scholarly journals Simplified Formulae for the Estimation of Offshore Wind Turbines Clutter on Marine Radars

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olatz Grande ◽  
Josune Cañizo ◽  
Itziar Angulo ◽  
David Jenn ◽  
Laith R. Danoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
System Modeling ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Software Tools ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Modeling Software ◽  
The Impact

The potential impact that offshore wind farms may cause on nearby marine radars should be considered before the wind farm is installed. Strong radar echoes from the turbines may degrade radars’ detection capability in the area around the wind farm. Although conventional computational methods provide accurate results of scattering by wind turbines, they are not directly implementable in software tools that can be used to conduct the impact studies. This paper proposes a simple model to assess the clutter that wind turbines may generate on marine radars. This method can be easily implemented in the system modeling software tools for the impact analysis of a wind farm in a real scenario.

An ecosystem approach for studying the impact of offshore wind farms: a French case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 1238-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Pezy ◽  
Aurore Raoux ◽  
Jean-Claude Dauvin
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Ecosystem Approach ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Ecosystem Structure ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Ecopath Model ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The French government is planning the construction of offshore wind farms (OWF) in the next decade (around 2900 MW). Following the European Environmental Impact Assessment Directive 85/337/EEC, several studies have been undertaken to identify the environmental conditions and ecosystem functioning at selected sites prior to OWF construction. However, these studies are generally focused on the conservation of some species and there is no holistic approach for analysing the effects arising from OWF construction and operation. The objective of this article is to promote a sampling strategy to collect data on the different ecosystem compartments of the future Dieppe-Le Tréport (DLT) wind farm site, adopting an ecosystem approach, which could be applied to other OWFs for the implementation of a trophic network analysis. For that purpose, an Ecopath model is used here to derive indices from Ecological Network Analysis (ENA) to investigate the ecosystem structure and functioning. The results show that the ecosystem is most likely detritus-based, associated with a biomass dominated by bivalves, which could act as a dead end for a classic trophic food web since their consumption by top predators is low in comparison to their biomass. The systemic approach developed for DLT OWF site should be applied for other French and European installations of Offshore Wind Farm.

Seismic Design for Offshore Wind Farms – Lessons Learnt From the ACE Joint Industry Project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Klose ◽  
Junkan Wang ◽  
Albert Ku
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Design ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
The United States ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Seismic Load ◽  
Support Structures ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Asian Pacific Region ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In the past, most of the offshore wind farms have been installed in European countries. In contrast to offshore wind projects in European waters, it became clear that the impact from earthquakes is expected to be one of the major design drivers for the wind turbines and their support structures in other areas of the world. This topic is of high importance in offshore markets in the Asian Pacific region like China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea as well as parts of the United States. So far, seismic design for wind turbines is not described in large details in existing wind energy standards while local as well as international offshore oil & gas standards do not consider the specifics of modern wind turbines. In 2019, DNV GL started a Joint Industry Project (JIP) called “ACE -Alleviating Cyclone and Earthquake challenges for wind farms”. Based on the project results, a Recommended Practice (RP) for seismic design of wind turbines and their support structures will be developed. It will supplement existing standards like DNVGL-ST-0126, DNVGL-ST-0437 and the IEC 61400 series. This paper addresses the area of seismic load calculation and the details of combining earthquake impact with other environmental loads. Different options of analysis, particularly time-domain simulations with integrated models or submodelling techniques using superelements will be presented. Seismic ground motions using a uniform profile or depth-varying input profile are discussed. Finally, the seismic load design return period is addressed.

scholarly journals Coastal protection of the Romanian nearshore throughout hybrid wave and offshore wind farms

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Alina Raileanu ◽  
Florin Onea ◽  
Liliana Rusu
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Wave Transformation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
The Impact

The objective of the present work is to estimate the influence of several hybrid wind and wave farm configurations on the wave conditions reported in the vicinity of the Saint George coastal area, in the Romanian nearshore of the Black Sea. Based on the wave data coming from a climatological database (ERA20C) and also on in situ measurements, it was possible to identify the most relevant wave patterns, which will be further considered for assessment. The numerical simulations were carried out with the SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore) wave model, which may provide a comprehensive picture of the wave transformation in the presence of the marine farms. Although the impact of the wind farm is not visible from the spatial maps, from the analysis of the values corresponding to the reference points, it was noticed that a maximum variation of 2% may occur for several wave parameters.

