scholarly journals Bacterial Ice Crystal Controlling Proteins

Scientifica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet S. H. Lorv ◽  
David R. Rose ◽  
Bernard R. Glick
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Freezing Damage ◽  
Ice Binding ◽  
Protein Classes ◽  
Ice Nucleation Proteins

Across the world, many ice active bacteria utilize ice crystal controlling proteins for aid in freezing tolerance at subzero temperatures. Ice crystal controlling proteins include both antifreeze and ice nucleation proteins. Antifreeze proteins minimize freezing damage by inhibiting growth of large ice crystals, while ice nucleation proteins induce formation of embryonic ice crystals. Although both protein classes have differing functions, these proteins use the same ice binding mechanisms. Rather than direct binding, it is probable that these protein classes create an ice surface prior to ice crystal surface adsorption. Function is differentiated by molecular size of the protein. This paper reviews the similar and different aspects of bacterial antifreeze and ice nucleation proteins, the role of these proteins in freezing tolerance, prevalence of these proteins in psychrophiles, and current mechanisms of protein-ice interactions.

scholarly journals Ice Nucleation Properties of Ice-binding Proteins from Snow Fleas

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akalabya Bissoyi ◽  
Naama Reicher ◽  
Michael Chasnitsky ◽  
Sivan Arad ◽  
Thomas Koop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Thermal Hysteresis ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Nucleation Theory ◽  
Classical Nucleation Theory ◽  
Ice Binding ◽  
Nucleation Activity ◽  
Ice Shell ◽  
Ice Nucleation Activity

Ice-binding proteins (IBPs) are found in many organisms, such as fish and hexapods, plants, and bacteria that need to cope with low temperatures. Ice nucleation and thermal hysteresis are two attributes of IBPs. While ice nucleation is promoted by large proteins, known as ice nucleating proteins, the smaller IBPs, referred to as antifreeze proteins (AFPs), inhibit the growth of ice crystals by up to several degrees below the melting point, resulting in a thermal hysteresis (TH) gap between melting and ice growth. Recently, we showed that the nucleation capacity of two types of IBPs corresponds to their size, in agreement with classical nucleation theory. Here, we expand this finding to additional IBPs that we isolated from snow fleas (the arthropod Collembola), collected in northern Israel. Chemical analyses using circular dichroism and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy data suggest that these IBPs have a similar structure to a previously reported snow flea antifreeze protein. Further experiments reveal that the ice-shell purified proteins have hyperactive antifreeze properties, as determined by nanoliter osmometry, and also exhibit low ice-nucleation activity in accordance with their size.

scholarly journals Large surface radiative forcing from topographic blowing snow residuals measured in the High Arctic at Eureka

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1847-1862 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Lesins ◽  
L. Bourdages ◽  
T. J. Duck ◽  
J. R. Drummond ◽  
E. W. Eloranta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Blowing Snow ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
North West

Abstract. Ice crystals, also known as diamond dust, are suspended in the boundary layer air under clear sky conditions during most of the Arctic winter in Northern Canada. Occasionally ice crystal events can produce significantly thick layers with optical depths in excess of 2.0 even in the absence of liquid water clouds. Four case studies of high optical depth ice crystal events at Eureka in the Nunavut Territory of Canada during the winter of 2006/07 are presented. They show that the measured ice crystal surface infrared downward radiative forcing ranged from 8 to 36 W m−2 in the wavelength band from 5.6 to 20 μm for 532 nm optical depths ranging from 0.2 to 1.7. MODIS infrared and visible images and the operational radiosonde wind profile were used to show that these high optical depth events were caused by surface snow being blown off 600 to 800 m high mountain ridges about 20 to 30 km North-West of Eureka and advected by the winds towards Eureka as they settled towards the ground within the highly stable boundary layer. This work presents the first study that demonstrates the important role that surrounding topography plays in determining the occurrence of high optical depth ice crystal events from residual blowing snow that becomes a source of boundary layer ice crystals distinct from the classical diamond dust phenomenon.

