scholarly journals Comparative Study of the Accuracy of Different Techniques for the Laboratory Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis Mansoni in Areas of Low Endemicity in Barra Mansa City, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Cristina Carvalho Espírito-Santo ◽  
Mónica Viviana Alvarado-Mora ◽  
Pedro Luiz Silva Pinto ◽  
Maria Carmen Arroyo Sanchez ◽  
Emmanuel Dias-Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Indirect Immunofluorescence Technique ◽  
Precipitin Test

Schistosomiasis constitutes a major public health problem, with an estimated 200 million people infected worldwide. Many areas of Brazil show low endemicity of schistosomiasis, and the current standard parasitological techniques are not sufficiently sensitive to detect the low-level helminth infections common in areas of low endemicity (ALEs). This study compared the Kato-Katz (KK); Hoffman, Pons, and Janer (HH); enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay- (ELISA-) IgG and ELISA-IgM; indirect immunofluorescence technique (IFT-IgM); and qPCR techniques for schistosomiasis detection in serum and fecal samples, using the circumoval precipitin test (COPT) as reference. An epidemiological survey was conducted in a randomized sample of residents from five neighborhoods of Barra Mansa, RJ, with 610 fecal and 612 serum samples. ELISA-IgM (21.4%) showed the highest positivity and HH and KK techniques were the least sensitive (0.8%). All techniques except qPCR-serum showed high accuracy (82–95.5%), differed significantly from COPT in positivityP<0.05, and showed poor agreement with COPT. Medium agreement was seen with ELISA-IgG (Kappa = 0.377) and IFA (Kappa = 0.347). Parasitological techniques showed much lower positivity rates than those by other techniques. We suggest the possibility of using a combination of laboratory tools for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in ALEs.

scholarly journals Serovar prevalence of Leptospira in semirural India and the development of an IgM-based indirect ELISA

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 234-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Chandy ◽  
Lokeshwaran Kirubanandhan ◽  
Priya Hemavathy ◽  
Anees Mohammad Khadeeja ◽  
Siby Jacob Kurian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cloning And Expression ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Leptospira Serovars

Introduction: Leptospirosis is a major public health problem in India. However, it has been underreported and under-diagnosed due to a lack of awareness of the disease, a functional surveillance system, and appropriate laboratory diagnostic facilities. Methodology: This multicenter study aimed to understand the Leptospira serovars causing leptospirosis in seven secondary-level hospitals in six states in India. Since early and accurate diagnosis of leptospirosis is one of the challenges faced by clinicians in India due to the poor specificity and sensitivity of commercially available diagnostic systems, an in-house indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed. Genomic DNA from L. interrogans serovar Canicola was used for polymerase chain reaction amplification, cloning, and expression of the lipL32 gene in E. coli to amplify, clone, and express the lipL32 gene. Results: Australis was the common serovar seen at all the study centers. Serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae was seen in samples from Tamil Nadu and Assam. In-house ELISA was standardized using the purified recombinant LipL32 polypeptide and was used to evaluate serum. Subsequently, acute serum samples from leptospirosis patients (n = 60) were screened. Compared to the gold standard, the microscopic agglutination test, sensitivity and specificity of the in-house ELISA was 95% and 90%, respectively. Conclusions: Understanding Leptospira serovars circulating in leptospirosis-endemic areas will help to formulate better vaccines. LipL32-based ELISA may serve as a valuable tool for early diagnosis of leptospirosis.

scholarly journals Laboratory diagnosis of human brucellosis in Egypt and persistence of the pathogen following treatment

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 786-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayman Marei ◽  
Ghada Boghdadi ◽  
Nahla Abdel-Hamed ◽  
Rasha Hessin ◽  
Theresia Abdoel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Lateral Flow Assay ◽  
Human Brucellosis ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Point Of Care Test

Introduction: Brucellosis is a major public health problem in Egypt. The Brucella IgM/IgG lateral flow assay was developed as a point-of-care test for the diagnosis of human brucellosis. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of the lateral flow assay for use in Egypt. Methodology: Fifty samples of patients who presented with clinical suspicion of brucellosis over a one-year period were collected.  All samples were subjected to the Brucella IgM/IgG lateral flow assay, serum agglutination test (SAT), rose bengal RB Test (RB), 2- mercapteoethanol (2-ME), culture and PCR. SAT, 2- ME, culture and PCR were retested after the end of the treatment. Results: Culture and SAT confirmed the diagnosis of brucellosis in twenty patients.  While 90% of the samples were positive by SAT, only 30% and 85% were positive by culture and PCR respectively. The sensitivity of the lateral flow assay calculated for the Brucella IgM/IgG was 95% and specificity was 97%. Conclusion: These data show that the lateral flow assay is more suitable for diagnosis of brucellosis in Egypt than culture and SAT.  Application of the PCR on serum samples collected during follow-up revealed that the DNA of the pathogen was yet not completely cleared almost 60 days after the start of treatment with doxycycline and ciprofloxacin.

