scholarly journals Effect of Cervus and Cucumis Peptides on Osteoblast Activity and Fracture Healing in Osteoporotic Bone

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai-Yuan Wang ◽  
Yue Tian ◽  
Mei Yuan ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Ji-Feng Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Healing ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Biomechanical Testing ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Osteoporotic Bone ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Matrix Mineralization ◽  
Osteoblast Activity

Osteoporosis is associated with delayed and/or reduced fracture healing. As cervus and cucumis are the traditional Chinese treatments for rheumatoid arthritis, we investigated the effect of supplementation of these peptides (CCP) on bone fracture healing in ovariectomized (OVX) osteoporotic ratsin vitroandin vivo. CCP enhanced osteoblast proliferation and increased alkaline phosphatase activity, matrix mineralization, and expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), and osteopontin.In vivo, female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent ovariectomy and the right femora were fractured and fixed by intramedullary nailing 3 months later. Rats received intraperitoneal injections of either CCP (1.67 mg/kg) or physiological saline every day for 30 days. Fracture healing and callus formation were evaluated by radiography, micro-CT, biomechanical testing, and histology. At 12 weeks after fracture, calluses in CCP-treated bones showed significantly higher torsional strength and greater stiffness than control-treated bones. Bones in CCP-treated rats reunified and were thoroughly remodeled, while two saline-treated rats showed no bone union and incomplete remodeling. Taken together, these results indicate that use of CCP after fracture in osteoporotic rats accelerates mineralization and osteogenesis and improves fracture healing.

Cell-Free Book-Shaped Decellularized Tendon Matrix Graft Capable of Controlled Release of BMP-12 to Improve Tendon Healing in a Rat Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 036354652199455
Author(s):  
Han Xiao ◽  
Yang Chen ◽  
Muzhi Li ◽  
Qiang Shi ◽  
Yan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rat Model ◽  
Biomechanical Testing ◽  
Tendon Healing ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
A Cell

Background: Achilles tendon (AT) defects often occur in traumatic and chronic injuries. Currently, no graft can satisfactorily regenerate parallel tendinous tissue at the defect site to completely restore AT function. Purpose: To develop a cell-free functional graft by tethering bone morphogenetic protein 12 (BMP-12) on a book-shaped decellularized tendon matrix (BDTM) and to determine whether this graft is more beneficial for AT defect healing than an autograft. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Canine patellar tendon was sectioned into a book shape and decellularized to fabricate a BDTM. The collagen-binding domain (CBD) was fused into the N-terminus of BMP-12 to synthesize a recombinant BMP-12 (CBD-BMP-12), which was tethered to the BDTM to prepare a cell-free functional graft (CBD-BMP-12/BDTM). After its tensile resistance, tenogenic inducibility, and BMP-12 release dynamics were evaluated, the efficacy of the graft for tendon regeneration was determined in a rat model. A total of 140 mature male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent AT tenotomy. The defect was reconstructed with reversed AT (autograft group), native BMP-12 tethered to an intact decellularized tendon matrix (IDTM; NAT-BMP-12/IDTM group), native BMP-12 tethered to a BDTM (NAT-BMP-12/BDTM group), CBD-BMP-12 tethered on an IDTM (CBD-BMP-12/IDTM group), and CBD-BMP-12 tethered on a BDTM (CBD-BMP-12/BDTM group). The rats were sacrificed 4 or 8 weeks after surgery to harvest AT specimens. Six specimens from each group at each time point were used for histological evaluation; the remaining 8 specimens were used for biomechanical testing. Results: In vitro CBD-BMP-12/BDTM was noncytotoxic, showed high biomimetics with native tendons, was suitable for cell adhesion and growth, and had superior tenogenic inducibility. In vivo the defective AT in the CBD-BMP-12/BDTM group regenerated more naturally than in the other groups, as indicated by more spindle-shaped fibroblasts embedded in a matrix of parallel fibers. The biomechanical properties of the regenerated AT in the CBD-BMP-12/BDTM group also increased more significantly than in the other groups. Conclusion: CBD-BMP-12/BDTM is more beneficial than autograft for healing AT defects in a rat model. Clinical Relevance: The findings of this study demonstrate that CBD-BMP-12/BDTM can serve as a practical graft for reconstructing AT defects.

scholarly journals Short-wave enhances mesenchymal stem cell recruitment in fracture healing by increasing HIF-1 in callus

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongmei Ye ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
Qiwen Wang ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Sha Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cell ◽  
Fracture Healing ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Fracture Site ◽  
Related Factors