scholarly journals Growth suppression of ice crystal basal face in the presence of a moderate ice-binding protein does not confer hyperactivity

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (29) ◽  
pp. 7479-7484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maddalena Bayer-Giraldi ◽  
Gen Sazaki ◽  
Ken Nagashima ◽  
Sepp Kipfstuhl ◽  
Dmitry A. Vorontsov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Basal Face ◽  
Ice Binding ◽  
Ice Binding Protein

Ice-binding proteins (IBPs) affect ice crystal growth by attaching to crystal faces. We present the effects on the growth of an ice single crystal caused by an ice-binding protein from the sea ice microalga Fragilariopsis cylindrus (fcIBP) that is characterized by the widespread domain of unknown function 3494 (DUF3494) and known to cause a moderate freezing point depression (below 1 °C). By the application of interferometry, bright-field microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy, we observed that the fcIBP attaches to the basal faces of ice crystals, thereby inhibiting their growth in the c direction and resulting in an increase in the effective supercooling with increasing fcIBP concentration. In addition, we observed that the fcIBP attaches to prism faces and inhibits their growth. In the event that the effective supercooling is small and crystals are faceted, this process causes an emergence of prism faces and suppresses crystal growth in the a direction. When the effective supercooling is large and ice crystals have developed into a dendritic shape, the suppression of prism face growth results in thinner dendrite branches, and growth in the a direction is accelerated due to enhanced latent heat dissipation. Our observations clearly indicate that the fcIBP occupies a separate position in the classification of IBPs due to the fact that it suppresses the growth of basal faces, despite its moderate freezing point depression.

The denaturation of lipid-protein complexes as a cause of damage by freezing

1957 ◽  
Vol 147 (929) ◽  
pp. 427-433 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Freezing Damage ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
General Utility ◽  
Harmful Effects

The practice of cold storage for preserving labile material of biological origin is widespread. The general utility of this method and the successful preservation of living cells and tissues in the frozen state has overshadowed the fact that freezing can be a harmful process to living cells (Wood 1956). It used to be thought that the crushing or spearing action of ice crystal growth was the principal source of damage by freezing; indeed so reasonable is this theory that it is difficult to believe that some at least of the harmful effects of freezing are not due to this cause. The development of the theories of damage by ice crystal growth have been described in detail by Luyet & Gehenio (1940), and by Meryman (1956). By contrast with damage on a macroscopic scale which might occur during the growth of ice crystals there is evidence to show that freezing can damage the molecular constituents of living cells, and this is most unlikely to be a direct consequence of the intrusion of ice crystals. This aspect of the problem of freezing damage forms the basis of this paper.

scholarly journals Implementation of a comprehensive ice crystal formation parameterization for cirrus and mixed-phase clouds in the EMAC model (based on MESSy 2.53)

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4021-4041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Bacer ◽  
Sylvia C. Sullivan ◽  
Vlassis A. Karydis ◽  
Donifan Barahona ◽  
Martina Krämer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Cirrus Clouds ◽  
Mixed Phase ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Mixed Phase Clouds

Abstract. A comprehensive ice nucleation parameterization has been implemented in the global chemistry-climate model EMAC to improve the representation of ice crystal number concentrations (ICNCs). The parameterization of Barahona and Nenes (2009, hereafter BN09) allows for the treatment of ice nucleation taking into account the competition for water vapour between homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation in cirrus clouds. Furthermore, the influence of chemically heterogeneous, polydisperse aerosols is considered by applying one of the multiple ice nucleating particle parameterizations which are included in BN09 to compute the heterogeneously formed ice crystals. BN09 has been modified in order to consider the pre-existing ice crystal effect and implemented to operate both in the cirrus and in the mixed-phase regimes. Compared to the standard EMAC parameterizations, BN09 produces fewer ice crystals in the upper troposphere but higher ICNCs in the middle troposphere, especially in the Northern Hemisphere where ice nucleating mineral dust particles are relatively abundant. Overall, ICNCs agree well with the observations, especially in cold cirrus clouds (at temperatures below 205 K), although they are underestimated between 200 and 220 K. As BN09 takes into account processes which were previously neglected by the standard version of the model, it is recommended for future EMAC simulations.

