scholarly journals An Efficient Diagnosis System for Parkinson’s Disease Using Kernel-Based Extreme Learning Machine with Subtractive Clustering Features Weighting Approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Ma ◽  
Jihong Ouyang ◽  
Hui-Ling Chen ◽  
Xue-Hua Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Learning Machine ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Kernel Functions ◽  
Subtractive Clustering ◽  
Kappa Statistics ◽  
Kappa Value ◽  
Learning Machine ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Features Weighting

A novel hybrid method named SCFW-KELM, which integrates effective subtractive clustering features weighting and a fast classifier kernel-based extreme learning machine (KELM), has been introduced for the diagnosis of PD. In the proposed method, SCFW is used as a data preprocessing tool, which aims at decreasing the variance in features of the PD dataset, in order to further improve the diagnostic accuracy of the KELM classifier. The impact of the type of kernel functions on the performance of KELM has been investigated in detail. The efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method have been rigorously evaluated against the PD dataset in terms of classification accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC),f-measure, and kappa statistics value. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed SCFW-KELM significantly outperforms SVM-based, KNN-based, and ELM-based approaches and other methods in the literature and achieved highest classification results reported so far via 10-fold cross validation scheme, with the classification accuracy of 99.49%, the sensitivity of 100%, the specificity of 99.39%, AUC of 99.69%, thef-measure value of 0.9964, and kappa value of 0.9867. Promisingly, the proposed method might serve as a new candidate of powerful methods for the diagnosis of PD with excellent performance.

scholarly journals An Expert Diagnosis System for Parkinson Disease Based on Genetic Algorithm-Wavelet Kernel-Extreme Learning Machine

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derya Avci ◽  
Akif Dogantekin
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Parkinson Disease ◽  
Extreme Learning Machine ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Diagnosis System ◽  
Kernel Extreme Learning Machine ◽  
Learning Machine ◽  
Hidden Neurons

Parkinson disease is a major public health problem all around the world. This paper proposes an expert disease diagnosis system for Parkinson disease based on genetic algorithm- (GA-) wavelet kernel- (WK-) Extreme Learning Machines (ELM). The classifier used in this paper is single layer neural network (SLNN) and it is trained by the ELM learning method. The Parkinson disease datasets are obtained from the UCI machine learning database. In wavelet kernel-Extreme Learning Machine (WK-ELM) structure, there are three adjustable parameters of wavelet kernel. These parameters and the numbers of hidden neurons play a major role in the performance of ELM. In this study, the optimum values of these parameters and the numbers of hidden neurons of ELM were obtained by using a genetic algorithm (GA). The performance of the proposed GA-WK-ELM method is evaluated using statical methods such as classification accuracy, sensitivity and specificity analysis, and ROC curves. The calculated highest classification accuracy of the proposed GA-WK-ELM method is found as 96.81%.

scholarly journals Facial Expression Recognition of Instructor Using Deep Features and Extreme Learning Machine

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Yusra Khalid Bhatti ◽  
Afshan Jamil ◽  
Nudrat Nida ◽  
Muhammad Haroon Yousaf ◽  
Serestina Viriri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Extreme Learning Machine ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Classroom Environment ◽  
Facial Expression Recognition ◽  
Parameter Tuning ◽  
Expression Recognition ◽  
Fast Learning ◽  
Learning Machine ◽  
The Impact

Classroom communication involves teacher’s behavior and student’s responses. Extensive research has been done on the analysis of student’s facial expressions, but the impact of instructor’s facial expressions is yet an unexplored area of research. Facial expression recognition has the potential to predict the impact of teacher’s emotions in a classroom environment. Intelligent assessment of instructor behavior during lecture delivery not only might improve the learning environment but also could save time and resources utilized in manual assessment strategies. To address the issue of manual assessment, we propose an instructor’s facial expression recognition approach within a classroom using a feedforward learning model. First, the face is detected from the acquired lecture videos and key frames are selected, discarding all the redundant frames for effective high-level feature extraction. Then, deep features are extracted using multiple convolution neural networks along with parameter tuning which are then fed to a classifier. For fast learning and good generalization of the algorithm, a regularized extreme learning machine (RELM) classifier is employed which classifies five different expressions of the instructor within the classroom. Experiments are conducted on a newly created instructor’s facial expression dataset in classroom environments plus three benchmark facial datasets, i.e., Cohn–Kanade, the Japanese Female Facial Expression (JAFFE) dataset, and the Facial Expression Recognition 2013 (FER2013) dataset. Furthermore, the proposed method is compared with state-of-the-art techniques, traditional classifiers, and convolutional neural models. Experimentation results indicate significant performance gain on parameters such as accuracy, F1-score, and recall.

