scholarly journals Effect of Flow Rate of Side-Type Orifice Intake on Withdrawn Water Temperature

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueping Gao ◽  
Guangning Li ◽  
Yunpeng Han
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Change Trend ◽  
Stratified Reservoir ◽  
The Difference ◽  
New Equation ◽  
Intake Flow ◽  
Temperature Water

Side-type orifice intake is a type of selective withdrawal facility used in managing reservoirs to mitigate the negative effects of low-temperature water. Based on the temperature data of a thermal stratified reservoir in China, an experiment was conducted in flume to study the influence of intake flow rate on withdrawn water temperature with different temperature distributions. Results indicated that withdrawn water temperature changed with different flow rates. The temperature change was determined by the water temperature gradients above and below the intake, whereas the change trend of temperature depended on the difference between the water temperature gradient above and below the intake. We likewise proposed a new equation with which the withdrawn water temperature of a thermal stratified reservoir using a side-type orifice could be calculated. These findings could be directly applied to the design and operation of side-type orifice intake in thermal stratified reservoirs.

Effect of changes in inspiratory flow rate on cough responses to inhaled capsaicin

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (s25) ◽  
pp. 539-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Barros ◽  
S. L. Zammattio ◽  
P. J. Rees
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Inspiratory Flow ◽  
Inspiratory Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Cough Response ◽  
The Difference

1. Twelve non-smoking subjects inhaled capsaicin at three different inspiratory flow rates: 50, 100 and 150 litres/min. Capsaicin was delivered by a breath-actuated dosimeter; inhalations consisted of 0.21–13.6 nmol of capsaicin in doubling amounts given in random order. 2. The mean number of coughs per challenge decreased with increasing inspiratory flow rate. The difference in cough numbers were significant: 7.7 (95% confidence interval 2.5–12.8) for 50 versus 100 litres/min and 10.9 (95% confidence interval 5.0–16.9) for 100 versus 150 litres/min. 3. On a separate day, a cough threshold was measured by giving increasing doses of citric acid that were inhaled at 50 litres/min. There was a positive correlation between the sensitivity to capsaicin and the cough threshold to citric acid (r = 0.69, P = 0.01), and also between the cough latencies (r = 0.67, P = 0.02). 4. The negative relationship between the cough response and the inspiratory flow rate may be caused by increased laryngeal deposition at lower inspiratory flow rates. 5. These results are compatible with a similar anatomical distribution of cough receptors for capsaicin and citric acid. 6. These results suggest that changes in inspiratory flow rate may affect the results of cough challenges.

“Alveolar plateau” of the single breath nitrogen elimination curve in normal subjects

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingemar Kjellmer ◽  
Lars Sandqvist ◽  
Erik Berglund
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Holding Time ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Alveolar Plateau ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Nitrogen Elimination ◽  
Elimination Curve

The single breath N2 elimination test, as standardized by Comroe and Fowler, has been used in normal subjects. The N2 difference, i.e. the difference in N2 concentration between Ve = 1250 and Ve = 750 ml, showed a tendency to increase with increasing volumes of inspired O2 and with increasing inspiratory flow rates. It decreased with increasing breath-holding time and was not consistently influenced by expiratory flow rate. The findings are compared with those of Fowler and of Shephard on normal subjects; different results were obtained, largely depending on different analytical procedures. These factors must be considered when evaluating results in patients. Submitted on July 21, 1958

Association Between Salivary Flow Rate and the Use of Systemic Medication Among 76-, 81-, and 86-year-old Inhabitants in Helsinki, Finland

1992 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 1875-1880 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.O. Narhi ◽  
J.H. Meurman ◽  
A. Ainamo ◽  
J.M. Nevalainen ◽  
K.G. Schmidt-Kaunisaho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Salivary Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Systemic Medication ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Saliva Flow