scholarly journals Cold cloud microphysical process rates in a global chemistry–climate model

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1485-1505
Author(s):  
Sara Bacer ◽  
Sylvia C. Sullivan ◽  
Odran Sourdeval ◽  
Holger Tost ◽  
Jos Lelieveld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Microphysical Process ◽  
Future Global Warming ◽  
Microphysical Processes ◽  
Ice Production

Abstract. Microphysical processes in cold clouds which act as sources or sinks of hydrometeors below 0 ∘C control the ice crystal number concentrations (ICNCs) and in turn the cloud radiative effects. Estimating the relative importance of the cold cloud microphysical process rates is of fundamental importance to underpin the development of cloud parameterizations for weather, atmospheric chemistry, and climate models and to compare the output with observations at different temporal resolutions. This study quantifies and investigates the ICNC rates of cold cloud microphysical processes by means of the chemistry–climate model EMAC (ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry) and defines the hierarchy of sources and sinks of ice crystals. Both microphysical process rates, such as ice nucleation, aggregation, and secondary ice production, and unphysical correction terms are presented. Model ICNCs are also compared against a satellite climatology. We found that model ICNCs are in overall agreement with satellite observations in terms of spatial distribution, although the values are overestimated, especially around high mountains. The analysis of ice crystal rates is carried out both at global and at regional scales. We found that globally the freezing of cloud droplets and convective detrainment over tropical land masses are the dominant sources of ice crystals, while aggregation and accretion act as the largest sinks. In general, all processes are characterized by highly skewed distributions. Moreover, the influence of (a) different ice nucleation parameterizations and (b) a future global warming scenario on the rates has been analysed in two sensitivity studies. In the first, we found that the application of different parameterizations for ice nucleation changes the hierarchy of ice crystal sources only slightly. In the second, all microphysical processes follow an upward shift in altitude and an increase by up to 10 % in the upper troposphere towards the end of the 21st century.

scholarly journals Calcium-Binding Generates the Semi-Clathrate Waters on a Type II Antifreeze Protein to Adsorb onto an Ice Crystal Surface

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Arai ◽  
Yoshiyuki Nishimiya ◽  
Yasushi Ohyama ◽  
Hidemasa Kondo ◽  
Sakae Tsuda
Keyword(s):  
Binding Site ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Hydration Shell ◽  
Antifreeze Protein ◽  
Bound State ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Prism Plane ◽  
Ice Binding ◽  
Significant Difference

Hydration is crucial for a function and a ligand recognition of a protein. The hydration shell constructed on an antifreeze protein (AFP) contains many organized waters, through which AFP is thought to bind to specific ice crystal planes. For a Ca2+-dependent species of AFP, however, it has not been clarified how 1 mol of Ca2+-binding is related with the hydration and the ice-binding ability. Here we determined the X-ray crystal structure of a Ca2+-dependent AFP (jsAFP) from Japanese smelt, Hypomesus nipponensis, in both Ca2+-bound and -free states. Their overall structures were closely similar (Root mean square deviation (RMSD) of Cα = 0.31 Å), while they exhibited a significant difference around their Ca2+-binding site. Firstly, the side-chains of four of the five Ca2+-binding residues (Q92, D94 E99, D113, and D114) were oriented to be suitable for ice binding only in the Ca2+-bound state. Second, a Ca2+-binding loop consisting of a segment D94–E99 becomes less flexible by the Ca2+-binding. Third, the Ca2+-binding induces a generation of ice-like clathrate waters around the Ca2+-binding site, which show a perfect position-match to the waters constructing the first prism plane of a single ice crystal. These results suggest that generation of ice-like clathrate waters induced by Ca2+-binding enables the ice-binding of this protein.