Abstract Background As a type of high-frequency electrotherapy, a short-wave can promote the fracture healing process; yet, its underlying therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. Purpose To observe the effect of Short-Wave therapy on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) homing and relative mechanisms associated with fracture healing. Materials and methods For in vivo study, the effect of Short-Wave therapy to fracture healing was examined in a stabilized femur fracture model of 40 SD rats. Radiography was used to analyze the morphology and microarchitecture of the callus. Additionally, fluorescence assays were used to analyze the GFP-labeled MSC homing after treatment in 20 nude mice with a femoral fracture. For in vitro study, osteoblast from newborn rats simulated fracture site was first irradiated by the Short-Wave; siRNA targeting HIF-1 was used to investigate the role of HIF-1. Osteoblast culture medium was then collected as chemotaxis content of MSC, and the migration of MSC from rats was evaluated using wound healing assay and trans-well chamber test. The expression of HIF-1 and its related factors were quantified by q RT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blot. Results Our in vivo experiment indicated that Short-Wave therapy could promote MSC migration, increase local and serum HIF-1 and SDF-1 levels, induce changes in callus formation, and improve callus microarchitecture and mechanical properties, thus speeding up the healing process of the fracture site. Moreover, the in vitro results further indicated that Short-Wave therapy upregulated HIF-1 and SDF-1 expression in osteoblast and its cultured medium, as well as the expression of CXCR-4, β-catenin, F-actin, and phosphorylation levels of FAK in MSC. On the other hand, the inhibition of HIF-1α was significantly restrained by the inhibition of HIF-1α in osteoblast, and it partially inhibited the migration of MSC. Conclusions These results suggested that Short-Wave therapy could increase HIF-1 in callus, which is one of the crucial mechanisms of chemotaxis MSC homing in fracture healing.

scholarly journals Short-Wave Enhances Mesenchymal Stem Cells Recruitment in Fracture Healing by Increasing HIF-1 in Callus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongmei Ye ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
Qiwen Wang ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Sha Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Healing ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Fracture Site ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Femur Fractures ◽  
Osteoblast Culture

Abstract Background: As a type of high-frequency electrotherapy, a Short-Wave can promote the fracture healing process; yet, its underlying therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear.Purpose: To observe the effect of Short-Wave therapy on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) homing and relative mechanisms associated with fracture healing. Materials and Methods: For in vivo study, the effect of Short-Wave therapy to fracture healing was examined in stabilized femur fractures model of 40 SD rats. Radiography was used to analyze the morphology and microarchitecture of the callus. Additionally, fluorescence assays were used to analyze the GFP-labeled MSC homing after treatment in 20 nude mice with a femoral fracture. For in vitro study, osteoblast from newborn rats simulated fracture site was first irradiated by the Short-Wave; siRNA targeting HIF-1 was used to investigate the role of HIF-1. Osteoblast culture medium was then collected as chemotaxis content of MSC, and the migration of MSC from rats was evaluated using wound healing assay and trans-well chamber test. The expression of HIF-1 and its related factors were quantified by q RT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blot.Results: Our in vivo experiment indicated that Short-Wave therapy could promote MSC migration, increase local and serum HIF-1 and SDF-1 levels, induce changes in callus formation, and improve callus microarchitecture and mechanical properties, thus speeding up the healing process of the fracture site. Moreover, the in vitro results further indicated that Short-Waves therapy upregulated HIF-1 and SDF-1 expression in osteoblast and its cultured medium, as well as the expression of CXCR-4, β-catenin, F-actin and phosphorylation levels of FAK in MSC. On the other hand, the inhibition of HIF-1α was significantly restrained by the inhibition of HIF-1α in osteoblast, and it partially inhibited the migration of MSC.Conclusions: These results suggested that Short-Wave therapy could increase HIF-1 in callus, which is one of the crucial mechanisms of chemotaxis MSC homing in fracture healing.

scholarly journals Short-Wave Enhances MSC Recruitment in Fracture Healing from Increasing HIF-1 in Callus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongmei Ye ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
Qiwen Wang ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Sha Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Healing ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Fracture Site ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Femur Fractures ◽  
Osteoblast Culture

