern, detailed chromosomal behavior, and location to chromosome. These highly sterile mutants, one in the cultivar 'Stout' and two in 'Noble', had been recovered from progeny of sodium azide mutagenized populations. Each segregated as a single gene recessive. The only synapsis-deficient variants previously described in hexaploid oats have been nullisomics or ditelosomics. Mutant 'Stout 1212' was classified as asynaptic due to deficiencies in chromosome pairing at all meiotic stages. Mutants 'Noble 1362' and 'Noble 1911' were classified as desynaptic since their homologous chromosomes were paired in early meiosis but they disassociated prematurely in late prophase I. Using a partial monosomic series from the Welsh Plant Breeding Station, mutant 1212 was mapped to monosome XII and is probably a mutation in Syn-5, a gene previously defined only by its nulli effect. Mutants 1362 and 1911 were mapped to monosome IV and are probably mutations in Syn-1, a gene also previously defined only by its nulli effect. Seed set on the synaptic mutant plants in the field was less than 0.2% of that on fertile sibs and likely resulted from pollination by surrounding fertile plants. This seed may serve as a source of unique aneuploid stocks in oats.Key words: meiotic mutants, gene mapping, monosomics, nullisomics, oat cytogenetics.

scholarly journals Inheritance of Arabica Coffee Resistance to Radopholus similisCobb.

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Retno Hulupi ◽  
Nasrullah . ◽  
Soemartono .
Keyword(s):  
Single Gene ◽  
Gene Interaction ◽  
Segregation Ratio ◽  
Segregation Pattern ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Resistant Parent ◽  
Arabica Coffee ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Almost All

A research to get inheritance of Arabica coffee resistance to Radopholus similisnematode was done in screen house and laboratory of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, also at endemic area of coffee plantation, using F1, F1 R and F2 crossing between BP 542 A(resistant) x Andungsari 1 (susceptible) with their reciprocal, and BP 542 A x Kartika 1. The purpose of this study that was conducted at seedling stage is to formulate a Strategy for Arabica coffee breeding to get resistant varieties to nematode. As the variables of resistance were weight of seedling biomass, percent of root weight deviation, number of root nematodes, number of soil nematodes, reproduction and percent of necrotic root. Using discriminant analysis and fastclus, those data variables were analyzed for genetic of resistance with Statistical Analysis System programme version 8. Genetic study on the inheritance of resistance to R. similiswas started with evaluation of homozigosity of BP 542 A was resistant parent. The result showed that BP 542 A was heterozygous. Therefore, segregation test could not be suggested with segregation pattern principals as Mendel proposed. Segregation test on BP 542 A showed that it was heterozygote and the resistance was controlled by single gene with complete dominant effect, so the progeny segregated in 75% resistant and 25% susceptible. The result of the test showed the absence of maternal effect for root weight deviation and percentage of necrotic root variables, which meant that no cytoplasmic inheritance was involved. Based on the test of segregation ratio, almost all of the resistance was not appropriate for monogenic and or digenic segregation pattern as expected due to non allelic gene interaction that caused epistasis. Key words: Inheritance, resistance, Arabica coffee, Radopholus similis.

scholarly journals Further Investigations on the Genetics of Resistance to Iron Deficiency in Cowpea

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 560B-560a ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L. Hale ◽  
Douglas C. Scheuring ◽  
Thomas J. Gerik ◽  
Jeffrey D. Hart ◽  
J. Creighton Miller
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Bootstrap Method ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Susceptible Variety ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Iron Deficiency Chlorosis ◽  
Spad Value ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Spad Readings

Iron Deficiency Chlorosis (FeDC) is a problem in cowpea because it affects the ability of the plant to produce chlorophyll. Earlier studies indicated that FeDC was conditioned by a single gene. Pinkeye Purple Hull (PEPH), a susceptible variety, and Texas Pinkeye Purple Hull (TXPE), a resistant variety, were crossed and allowed to self for one generation. The F1s were backcrossed to the parents. SPAD readings were taken on each population. SPAD measures the transmission of light through the leaves at a wavelength where chlorophyll absorbs and a wavelength where it does not. The SPAD reading is calculated based on a ratio of these two numbers. Thus, the SPAD value is unitless and is an indication of the relative amount of chlorophyll present in the leaf. Chlorophyll was extracted from leaves, and regressed on the SPAD readings from the same leaves. An R2 of .9102 was obtained as well as a regression equation of y = 12.8x + 54.5. Thus, a SPAD value of 1 corresponds with a chlorophyll content of ≈67.3 μg chlorophyll/gfw. The data was analyzed using a bootstrap method, and indicated that FeDC is not controlled by a single gene. A P-value of .0004 showed a highly significant difference between the expected and observed segregation ratios in the F2 plants. Narrow sense heritibility (Mather) was estimated at 0.3.