The aim of this study was to examine salivary flow rate and its association with the use of medication in a representative sample of 76-, 81-, and 86-year-old subjects, totaling 368. In this study, 23% (n = 80) of the subjects were unmedicated. From one to three daily medications were used by 47% (n = 168) and more than four medications by 30% (n = 104). The most commonly used medications were nitrates, digitalis or anti-arrhythmic drugs (47.7%), analgesics and antipyretics (32.6%), and diuretics (29.5%). The mean number used daily was significantly higher in 86-year-olds than in the two younger age groups (p < 0.01). No significant differences in this respect were found between genders. Among the unmedicated subjects, 76-year-olds had significantly higher stimulated salivary flow rates than did the 81-year-olds (p < 0.05). Unmedicated women showed significantly lower unstimulated (p < 0.01) and stimulated flow rates than did men (p < 0.05). Stimulated salivary flow rate was also significantly higher in the 76-year-old medicated subjects than in the medicated 86-year-old subjects (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in unstimulated salivary flow rates among the three age groups. Medicated women showed significantly lower unstimulated salivary flow rates than men (p < 0.001), although the difference in stimulated saliva flow was not significant. A statistically significant difference in unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates was found between unmedicated persons and those who took from four to six, or more than seven, prescribed medications daily.

scholarly journals Numerical Performance Investigation of Hybrid PV/Thermal System

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.19) ◽  
pp. 818
Author(s):  
Kadhim K. Idan Al-Chlaihawi ◽  
Dhafer A. Hamzah ◽  
Ahmed K. Zarzoor ◽  
Yousif M. Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Electrical Efficiency ◽  
Cooling Water Temperature ◽  
Present Work Deal ◽  
Numerical Performance

Promoting reduction of PV temperature plays crucial role in increasing electrical performance. The present work deal with different types of absorber shape for analysing heat transfer phenomena. Serpentine and spiral absorber are using to verify this purpose with different boundary conditions of inlet mass flow rate and inlet temperatures.The recent study was conducted to evaluate the effect of some operating and designing parameters such as solar radiation levels, flow rates, absorber shape and cooling water temperature on the performance of PVT system numerically. Performance of PVT system determined by thermal efficiency, electrical efficiency and the summation of both known as total or PVT efficiency. Solar radiation ranging from 500 W/m2 to1000 W/m2 was introduced and at each, flow rates of water ranging from 0.016 kg/s to 0.05 kg/s. The results show that the performance of PVT increases with a flow rate at all radiation levels. Also the spiral flow absorber gives a higher performance than serpentine absorber where the value of  of spiral absorber is increased by about 5.2% compared to the value of serpentine absorber, on the other hand, the rate of heat loss ( decreased by about 10%.Increasing initial cooling water temperature degrades electrical efficiency of PVT system.  

The Role of Mean Flame Anchoring on the Stability Characteristics of Syngas, Synthesis Natural Gas, and Hydrogen Fuels in a Turbulent Non-Premixed Bluff-Body Combustor

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikhil Ashokbhai Baraiya ◽  
Satynarayanan R. Chakravarthy
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Momentum Flux ◽  
Bluff Body ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Inlet Flow ◽  
Combustion Dynamics ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Inlet Flow Rate ◽  
The Difference

Abstract A lab-scale bluff body combustor is mapped for its stability and flame dynamics of non-premixed flames. The characteristics are observed across variations in the fuel composition, as well as in the inlet flow rate. The combustor is seen to exhibit markedly different dynamics for each of the varied fuel compositions. This behavior is explained on the basis of mean flame stabilization behavior and on the combined effects of the fuel-jet momentum flux and global equivalence ratio. It is seen that the H2 flames primarily act as a pilot source for secondary combustion of either CO or CH4. Further, it is seen that, the high momentum flux associated with H2-CO mixtures result in combustion near the wall and outside the bluff-body shear layers at low inlet flow rates. Whereas, at high inlet flow rates, the mean heat release rate is seen to stabilize closer to the injection holes as well as extend to near the bluff-body shear layer. This marked difference in flame stabilization is seen to have a drastic effect on the nature of oscillations inside the chamber. This is contrasted to H2-CH4 (synthesis natural gas) flames that exhibit stabilization inside the bluff-body wake at high inlet flow rate. The difference between H2-CH4 and H2-CO flames with regards to combustion dynamics is then explained as a result of the flame stabilization behavior, which is seen to be different across the varied fuel compositions. While H2-CH4 flame exhibits the well-known large wake structures responsible for combustion instability, H2-CO flame exhibits no such structures, owing to their stabilization point. Further analysis using pressure fixed phase instants reveal the difference in nature of combustion dynamics across the tested fuel compositions and are justified using the spatial Rayleigh index map.