Abstract Background: As a type of high-frequency electrotherapy, a Short-Wave can promote the fracture healing process; yet, its underlying therapeutic mechanisms still remain unclear.Purpose: To observe the effect of Short-Wave therapy on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) homing and relative mechanisms associated with fracture healing. Materials and Methods: For in vivo study, the effect of Short-Wave therapy in relation to fracture healing was examined in stabilized femur fractures model of 40 SD rats. Radiography was used to analyze the morphology and micro-architecture of the callus. Additionally, fluorescence assays were used to analyze the GFP-labeled MSC homing after treatment in 20 nude mice with a femoral fracture. For in vitro study, osteoblast from newborn rats simulated fracture site was first irradiated by the Short-Wave; siRNA targeting HIF-1 was used to investigate the role of HIF-1. Osteoblast culture medium was then collected as chemotaxis content of MSC, and the migration of MSC from rats was evaluated using wound healing assay and trans-well chamber test. The expression of HIF-1 and its related factors were quantified by q RT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blot.Results: Our in vivo experiment indicated that Short-Wave therapy could promote MSC migration, increase local and serum HIF-1 and SDF-1 levels, induce changes in callus formation, and improve callus microarchitecture and mechanical properties, thus speeding up the healing process of the fracture site. Moreover, the in vitro results further indicated that Short-Waves therapy upregulated HIF-1 and SDF-1 expression in osteoblast and in the medium, as well as the expression of CXCR-4, β-catenin, F-actin and phosphorylation levels of FAK in MSC. On the other hand, the inhibition of HIF-1α was significantly restrained by the inhibition of HIF-1α in osteoblast, and it partially inhibited the migration of MSC.Conclusions: These results suggested that Short-Wave therapy could increase HIF-1 in callus, which is one of the crucial mechanisms of chemotaxis MSC homing in fracture healing.

scholarly journals Short Wave Enhances Mesenchymal Stem Cell Recruitment through Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Signaling in Fracture Healing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongmei Ye ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
Qiwen Wang ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Sha Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cell ◽  
Fracture Healing ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Fracture Site ◽  
Femur Fractures

Abstract Background As a type of high-frequency electrotherapy, a short wave can promote the fracture healing process; yet, its underlying therapeutic mechanisms still remain unclear. Purpose To observe the effect of short wave on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) homing and its mechanisms associated with fracture healing. Materials and Methods For in vivo study, the effect of Short-Wave therapy in relation to fracture healing was examined in stabilized femur fractures model of 40 SD rats. Radiography was used to analyze the morphology and micro-architecture of the callus. Additionally, fluorescence assays were used to analyze the GFP-labeled MSC homing after treatment in 20 nude mice with a femoral fracture. For in vitro study, osteoblast from newborn rats simulated fracture site was first irradiated by the Short-Wave; siRNA targeting HIF-1 was used to investigate the role of HIF-1. Osteoblast culture medium was then collected as chemotaxis content of MSC, and the migration of MSC from rats was evaluated using wound healing assay and trans-well chamber test. The expression of HIF-1 and its related factors were quantified by q RT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blot. Results Our in vivo experiment indicated that Short-Wave therapy could promote MSC migration, increase local and serum HIF-1 and SDF-1 levels, induce changes in callus formation, and improve callus microarchitecture and mechanical properties, thus speeding up the healing process of the fracture site. Moreover, the in vitro results further indicated that Short-Waves therapy upregulated HIF-1 and SDF-1 expression in osteoblast and in the medium, as well as the expression of CXCR-4, β-catenin, F-actin and phosphorylation levels of FAK in MSC. On the other hand, the inhibition of HIF-1α was significantly restrained by the inhibition of HIF-1α in osteoblast, and it partially inhibited the migration of MSC. Conclusions These results suggested that short wave could increase HIF-1 in callus, which is one of the crucial mechanisms of chemotaxis MSC homing in fracture healing.

Preparation of cultured astrocytes for x-ray microanalysis

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 988-989
Author(s):  
N.K.R. Smith ◽  
K.E. Hunter ◽  
P. Mobley ◽  
L.P. Felpel
Keyword(s):  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Elemental Content ◽  
Elemental Distribution ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cultured Astrocytes ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Ultimate Objective