Correlation of serostatus and viraemia levels among Indian dengue patients at the time of first diagnosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 (7) ◽  
pp. 513-520
Author(s):  
Ruta Kulkarni ◽  
Shubham Shrivastava ◽  
Harshad P Patil ◽  
Divya Tiraki ◽  
Akhilesh Chandra Mishra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serological Markers ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Tissue Culture Infectious Dose ◽  
First Diagnosis

Abstract Background Dengue is a public health problem worldwide. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against dengue virus (DENV) are likely to be available soon. In view of the feasibility issues pertaining to pretreatment viraemia quantitation for therapy decisions, we conducted this study for investigation of a correlation between patient serostatus (NS1/immunoglobulin M [IgM]/IgG) and viraemia levels among Indian dengue patients at the time of first diagnosis. Methods The study included 297 serum samples from dengue patients in Pune, India. The samples were tested for NS1, IgM and IgG (capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] for identifying secondary dengue) using Panbio ELISAs. Quantitation of viraemia was conducted using an NS1 ELISA-based 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) test in Vero cells. Results Viraemia was detectable only among NS1-positive patients (n = 229, range 0.5–8.3 logTCID50/ml) with a mean titre of 1.9 logTCID50/ml. Among the NS1-positive patients, DENV titres were higher in IgM-negative than IgM-positive patients (p &lt; 0.0001) and in primary (IgG &lt; 18 Panbio units) versus secondary (IgG &gt; 22 Panbio units) dengue patients (p = 0.002). Virus titres were higher during the first 3 days of illness and decreased later (p = 0.005). Conclusions The study provides a range of infectious DENV titres in relation to serologic status among dengue patients in India. The data suggest the possibility of using serological markers (NS1/IgM) as a basis for treatment decisions.

Denatured virion protein 1 of equine rhinitis B virus 1 contains authentic B-cell epitopes recognised in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay—Short communication

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gernot Kriegshäuser ◽  
Anne Cullinane ◽  
Ernst Kuechler ◽  
Timothy Skern
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Metal Chelate ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Virion Protein ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
B Virus ◽  
High Level

Equine rhinitis B virus 1 (ERBV1), genus Erbovirus, family Picornaviridae , is a pathogen of horses which causes clinical and subclinical infection of the upper respiratory tract in horses. The virus is widespread in European horse populations and the current standard method for the detection of antibody against ERBV1 is by virus neutralisation (VN). VN tests, however, are labour-intensive and time-consuming, require tissue culture facilities, and generally do not provide same-day results. In this study, a protocol for the high-level expression and purification of recombinant virion protein 1 (rVP1) was established using metal-chelate affinity chromatography under denaturing condition. When used as a coating antigen in a prototype enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), denatured rVP1 was recognised by ERBV1 antibody present in horse serum. This finding suggests that denatured rVP1 is a promising candidate for the development of an ELISA to be used in the routine laboratory diagnosis of ERBV1 infection in horses.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Using Urine Samples

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Zahidul Islam ◽  
Makoto Itoh ◽  
S. M. Shamsuzzaman ◽  
Rusella Mirza ◽  
Farzana Matin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Crude Antigen

ABSTRACT A diagnostic method has been developed to detect anti-Leishmania donovani immunoglobulin G (IgG) in urine by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In measuring anti-L. donovani IgG, IgA, and IgM in urine, the method performed best in the detection of IgG. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were determined with panels of urine samples from 62 visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients, 59 healthy controls from areas of endemicity, 53 healthy controls from areas of nonendemicity, 59 malaria patients, 13 tuberculosis patients, 23 cutaneous leishmaniasis patients, and 7 patients with other diseases. Using L. donovani promastigote crude antigen, the test had 93.5% sensitivity (58 positives of 62 VL patient samples) and 89.3% specificity (191 negatives of 214 non-VL patient samples). The ELISA with acetone-treated L. donovani promastigote antigen raised the sensitivity and specificity to 95.0 and 95.3%, respectively. Western blot analysis revealed that most of the samples that cross-reacted with crude antigen in ELISA did not recognize any antigenic component of L. donovani crude antigen. We also checked 40 serum samples from the same group of VL patients for anti-L. donovani IgG and got 90.0% sensitivity with both crude and acetone-treated antigens. As collection of urine is much easier than collection of serum, the detection of anti-L. donovani IgG in urine with acetone-treated antigen will be useful in epidemiological studies. It could be an adjunct of laboratory diagnosis.