Wind Flow Conditions in Offshore Wind Farms: Validation and Application of a CFD Wake Model

Green ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Westerhellweg ◽  
Beatriz Cañadillas ◽  
Friederike Kinder ◽  
Thomas Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Atmospheric Stability ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Wind Flow ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Wake Model ◽  
The Impact

AbstractSince August 2009, the first German offshore wind farm ‘alpha ventus’ is operating close to the wind measurement platform FINO1. Within the research project RAVE-OWEA the wind flow conditions in ‘alpha ventus’ were assessed in detail, simulated with a CFD wake model and compared with the measurements. Wind data measured at FINO1 have been evaluated for wind speed reduction and turbulence increase in the wake. Additionally operational data were evaluated for the farm efficiency. The atmospheric stability has been evaluated by temperature measurements of air and water and the impact of atmospheric stability on the wind conditions in the wake has been assessed. As an application of CFD models the generation of power matrices is introduced. Power matrices can be used for the continual monitoring of the single wind turbines in the wind farm. A power matrix based on CFD simulations has been created for ‘alpha ventus’ and tested against the measured data.

scholarly journals COASTAL BATHYMETRY FROM SATELLITE AND ITS USE ON COASTAL MODELLING

2018 ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Bolaños ◽  
Lars Boye Hansen ◽  
Mikkel Lydholm Rasmussen ◽  
Maziar Golestani ◽  
Jesper Sandvig Mariegaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Irregular Waves ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
High Resolution Satellite Images ◽  
Sentinel 2A ◽  
The Impact

Offshore wind farms around the world are being developed with the objective of increasing the contribution of renewable energy to the global energy consumption. Bathymetric features at the wind farm sites have a strong influence on waves and currents, controlling the propagation and dissipation of flows during normal and extreme conditions. In this work we use a state-of-the-art cost-effective method for bathymetric mapping based on high resolution satellite images to characterize a coastal wind farm region and assess the added value of such data when performing wave modelling. The study area is characterized by the presence of offshore wind farms and a complex bathymetry that feature sand bars and channels. For this study, a satellite derived bathymetry (SDB) was produced using imagery from the Sentinel-2A satellite. The Sentinel-2a data allows for more detailed SDB retrieval than is available in the existing accessible bathymetric datasets. The data is then used in a spectral wave model (MIKE21SW) with different resolutions outlining the impact of large bedforms on surface waves, mainly due to wave breaking. The bathymetry data is also used in a phase-resolving model (MIKE3waveFM) where regular and irregular waves are simulated, outlining the impact of bedforms on individual wave dissipation. Discussion on the satellite derived bathymetry and wave models results are presented in this paper.

scholarly journals Simulation Based Investigation of the Impact of Information Sharing on the Offshore Wind Farm Installation Process

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Quandt ◽  
Thies Beinke ◽  
Abderrahim Ait-Alla ◽  
Michael Freitag
Keyword(s):  
Resource Availability ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
The Impact

In the recent decades, the introduction of a sustainable and green energy infrastructure, and, by this, the reduction of emissions caused by fossil energy generation, has been focused on by industry-oriented nations worldwide. Among the technologies of renewable energy generation, wind energy has the highest deployment rate, due to the high wind resource availability and the high technology maturity reached mainly by the onshore installation of wind turbines. However, the planning and the installation of offshore wind farms are a challenging task, because of harsh weather conditions and limited resource availability. Due to the current practice of decentralised information acquisition by the supply chain partners, we investigate the impact of sharing information on the installation process of offshore wind farms by means of a simulation model. Therefore, relevant information items will be identified in order to improve the installation process.

scholarly journals The Methodology for Assessing the Impact of Offshore Wind Farms on Navigation, Based on the Automatic Identification System Historical Data

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6559
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Naus ◽  
Katarzyna Banaszak ◽  
Piotr Szymak
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Automatic Identification System ◽  
The Impact