Electron probe energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (XRMA) offers a powerful tool for the determination of intracellular elemental content of biological tissue. However, preparation of the tissue specimen , particularly excitable central nervous system (CNS) tissue , for XRMA is rather difficult, as dissection of a sample from the intact organism frequently results in artefacts in elemental distribution. To circumvent the problems inherent in the in vivo preparation, we turned to an in vitro preparation of astrocytes grown in tissue culture. However, preparations of in vitro samples offer a new and unique set of problems. Generally, cultured cells, growing in monolayer, must be harvested by either mechanical or enzymatic procedures, resulting in variable degrees of damage to the cells and compromised intracel1ular elemental distribution. The ultimate objective is to process and analyze unperturbed cells. With the objective of sparing others from some of the same efforts, we are reporting the considerable difficulties we have encountered in attempting to prepare astrocytes for XRMA.Tissue cultures of astrocytes from newborn C57 mice or Sprague Dawley rats were prepared and cultured by standard techniques, usually in T25 flasks, except as noted differently on Cytodex beads or on gelatin. After different preparative procedures, all samples were frozen on brass pins in liquid propane, stored in liquid nitrogen, cryosectioned (0.1 μm), freeze dried, and microanalyzed as previously reported.

scholarly journals Stamina-Enhancing Effects of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 096368972110354
Author(s):  
Eun-Jung Yoon ◽  
Hye Rim Seong ◽  
Jangbeen Kyung ◽  
Dajeong Kim ◽  
Sangryong Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Serum Triglycerides

Stamina-enhancing effects of human adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs) were investigated in young Sprague-Dawley rats. Ten-day-old male rats were transplanted intravenously (IV) or intracerebroventricularly (ICV) with hADSCs (1 × 106 cells/rat), and physical activity was measured by locomotor activity and rota-rod performance at post-natal day (PND) 14, 20, 30, and 40, as well as a forced swimming test at PND 41. hADSCs injection increased the moving time in locomotor activity, the latency in rota-rod performance, and the maximum swimming time. For the improvement of physical activity, ICV transplantation was superior to IV injection. In biochemical analyses, ICV transplantation of hADSCs markedly reduced serum creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine transaminase, and muscular lipid peroxidation, the markers for muscular and hepatic injuries, despite the reduction in muscular glycogen and serum triglycerides as energy sources. Notably, hADSCs secreted brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor in vitro, and increased the level of BDNF in the brain and muscles in vivo. The results indicate that hADSCs enhance physical activity including stamina not only by attenuating tissue injury, but also by strengthening the muscles via production of BDNF.

scholarly journals OP0244 A PRECLINICAL TESTING TOOL: THE IN VITRO 3D FRACTURE GAP MODEL

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 154.1-154
Author(s):  
M. Pfeiffenberger ◽  
A. Damerau ◽  
P. Hoff ◽  
A. Lang ◽  
F. Buttgereit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Healing ◽  
Bone Healing ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Gap Model ◽  
Osteogenic Markers ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patients ◽  
The Impact

Background:Approximately 10% of fractures lead to significant fracture healing disorders, with a tendency to further increase due to the aging population. Of note, especially immunosuppressed patients with ongoing inflammation show difficulties in the correct course of fracture healing leading to fracture healing disorders. Most notably, invading immune cells and secreted cytokines are considered to provide an inflammatory microenvironment within the fracture gap, primarily during the initial phase of fracture healing. Current research has the focus on small animal models, facing the problem of translation towards the human system. In order to improve the therapy of fracture healing disorders, we have developed a human cell-basedin vitromodel to mimic the initial phase of fracture healing adequately. This model will be used for the development of new therapeutic strategies.Objectives:Our aim is to develop anin vitro3D fracture gap model (FG model) which mimics thein vivosituation in order to provide a reliable preclinical test system for fracture healing disorders.Methods:To assemble our FG model, we co-cultivated coagulated peripheral blood and primary human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) mimicking the fracture hematoma (FH model) together with a scaffold-free bone-like construct mimicking the bony part of the fracture gap for 48 h under hypoxic conditions (n=3), in order to reflect thein vivosituation after fracture most adequately. To analyze the impact of the bone-like construct on thein vitroFH model with regard to its osteogenic induction capacity, we cultivated the fracture gap models in either medium with or without osteogenic supplements. To analyze the impact of Deferoxamine (DFO, known to foster fracture healing) on the FG model, we further treated our FG models with either 250 µmol DFO or left them untreated. After incubation and subsequent preparation of the fracture hematomas, we evaluated gene expression of osteogenic (RUNX2,SPP1), angiogenic (VEGF,IL8), inflammatory markers (IL6,IL8) and markers for the adaptation towards hypoxia (LDHA,PGK1) as well as secretion of cytokines/chemokines using quantitative PCR and multiplex suspension assay, respectively.Results:We found via histology that both the fracture hematoma model and the bone-like construct had close contact during the incubation, allowing the cells to interact with each other through direct cell-cell contact, signal molecules or metabolites. Additionally, we could show that the bone-like constructs induced the upregulation of osteogenic markers (RUNX2, SPP1) within the FH models irrespective of the supplementation of osteogenic supplements. Furthermore, we observed an upregulation of hypoxia-related, angiogenic and osteogenic markers (RUNX2,SPP1) under the influence of DFO, and the downregulation of inflammatory markers (IL6,IL8) as compared to the untreated control. The latter was also confirmed on protein level (e.g. IL-6 and IL-8). Within the bone-like constructs, we observed an upregulation of angiogenic markers (RNA-expression ofVEGF,IL8), even more pronounced under the treatment of DFO.Conclusion:In summary, our findings demonstrate that our establishedin vitroFG model provides all osteogenic cues to induce the initial bone healing process, which could be enhanced by the fracture-healing promoting substance DFO. Therefore, we conclude that our model is indeed able to mimic correctly the human fracture gap situation and is therefore suitable to study the influence and efficacy of potential therapeutics for the treatment of bone healing disorders in immunosuppressed patients with ongoing inflammation.Disclosure of Interests:Moritz Pfeiffenberger: None declared, Alexandra Damerau: None declared, Paula Hoff: None declared, Annemarie Lang: None declared, Frank Buttgereit Grant/research support from: Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Generic Assays, GSK, Hexal, Horizon, Lilly, medac, Mundipharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and Sanofi., Timo Gaber: None declared