scholarly journals ACM Check Dams in Concrete Gutters for Recirculation Filters of Wastewater from Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Aquaculture in Southern Thailand

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Jiroj Peerakeitkhajorn ◽  
Wit Tarnchalanukit ◽  
Kasem Chunkao
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Check Dam ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Check Dams ◽  
Roof Tile ◽  
Southern Thailand ◽  
Whiteleg Shrimp

Theresearch was aimed to recirculate the treated wastewater from Whiteleg shrimpfarms in following each other without interruptionby using concrete gutters containing ACM (Assembled ConstructedMaterials) check dams as    the filters. Among the 2-inch diameter ofchipped-assembled-constructed materials, the ACM-Brick filterwas the     most effective rather thanroof-tile, blocked cement, and rock, respectively. Three ACM-Brick check damswith 5-m space between them were indicated as 47.3 % treatment efficiencytogether with flow rates of 600 to 900      L/hr, and up to more 65 % and 85 % forfourth and fifth ACM-Brick   checkdams while the first and second dams   found13.0 % to 28.4 % efficiencies. Seemingly, irrespectiveof employing brick, roof-tile, blocked cement, or rock  for constructing the ACM check dam was installedin concrete gutters with the size of 1-mwidth, 0.5-m depth, and more or less 20-m length that could be served needs inrecirculation aquaculture of Whitelegshrimps to gain satisfied  benefits.Culturing Whiteleg shrimps in 3-sq.m. and 3-cu.m.concrete gutterscontaining only one of 0.5-sq.m. and 1-depth ACM-Brick filters by RCB design for 4 treatments (culturing shrimpdensities) and 3 replications found          the density of 105 juveniles/3m2(6,606 kg/ha) with the most harvested-added weight 2,710 kg/ha (69.55 %                of beginning weight), anddecreasing after increasing the density of 6,720, 8,371, and 11,382 kg/ha incorresponding to harvested-added weight 65.29 %, 46.36 %, and 42.33 %,respectively. The findings also informed that         flow rate of 720 L/hr indicatedsomewhat  high effective influences ondecreasing of water temperature, salinity, pH, DO, EC, alkalinity, TDS, BOD, NH4-N,NO2-N, and NO3-N which were conditioned for recirculationaquaculture of Whiteleg shrimps.

scholarly journals Characterization of Commercially Available Active-Type Radon–Thoron Monitors at Different Sampling Flow Rates

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 971
Author(s):  
Yuki Tamakuma ◽  
Chutima Kranrod ◽  
Yuto Jin ◽  
Hiromu Kobayashi ◽  
Eka Djatnika Nugraha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Measured Concentration ◽  
Grab Sampling ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Active Type ◽  
Measurement Monitoring ◽  
Multiple Sampling ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sampling Flow

Recently, some commercially available active-type radon–thoron monitors were developed; however, their performance has not been characterized. This article presents the characteristics of three commercially available active-type radon–thoron monitors (RAD7, Radon Mapper, and AlphaGUARD) at different sampling flow rates. The thoron concentration measured by the monitors was compared with the reference value measured by a grab sampling method. As a result, the ratio of the measured concentration to the reference increased with flow rate for the RAD7 and the Radon Mapper although that of the AlphaGUARD decreased. The difference may be attributed to the coefficients used in the calculation and the measurement time scheme. The results indicate the importance of the sampling flow rate in thoron measurement. Monitoring of flow rate at the measurement and periodic calibration at multiple sampling flow rates should be conducted for quality assurance and quality control of the measurand.