scholarly journals Immunodetection of Fasciola gigantica Circulating Antigen in Sera of Infected Individuals for Laboratory Diagnosis of Human Fascioliasis

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1569-1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelfattah M. Attallah ◽  
Faisal A. Bughdadi ◽  
Atef M. El-Shazly ◽  
Hisham Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Fasciola Gigantica ◽  
Antigen Detection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Target Antigen ◽  
Immunoperoxidase Staining ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Fascioliasis ◽  
Circulating Antigen

ABSTRACTCurrently, the laboratory diagnosis of human fascioliasis is based on the parasitological examination of parasite eggs in stool specimens and serological detection of specific antibodies in serum samples, which are often unreliable diagnostic approaches. Ideally, a sensitive and specific diagnostic test forFasciolainfection should be based on the detection of circulatingFasciolaantigen, which implies active infection. Here, a 27-kDa-molecular-mass antigen was identified in aFasciola giganticaadult worm antigen preparation, excretory-secretory products, and sera fromF. gigantica-infected individuals, and it was not detected in antigenic extracts of other parasites and sera from noninfected individuals. The target antigen was isolated and partially characterized as a protein. Immunoperoxidase staining located the target epitope within teguments and guts ofF. giganticaadult worms. The performance characteristics of a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based onF. giganticacirculating antigen detection in serum (FgCA-27 ELISA) were investigated using sera of 120 parasitologically diagnosedF. gigantica-infected individuals and 80 noninfected individuals. The area under the receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for ELISA was significantly high (AUC = 0.961,P< 0.0001) for discriminatingFasciola-infected and noninfected individuals. The developed assay showed high degrees of sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency (>93%), and a significant correlation (r= 0.715,P< 0.0001) between antigen level and parasite egg count was shown. In conclusion, a 27-kDaFasciolaantigen was identified in sera ofF. gigantica-infected individuals. A highly sensitive and specificFasciolaantigen detection assay, FgCA-27 ELISA, was developed for laboratory diagnosis of human fascioliasis.

scholarly journals The incidence of pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) in pre-school and school aged children in the Eastern Slovakia

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-280
Author(s):  
A. Dudlová ◽  
P. Juriš ◽  
P. Jarčuška ◽  
Z. Vasilková ◽  
V. Vargová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
School Age ◽  
Enterobius Vermicularis ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Helminth infections caused by Enterobius vermicularis have a cosmopolitan character and most often affect the paediatric pre-school and school age population. The presented study was conducted to determine the prevalence of E. vermicularis in the analyzed population of children in the Eastern Slovakia. The Graham’s scotch tape method was used to investigate the presence of Enterobius vermicularis eggs in 390 specimens. The analyzed set consisted of 218 girls and 172 boys, divided by age into three groups - aged from 5 months to 2 years, aged from 3 to 6 years, and aged from 7 to 15 years. Investigation of perianal scotch tapes of children for the presence of E. vermicularis eggs revealed the prevalence of E. vermicularis was P = 3.59 %. Depending on the incidence of E. vermicularis infection, we detected no statistically signifi cant difference (p> 0.05). The prevalence of E. vermicularis in boys was P = 4.07 %, and in girls P = 3.21 %. The highest prevalence of E. vermicularis was recorded in the group of children aged from 3 to 6 years (P = 5.03 %). Most of the samples were positive at age 4 and 5. The lowest prevalence was in the group of children aged from 5 months to 2 years (P = 0.97 %), and the prevalence of E. vermicularis in the group of children aged from 7 to 15 was P = 3.91 %. The difference in the incidence of E. vermicularis infection among different age groups of children was not statistically significant (p> 0.05). Enterobius vermicularis nematode infection and enterobiasis currently represents a major public health problem in Slovakia. At the present its occurrence is the most frequent in the paediatric population. Therefore it is important to introduce a targeted hygienic-epidemiological measure in children’s collectives, what also should include proper and effective diagnostics and frequent recurrent therapy.