scholarly journals Effects of Bacterial CLPB Protein Fragments on Food Intake and PYY Secretion

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2223
Author(s):  
Manon Dominique ◽  
Nicolas Lucas ◽  
Romain Legrand ◽  
Illona-Marie Bouleté ◽  
Christine Bôle-Feysot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Molecular Mimicry ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
E Coli ◽  
In Vivo Effects

CLPB (Caseinolytic peptidase B) protein is a conformational mimetic of α-MSH, an anorectic hormone. Previous in vivo studies have already shown the potential effect of CLPB protein on food intake and on the production of peptide YY (PYY) by injection of E. coli wild type (WT) or E. coli ΔClpB. However, until now, no study has shown its direct effect on food intake. Furthermore, this protein can fragment naturally. Therefore, the aim of this study was (i) to evaluate the in vitro effects of CLPB fragments on PYY production; and (ii) to test the in vivo effects of a CLPB fragment sharing molecular mimicry with α-MSH (CLPB25) compared to natural fragments of the CLPB protein (CLPB96). To do that, a primary culture of intestinal mucosal cells from male Sprague–Dawley rats was incubated with proteins extracted from E. coli WT and ΔCLPB after fragmentation with trypsin or after a heat treatment of the CLPB protein. PYY secretion was measured by ELISA. CLPB fragments were analyzed by Western Blot using anti-α-MSH antibodies. In vivo effects of the CLPB protein on food intake were evaluated by intraperitoneal injections in male C57Bl/6 and ob/ob mice using the BioDAQ® system. The natural CLPB96 fragmentation increased PYY production in vitro and significantly decreased cumulative food intake from 2 h in C57Bl/6 and ob/ob mice on the contrary to CLPB25. Therefore, the anorexigenic effect of CLPB is likely the consequence of enhanced PYY secretion.

scholarly journals Matrix Vesicles: Role in Bone Mineralization and Potential Use as Therapeutics

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 289
Author(s):  
Sana Ansari ◽  
Bregje W. M. de de Wildt ◽  
Michelle A. M. Vis ◽  
Carolina E. de de Korte ◽  
Keita Ito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Recipient Cell ◽  
Organic Matrix ◽  
Matrix Vesicles ◽  
Matrix Mineralization

Bone is a complex organ maintained by three main cell types: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. During bone formation, osteoblasts deposit a mineralized organic matrix. Evidence shows that bone cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs): nano-sized bilayer vesicles, which are involved in intercellular communication by delivering their cargoes through protein–ligand interactions or fusion to the plasma membrane of the recipient cell. Osteoblasts shed a subset of EVs known as matrix vesicles (MtVs), which contain phosphatases, calcium, and inorganic phosphate. These vesicles are believed to have a major role in matrix mineralization, and they feature bone-targeting and osteo-inductive properties. Understanding their contribution in bone formation and mineralization could help to target bone pathologies or bone regeneration using novel approaches such as stimulating MtV secretion in vivo, or the administration of in vitro or biomimetically produced MtVs. This review attempts to discuss the role of MtVs in biomineralization and their potential application for bone pathologies and bone regeneration.

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