scholarly journals Multi-Classification of Fetal Health Status Using Extreme Learning Machine

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-70
Author(s):  
Ömer KASIM
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Learning Machine ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Binary Classification ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Multiple Classification ◽  
Learning Machine ◽  
Multi Class Classification ◽  
The University

Cardiotocography (CTG) is used for monitoring the fetal heart rate signals during pregnancy. Evaluation of these signals by specialists provides information about fetal status. When a clinical decision support system is introduced with a system that can automatically classify these signals, it is more sensitive for experts to examine CTG data. In this study, CTG data were analysed with the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) algorithm and these data were classified as normal, suspicious and pathological as well as benign and malicious. The proposed method is validated with the University of California International CTG data set. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated with accuracy, f1 score, Cohen kappa, precision, and recall metrics. As a result of the experiments, binary classification accuracy was obtained as 99.29%. There was only 1 false positive.  When multi-class classification was performed, the accuracy was obtained as 98.12%.  The amount of false positives was found as 2. The processing time of the training and testing of the ELM algorithm were quite minimized in terms of data processing compared to the support vector machine and multi-layer perceptron. This result proved that a high classification accuracy was obtained by analysing the CTG data both binary and multiple classification.

A Set of New Hermite Kernel Functions in Kernel Extreme Learning Machine and Application in Human Action Recognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1955014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueping Liu ◽  
Xingzuo Yue
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Learning Machine ◽  
Action Recognition ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Human Action Recognition ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Kernel Functions ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Learning Speed ◽  
Learning Machine

The kernel function has been successfully utilized in the extreme learning machine (ELM) that provides a stabilized and generalized performance and greatly reduces the computational complexity. However, the selection and optimization of the parameters constituting the most common kernel functions are tedious and time-consuming. In this study, a set of new Hermit kernel functions derived from the generalized Hermit polynomials has been proposed. The significant contributions of the proposed kernel include only one parameter selected from a small set of natural numbers; thus, the parameter optimization is greatly facilitated and excessive structural information of the sample data is retained. Consequently, the new kernel functions can be used as optimal alternatives to other common kernel functions for ELM at a rapid learning speed. The experimental results showed that the proposed kernel ELM method tends to have similar or better robustness and generalized performance at a faster learning speed than the other common kernel ELM and support vector machine methods. Consequently, when applied to human action recognition by depth video sequence, the method also achieves excellent performance, demonstrating its time-based advantage on the video image data.

scholarly journals Software Defect Prediction Based on Fuzzy Weighted Extreme Learning Machine with Relative Density Information

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Shang Zheng ◽  
Jinjing Gai ◽  
Hualong Yu ◽  
Haitao Zou ◽  
Shang Gao
Keyword(s):  
Relative Density ◽  
Extreme Learning Machine ◽  
Data Distribution ◽  
Defect Prediction ◽  
Classification Error ◽  
Software Defect Prediction ◽  
Software Defect ◽  
Weighted Extreme Learning Machine ◽  
Learning Machine ◽  
The Impact