Prevalence of Intestinal Helminth Infections of Stray Dogs of Public Health Significance in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Olatunji Ayodeji Abulude
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Helminth Species ◽  
Intestinal Helminth ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Helminth Infections

Globally, stray dogs have been a major source of zoonoses such as cutaneous larval migrans, visceral larval migrans and hydatidosis. These dogs are recognized as being a major public health problem where their population is unchecked. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminth parasites of stray dogs in Lagos metropolis. Stools of 96 stray dogs were examined microscopically for ova of these parasites using centrifugation flotation method. Four species of intestinal helminths were identified. The overall prevalence of helminths infection was 61.4%, with Ancylostoma caninum having a prevalence of 62.5%, Toxocara canis 20.8%, Dipylidium caninum 18.7% and Strongyloides stercoralis 2.0%. T. canis had the highest worm burden of 1,250 egg per gram (EPG) while S. stercoralis had the least (100 EPG). The areas with the most helminth infections were Yaba (n=12, X̄=1.58, SD=0.793), Agege (n=11, X̄=1.73, SD=0.786) and Ikotun (n=11, X̄=1.45, SD=0.820). S. stercoralis was only found in samples obtained from Mushin and Ikorodu. Most of the stool samples obtained from this study had mixed infections, 83.3% were infected with three helminth species, 8.3% were infected with four helminth species and none had double infection. Mushin had the most mixed infections (n=4, X̄=1.900, SD=1.101) while Obalende had the least (n=1, X̄=1.000, SD=0.000). Most of the intestinal helminth parasites identified in this study are zoonotic and thus pose a public health problem. Environmental factors seem to influence the health condition of these dogs, thus concerted efforts should be made to reduce the growing population of stray dogs on the street of Lagos.

scholarly journals Plasmodium ovale: Parasite and Disease

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 570-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Collins ◽  
Geoffrey M. Jeffery
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Plasmodium Ovale ◽  
Malaria Parasites ◽  
Sub Saharan

SUMMARY Humans are infected by four recognized species of malaria parasites. The last of these to be recognized and described is Plasmodium ovale. Like the other malaria parasites of primates, this parasite is only transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The prepatent period in the human ranges from 12 to 20 days. Some forms in the liver have delayed development, and relapse may occur after periods of up to 4 years after infection. The developmental cycle in the blood lasts approximately 49 h. An examination of records from induced infections indicated that there were an average of 10.3 fever episodes of ≥101°F and 4.5 fever episodes of ≥104°F. Mean maximum parasite levels were 6,944/μl for sporozoite-induced infections and 7,310/μl for trophozoite-induced infections. Exoerythrocytic stages have been demonstrated in the liver of humans, chimpanzees, and Saimiri monkeys following injection of sporozoites. Many different Anopheles species have been shown to be susceptible to infection with P. ovale, including A. gambiae, A. atroparvus, A. dirus, A. freeborni, A. albimanus, A. quadrimaculatus, A. stephensi, A. maculatus, A. subpictus, and A. farauti. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been developed to detect mosquitoes infected with P. ovale using a monoclonal antibody directed against the circumsporozoite protein. Plasmodium ovale is primarily distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa. It has also been reported from numerous islands in the western Pacific. In more recent years, there have been reports of its distribution on the Asian mainland. Whether or not it will become a major public health problem there remains to be seen. The diagnosis of P. ovale is based primarily on the characteristics of the blood stages and its differentiation from P. vivax. The sometimes elliptical shape of the infected erythrocyte is often diagnostic when combined with other, subtler differences in morphology. The advent of molecular techniques, primarily PCR, has made diagnostic confirmation possible. The development of techniques for the long-term frozen preservation of malaria parasites has allowed the development diagnostic reference standards for P. ovale. Infections in chimpanzees are used to provide reference and diagnostic material for serologic and molecular studies because this parasite has not been shown to develop in other nonhuman primates, nor has it adapted to in vitro culture. There is no evidence to suggest that P. ovale is closely related phylogenetically to any other of the primate malaria parasites that have been examined.

Comparison of indirect haemagglutination test, gel-diffusion precipitin test, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of serum antibodies to Pasteurella multocida in naturally and experimentally infected rabbits

1994 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiichi Kawamoto ◽  
Takuo Sawada ◽  
Toru Sato ◽  
Kiyoshi Suzuki ◽  
Tsutomu Maruyama
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Indirect Haemagglutination ◽  
Precipitin Test ◽  
Gel Diffusion

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), gel-diffusion precipitin test (GDPT), and indirect haem agglutination test (IHAT) were evaluated for the detection of antibodies to Pasteurella multocida in both naturally and experimentally infected rabbits. A total of 285 rabbit serum samples from 7 rabbit colonies were tested by ELISA, GDPT, and IHAT, and nasal cultures were taken coincidentally to use as the standard in the serological tests. There was better correlation (98.0%) between the results of ELISA and positive nasal culture than between the GDPT (86.3%) or IHAT (23.5%) and positive nasal culture. In addition, ELISA and GDPT were positive in 26 (11.1%) and 21 (9.0%) of 234 serum samples from nasal culture negative rabbits, respectively. In experimentally infected rabbits, antibodies detected by the ELISA and GDPT began to rise one to 3 weeks post-inoculation. IHAT did not detect antibodies. These results are discussed in terms of value to serodiagnosis of rabbit pasteurellosis.

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