scholarly journals Elucidating the genetic basis of an oligogenic birth defect using whole genome sequence data in a non-model organism, Bubalus bubalis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynsey K. Whitacre ◽  
Jesse L. Hoff ◽  
Robert D. Schnabel ◽  
Sara Albarella ◽  
Francesca Ciotola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Water Buffalo ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Modifier Genes ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Disease Phenotype ◽  
Inheritance Pattern ◽  
Strong Selection ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Mode Of Inheritance

AbstractRecent strong selection for dairy traits in water buffalo has been associated with higher levels of inbreeding, leading to an increase in the prevalence of genetic diseases such as transverse hemimelia (TH), a congenital developmental abnormality characterized by the absence of a variable distal portion of the hindlimbs. The limited genomic resources available for water buffalo, in conjunction with an unconfirmed inheritance pattern, required an original approach to identify genetic variants associated with this disease. The genomes of 4 bilaterally affected cases, 7 unilaterally affected cases, and 14 controls were sequenced. Variant calling identified 19.8 million high confidence single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 2.8 million insertions/deletions (INDELs). A concordance analysis of SNPs and INDELs requiring all unilateral and bilateral cases and none of the controls to be homozygous for the same allele, revealed two genes, WNT7A and SMARCA4, known to play a role in embryonic hindlimb development. Additionally, SNP alleles in NOTCH1 and RARB were homozygous exclusively in the bilaterally affected cases, suggesting an oligogenic mode of inheritance. Homozygosity mapping by whole genome de novo assembly was then used to identify large contigs representing regions of homozygosity in the cases. This also supported an oligogenic mode of inheritance; implicating 13 genes involved in aberrant hindlimb development in the bilateral cases and 11 in the unilateral cases. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) predicted additional modifier genes. Results from these analyses suggest that mutations in SMARCA4 and WNT7A are required for expression of TH, while several other loci including NOTCH1 act as modifiers and increase the severity of the disease phenotype. Although our data show that the inheritance of TH is complex, we predict that homozygous variants in WNT7A and SMARCA4 are necessary for the expression of TH and selection against these variants and avoidance of carrier-to-carrier matings should eradicate TH.Author SummaryGenetic diseases often occur and are spread through small populations under strong selection where rates of inbreeding can be significant. The use of a limited number of water buffalo males via artificial insemination for genetic improvement of milk and milk composition has increased the frequency of the genetic disease, transverse hemimelia (TH). Transverse hemimelia affected calves are normally developed except for malformation of one or both hindlimbs or both hindlimbs and one or both forelimbs. Little is known about the inheritance pattern of TH. We discovered genetic variants present in cases where both hindlimbs and one forelimb were affected, cases were both hindlimbs were affected, cases where only one hindlimb was affected, and in non-affected water buffalo that predict TH to be inherited as an oligogenic disease with two driver loci necessary for disease expression and several additional modifier genes that are responsible for the severity of the disease phenotype. We predict that selection against mutations in the two major loci and the avoidance of mating animals that are heterozygous for these mutations will eliminate TH from water buffalo.

scholarly journals S100B Serum Level as a Mortality Predictor for Traumatic Brain Injury: A Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 2239-2244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nyoman Golden ◽  
Tjokorda Gde Bagus Mahadewa ◽  
Citra Aryanti ◽  
I Putu Eka Widyadharma
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Serum S100b ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

  BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of inflammatory neuronal cell damage will continue after traumatic brain injury in which contributed to subsequent mortality. Serum S100B levels were shown to be an early predictor of mortality due to traumatic brain injury. AIM: This Meta-Analysis will analyse the mean and diagnostic strength of serum S100B levels between survived and died subjects with head injuries based on the various follow-up times of nine studies. METHODS: We conducted a meta-anelysis in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and adhering to Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Review of Interventions. Literature search was conducted on March 16, 2018 from Medline and Scopus in the past 10 years, using various keywords related to S100, brain injury, and outcome. Duplicate journals were sorted out via EndNote. Included articles were as follows: original data from the group, clinical trials, case series, patients undergoing serum S100B levels with both short- and long-term follow-up mortality. Data were collected for mortality, serum S100B levels, and its diagnostic strength. All data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.3 (Cochrane, Denmark). RESULTS: The results of the meta-analysis showed a significant difference in S100B levels between survived and died subjects with head injuries on overall follow-up timeline (0.91, 95.9% CI 0.7-1.12, I2 = 98%, p < 0.001), during treatment (1.43, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.89, I2 = 98%, p < 0.001), or 6 months (0.19; 95%CI 0.1-0.29, I2 = 76%, p < 0.001) with an average threshold value that varies according to the study method used. The mean diagnostic strength was also promising to predict early mortality (sensitivity of 77.18% and 92.33%, specificity of 78.35% and 50.6%, respectively). CONCLUSION: S100B serum levels in the future will be potential biomarkers, and it is expected that there will be standardised guidelines for their application.

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