To identify software modules that are more likely to be defective, machine learning has been used to construct software defect prediction (SDP) models. However, several previous works have found that the imbalanced nature of software defective data can decrease the model performance. In this paper, we discussed the issue of how to improve imbalanced data distribution in the context of SDP, which can benefit software defect prediction with the aim of finding better methods. Firstly, a relative density was introduced to reflect the significance of each instance within its class, which is irrelevant to the scale of data distribution in feature space; hence, it can be more robust than the absolute distance information. Secondly, a K-nearest-neighbors-based probability density estimation (KNN-PDE) alike strategy was utilised to calculate the relative density of each training instance. Furthermore, the fuzzy memberships of sample were designed based on relative density in order to eliminate classification error coming from noise and outlier samples. Finally, two algorithms were proposed to train software defect prediction models based on the weighted extreme learning machine. This paper compared the proposed algorithms with traditional SDP methods on the benchmark data sets. It was proved that the proposed methods have much better overall performance in terms of the measures including G-mean, AUC, and Balance. The proposed algorithms are more robust and adaptive for SDP data distribution types and can more accurately estimate the significance of each instance and assign the identical total fuzzy coefficients for two different classes without considering the impact of data scale.

scholarly journals Automatic Detection of Epilepsy and Seizure Using Multiclass Sparse Extreme Learning Machine Classification

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanfa Wang ◽  
Zunchao Li ◽  
Lichen Feng ◽  
Chuang Zheng ◽  
Wenhao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Computational Complexity ◽  
Extreme Learning Machine ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Automatic Detection ◽  
Seizure Detection ◽  
Discrete Wavelet ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Learning Machine

An automatic detection system for distinguishing normal, ictal, and interictal electroencephalogram (EEG) signals is of great help in clinical practice. This paper presents a three-class classification system based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and the nonlinear sparse extreme learning machine (SELM) for epilepsy and epileptic seizure detection. Three-level lifting DWT using Daubechies order 4 wavelet is introduced to decompose EEG signals into delta, theta, alpha, and beta subbands. Considering classification accuracy and computational complexity, the maximum and standard deviation values of each subband are computed to create an eight-dimensional feature vector. After comparing five multiclass SELM strategies, the one-against-one strategy with the highest accuracy is chosen for the three-class classification system. The performance of the designed three-class classification system is tested with publicly available epilepsy dataset. The results show that the system achieves high enough classification accuracy by combining the SELM and DWT and reduces training and testing time by decreasing computational complexity and feature dimension. With excellent classification performance and low computation complexity, this three-class classification system can be utilized for practical epileptic EEG detection, and it offers great potentials for portable automatic epilepsy and seizure detection system in the future hardware implementation.

Classification of catenary equipment based on a coupled genetic algorithm-extreme learning machine method

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Changdong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Extreme Learning Machine ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Activation Function ◽  
Machine Method ◽  
Learning Machine ◽  
Hidden Layer ◽  
Low Dimensional

In an online monitoring system for an electrified railway, it is important to classify the catenary equipment successfully. The extreme learning machine (ELM) is an effective image classification algorithm and the genetic algorithm (GA) is a typical optimisation method. In this paper, a coupled genetic algorithm-extreme learning machine (GA-ELM) technique is proposed for the classification of catenary equipment. Firstly, the GA is used to search for optimal features by reducing the initial multi-dimensional features to low-dimensional features. Next, the optimised features are used as the input to the ELM. The ELM algorithm is then used to classify the catenary equipment. In this process, the impacts of the activation function, the number of hidden layer neurons and different models on the performance of the ELM are discussed in turn. Finally, the proposed method is compared with traditional methods in terms of classification accuracy and efficiency. Experimental results show that the number of feature dimensions decreases to 58% of the original number and the computational complexity is greatly decreased. Moreover, the reduced features and the few steps of the ELM improve the classification accuracy and speed. Noticeably, when the performance of the GA-ELM method is compared with that of the ELM method, the classification accuracy rate is 93.33% compared with 85.83% and the time consumption is 2.25 s compared with 8.85 s, respectively. That is to say, the proposed method not only decreases the number of features but also increases the classification accuracy and efficiency. This meets the needs of a real-time online condition monitoring system.