Influence of Ice Crystal Aspect Ratio on the Evolution of Ice Size Spectra during Vapor Depositional Growth

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 3732-3743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay M. Sheridan ◽  
Jerry Y. Harrington ◽  
Dennis Lamb ◽  
Kara Sulia
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Crystal Size ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Size Spectrum ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Initial Size ◽  
Size Spectra ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship among aspect ratio, initial size, and the evolution of the size spectrum is explored for ice crystals growing by vapor deposition. Ice crystal evolution is modeled based on the growth of spheroids, and the ice size spectrum is predicted using a model that is Lagrangian in crystal size and aspect ratio. A dependence of crystal aspect ratio on initial size is discerned: more exaggerated shapes are shown to result when the initial crystals are small, whereas more isometric shapes are found to result from initially large crystals. This result is due to the nature of the vapor gradients in the vicinity of the crystal surface. The more rapid growth of the smaller crystals is shown to produce a period during which the size distribution narrows, followed by a broadening led by the initially smallest crystals. The degree of broadening is shown to depend strongly on the primary habit and hence temperature.

scholarly journals Implementation of a comprehensive ice crystal formation parameterization for cirrus and mixed-phase clouds into the EMAC model (based on MESSy 2.53)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Bacer ◽  
Sylvia C. Sullivan ◽  
Vlassis A. Karydis ◽  
Donifan Barahona ◽  
Martina Krämer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Mixed Phase ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Particle Spectra ◽  
Mixed Phase Clouds

Abstract. A comprehensive ice nucleation parameterization has been implemented in the global chemistry-climate model EMAC to realistically represent ice crystal number concentrations. The parameterization of Barahona and Nenes (2009, hereafter BN09) allows the treatment of ice nucleation, taking into account the competition for water vapour between homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation and pre-existing ice crystals in cold clouds. Furthermore, the influence of chemically-heterogeneous, polydisperse aerosols is considered via multiple ice nucleating particle spectra, which are included in the parameterization to compute the heterogeneously formed ice crystals. BN09 has been implemented to operate both in the cirrus and in the mixed-phase regimes. Compared to the standard EMAC results, BN09 produces fewer ice crystals in the upper troposphere but higher ice crystal number concentrations in the middle troposphere, especially in the Northern Hemisphere where ice nucleating mineral dust particles are relatively abundant. The comparison with a climatological data set of aircraft measurements shows that BN09 used in the cirrus regime improves the model results and, therefore, is recommended for future EMAC simulations.

An Overview of Secondary ice Processes.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Choularton ◽  
Gary Lloyd ◽  
Keith Bower ◽  
Martin Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Climate Models ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Cloud Microphysics ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Radiative Properties ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Ice Production

<p>Ground based and airborne observations of ice crystal concentrations are often found to exceed the concentration of ice nucleating particles by many orders of magnitude. This discrepancy between the expected ice particle concentrations formed through primary ice nucleation and observed ice particle concentration has led to the search for missing physical processes capable of creating new ice crystals. Secondary ice production (SIP) is a mechanism that produces new ice crystals without requiring the action of an ice nucleating particle. Evidence has now been found for several of these</p><p>Increasingly sophisticated cloud microphysical representations are being used in Numerical Weather Prediction and climate models to provide more realistic simulations of clouds. This drive towards greater complexity is motivated by the recognition of the importance of microphysical processes to the evolution of clouds, precipitation and the atmospheric environment.  </p><p>One important challenge for the successful implementation of cloud microphysics is the prediction of ice crystal concentrations, these influence the water budget of the cloud s through precipitation processes and the radiative properties of clouds especially when the ice crystals are in the majority over water droplets. The understanding and quantification of primary ice nucleation has grown in recent years, secondary ice production processes have received relatively little attention but are potentially very important for controlling the ice concentrations found in some types of clouds. </p><p>In this stalk a number of SIP mechanisms will be discussed: The Hallett-Mossop process, by far the most powerful mechanism when conditions are right; the fracture on freezing of supercooled raindrops, the fragmentation of falling snow flakes; the detachment of frost crystals from a surface.</p>

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