Mounting offshore renewable energy installations often involves extra risk regarding the safety of navigation, especially for areas with high traffic intensity. The decision-makers planning such projects need to anticipate and plan appropriate solutions in order to manage navigation risks. This process is referred to as “environmental impact assessment”. In what way can these threats be reduced using the available Automatic Identification System (AIS) tool? This paper presents a study of the concept for the methodology of an a posteriori vessel traffic description in the form of quantitative and qualitative characteristics created based on a large set of historical AIS data (big data). The research was oriented primarily towards the practical application and verification of the methodology used when assessing the impact of the planned Offshore Wind Farm (OWF) Baltic II on the safety of ships in Polish Marine Areas, and on the effectiveness of navigation, taking into account the existing shipping routes and customary and traffic separation systems. The research results (e.g., a significant distance of the Baltic II from the nearest customary shipping route equal to 3 Nm, a small number of vessels in its area in 2017 amounting to only 930) obtained on the basis of the annual AIS data set allowed for an unambiguous and reliable assessment of the impact of OWFs on shipping, thus confirming the suitability of the methodology for MREI spatial planning.

scholarly journals The Relation between Migratory Activity of Pipistrellus Bats at Sea and Weather Conditions Offers Possibilities to Reduce Offshore Wind Farm Effects

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3457
Author(s):  
Robin Brabant ◽  
Yves Laurent ◽  
Bob Jonge Poerink ◽  
Steven Degraer
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Seasonal Migration ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Migratory Activity

Bats undertaking seasonal migration between summer roosts and wintering areas can cross large areas of open sea. Given the known impact of onshore wind turbines on bats, concerns were raised on whether offshore wind farms pose risks to bats. Better comprehension of the phenology and weather conditions of offshore bat migration are considered as research priorities for bat conservation and provide a scientific basis for mitigating the impact of offshore wind turbines on bats. This study investigated the weather conditions linked to the migratory activity of Pipistrellus bats at multiple near- and offshore locations in the Belgian part of the North Sea. We found a positive relationship between migratory activity and ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure and a negative relationship with wind speed. The activity was highest with a wind direction between NE and SE, which may favor offshore migration towards the UK. Further, we found a clear negative relationship between the number of detections and the distance from the coast. At the nearshore survey location, the number of detections was up to 24 times higher compared to the offshore locations. Our results can support mitigation strategies to reduce offshore wind farm effects on bats and offer guidance in the siting process of new offshore wind farms.

scholarly journals Coastal protection of the Romanian nearshore throughout hybrid wave and offshore wind farms

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Alina Raileanu ◽  
Florin Onea ◽  
Liliana Rusu
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Wave Transformation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
The Impact

The objective of the present work is to estimate the influence of several hybrid wind and wave farm configurations on the wave conditions reported in the vicinity of the Saint George coastal area, in the Romanian nearshore of the Black Sea. Based on the wave data coming from a climatological database (ERA20C) and also on in situ measurements, it was possible to identify the most relevant wave patterns, which will be further considered for assessment. The numerical simulations were carried out with the SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore) wave model, which may provide a comprehensive picture of the wave transformation in the presence of the marine farms. Although the impact of the wind farm is not visible from the spatial maps, from the analysis of the values corresponding to the reference points, it was noticed that a maximum variation of 2% may occur for several wave parameters.

scholarly journals Floating Offshore Vertical Axis Wind Turbines: Opportunities, Challenges and Way Forward

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 8000
Author(s):  
Abel Arredondo-Galeana ◽  
Feargal Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

The offshore wind sector is expanding to deep water locations through floating platforms. This poses challenges to horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) due to the ever growing size of blades and floating support structures. As such, maintaining the structural integrity and reducing the levelised cost of energy (LCoE) of floating HAWTs seems increasingly difficult. An alternative to these challenges could be found in floating offshore vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). It is known that VAWTs have certain advantages over HAWTs, and in fact, some small-scale developers have successfully commercialised their onshore prototypes. In contrast, it remains unknown whether VAWTs can offer an advantage for deep water floating offshore wind farms. Therefore, here we present a multi-criteria review of different aspects of VAWTs to address this question. It is found that wind farm power density and reliability could be decisive factors to make VAWTs a feasible alternative for deep water floating arrays. Finally, we propose a way forward based on the findings of this review.

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