Impact Localization System by Using FBG Sensors and Extreme Learning Machine Algorithm

2015 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 664-667
Author(s):  
Ming Shun Jiang ◽  
Xiang Yang Li ◽  
Shi Cheng Wang ◽  
Shi Zeng Lu ◽  
Yin Qing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Extreme Learning Machine ◽  
Time Difference ◽  
Localization System ◽  
Impact Location ◽  
Fbg Sensors ◽  
Learning Machine ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Impact Localization ◽  
Signal Time

Aluminum alloy structure impact localization system by using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors and impact localization algorithm were investigated. The impact localization method was proposed based on Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). Cross-correlation analysis method was used to extract the impact signal time difference. And ELM was used to realize impact localization. ELM model’s input was signal time difference and the output was the impact location. At last, FBG impact localization system was established. In aluminum alloy plate’s 500mm*500mm*2mm experiment area, the FBG impact localization system was used to identify the impact location. The experimental results showed that the impact location abscissa and ordinate localization errors were both less than 10mm. The research results provided an alternative method for the aluminum alloy material structure impact localization.

scholarly journals Power Quality Disturbance Classification Based on DWT and Multilayer Perceptron Extreme Learning Machine

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jidong Wang ◽  
Zhilin Xu ◽  
Yanbo Che
Keyword(s):  
Wavelet Transform ◽  
Power Quality ◽  
Extreme Learning Machine ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Current Layer ◽  
Data Imbalance ◽  
Empirical Wavelet Transform ◽  
Power Quality Disturbance ◽  
Learning Machine ◽  
The Impact

In order to effectively identify complex power quality disturbances, a power quality disturbance classification method based on empirical wavelet transform and a multi-layer perceptron extreme learning machine (ELM) is proposed. The model uses the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) multi-resolution method to extract classification features. Combined with hierarchical ELM (H-ELM) characteristics, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) single-object feature selection method is used to select the optimal feature set. The hidden layer of the H-ELM classifier in the model is trained by forward training. Once the previous layer is established, the weight of the current layer can be fixed without fine-tuning. Therefore, the training speed can be accelerated, the recognition accuracy is almost independent of the parameter adjustment, and the model has strong robustness. In order to solve the problem of data imbalance in the actual power system, a data enhancement method is proposed to reduce the impact of data imbalance and enhance the generalization performance of the network. The simulation results showed that the proposed method can identify 16 disturbances efficiently and accurately under different noise conditions, and the robustness of the proposed method is verified by the measured data.

Objective rating of fabric wrinkles via random vector functional link based on the improved salp swarm algorithm

2021 ◽  
pp. 004051752110257
Author(s):  
Zhiyu Zhou ◽  
Zijian Ma ◽  
Zefei Zhu ◽  
Yaming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Learning Machine ◽  
Random Vector ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Functional Link ◽  
Salp Swarm Algorithm ◽  
Ant Lion Optimization ◽  
Ant Lion ◽  
Swarm Algorithm ◽  
Learning Machine

To solve the problem of inefficiency and inaccuracy associated with the classification of fabric wrinkles by human eyes, as well as improve current deficiencies in the application of neural networks for the classification of fabric wrinkles, we propose a model based on the salp swarm algorithm improved by ant lion optimization to optimize the random vector functional link to objectively evaluate the fabric wrinkle level. First, to improve the global searchability of the salp swarm algorithm and avoid the local optima problem, the use of ant lion optimization to improve the salp swarm algorithm is proposed in this study. Afterward, the improved salp swarm algorithm is used to optimize the input weight and hidden layer bias of the random vector functional link to avoid the inaccuracy and instability of random vector functional link classification owing to the randomness of the parameters. Finally, the performance of the proposed algorithm is verified using a fabric wrinkle dataset. Comparative experiments show that the classification accuracy of the proposed ant lion optimization - salp swarm algorithm - random vector functional link algorithm were 8.46%, 2.05%, 10.28%, 3.50%, and 4.42% higher than those of random vector functional link, improved random vector functional link based on salp swarm algorithm, extreme learning machine, improved extreme learning machine based on whale optimization algorithm, and improved backpropagation based on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Furthermore, the classification accuracy of the wrinkle level was effectively improved. All the fabrics used in this study were monochromatic, and multi-color printed fabrics have a significant impact on the difficulty of image processing and classification results. The next research step is to evaluate the wrinkle level of multi-color printed fabrics.

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