The Research on Coupling of Fluctuating Pressure and Corresponding Noise of Stilling Pool Base Slab

2013 ◽  
Vol 404 ◽  
pp. 357-362
Author(s):  
Zhi Hua Hu ◽  
Wei Dong Guo ◽  
Xin Qiao Cai
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Model Test ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Pressure Change ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Fluctuating Pressure ◽  
Flow Noise ◽  
Change Trend ◽  
Flow Turbulence ◽  
Value Of Water

Based on hydraulic and acoustic theory, a model test of broad-crested weir was carried out, and the fluctuating pressure and corresponding noise values of stilling pool base slab were measured and recorded with three schemes of different flow rates. The results showed that the fluctuating pressure and noise value of water flow increased with the increasing of flow rate, the fluctuating pressure have certain correlation with the noise value, where the largest fluctuating pressure appeared had the same section with the noise value, yet the fluctuating pressure change trend was not identical to the noise value. The main reasons of producing flow noise were the interaction of flow and solid bottom and the flow turbulence.

Phase V of the single-breath washout test

1982 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Nichol ◽  
D. B. Michels ◽  
H. J. Guy
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Limitation ◽  
Tracer Gas ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Lower Lung ◽  
Expiratory Flow ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Expiratory Flow Rates ◽  
Phase Iv

A downward-deflecting phase V is often seen following the phase IV terminal rise in the single-breath N2 washout test (SB N2). This phase V was studied in eight normal nonsmoking subjects aged 27–41, using both the SB N2 test and single-breath washouts of boluses of inert tracer gas slowly inhaled from residual volume (RV). All of the subjects showed a distinct phase V in both tests. Expiratory flow rates between 0.1 and 2.0 1/s were used; at each flow rate phase V appeared shortly after expiration became flow limited. Thus the volume above RV at which phase V began increased with increasing expiratory flow rate. The difference between the exhaled volumes at which flow became limited and phase V appeared was shown to be approximately equal to the anatomic dead space. This behavior is predicted by a model of lung emptying in a gravitational field. As expiration proceeds, flow limitation occurs first in the (tracer-poor) lower lung regions and then progresses toward the (tracer-rich) upper lung regions causing phase IV. When all lung regions have finally become flow limited, the amount of flow from the upper regions decreases relative to that of the lower regions, thereby causing phase V.

Preglomerular resistance and glomerular perfusion in the rat and dog

1976 ◽  
Vol 231 (3) ◽  
pp. 961-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
WR Chenitz ◽  
BA Nevins ◽  
NK Hollenberg
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Blood Flow Rate ◽  
Radioactive Microspheres ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Afferent Arterioles ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Inner Cortex ◽  
Fractional Distribution

Glomerular blood flow in the rat, measured with radioactive microspheres, averaged 233 +/- 59 nl/min per glomerulus, significantly less than the glomerular flow rate in the dog (568 +/- 115; P less than 0.005). The difference in glomerular blood flow rate could not be attributed to differences in mean or cortical flow rates, the fraction of acrdiac output received, cardiac output normalized to body weight, or the fractional distribution of blood flow or glomeruli from outer to inner cortex in the two species. The size of microspheres reaching the glomerulus, however, was significantly larger in the dog than in the rat (P less than 0.0005) suggesting that afferent arterioles were larger in the dog than rat. The difference in afferent resistance calculated from the size of microspheres delivered to the glomeruli was larger than the difference in glomerular blood flow. With a similar arterial pressure, a lower afferent resistance suggests a higher glomerular capillary pressure in the dog, consistent with a number of suggestions that filtration equilibrium is less likely in this species.

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