scholarly journals Application of Experimental Design in Preparation of Nanoliposomes Containing Hyaluronidase

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narayanan Kasinathan ◽  
Subrahmanyam​ Mallikarjuna Volety​ ◽  
Venkata Rao Josyula​
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Film Formation ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Protein Encapsulation ◽  
Carrier System ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
Percentage Protein

Hyaluronidase is an enzyme that catalyzes breakdown of hyaluronic acid. This property is utilized for hypodermoclysis and for treating extravasation injury. Hyaluronidase is further studied for possible application as an adjuvant for increasing the efficacy of other drugs. Development of suitable carrier system for hyaluronidase would help in coadministration of other drugs. In the present study, the hyaluronidase was encapsulated in liposomes. The effect of variables, namely, phosphatidylcholine (PC), cholesterol, temperature during film formation (T1), and speed of rotation of the flask during film formation (SPR) on percentage of protein encapsulation, was first analyzed using factorial design. The study showed that level of phosphatidylcholine had the maximum effect on the outcome. The effect of interaction of PC and SPR required for preparation of nanoliposomes was identified by central composite design (CCD). The dependent variables were percentage protein encapsulation, particle size, and zeta potential. The study showed that ideal conditions for production of hyaluronidase loaded nanoliposomes are PC—140 mg and cholesterol 1/5th of PC when the SPR is 150 rpm and T1 is 50°C.

scholarly journals Quantification and Evaluations of Catechin Hydrate Polymeric Nanoparticles Used in Brain Targeting for the Treatment of Epilepsy

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niyaz Ahmad ◽  
Rizwan Ahmad ◽  
Ridha Alrasheed ◽  
Hassan Almatar ◽  
Abdullah Al-Ramadan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Central Composite Design ◽  
Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Seizure Threshold ◽  
Sonication Time ◽  
Treatment Of Epilepsy ◽  
Catechin Hydrate ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Central Composite

To formulate novel chitosan (CS)-coated–PLGA–nanoparticles (NPs) using a central composite design approach and use them in order to improve brain bioavailability for catechin hydrate (CH) through direct nose-to-central nervous system (CNS) delivery for the evaluation of a comparative biodistribution study of CH by the newly developed ultra high performance liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy (UHPLC-MS/MS) method in the treatment of epilepsy. For PLGA–NPs’ preparation, a double emulsion-solvent evaporation method was used, where a four-factor, three-level central composite design was used to obtain the best nanoformulation. For the optimization, four independent variables were chosen, that is, PLGA, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sonication time, and temperature. The optimized PLGA–NPs were further coated with chitosan and assessed for drug release, nasal permeation study, as well as a comparative pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. Independent and dependent variables helped to optimize the best nanoformulation based on the composition of PLGA (50.0 mg), PVA (1.10%), sonication time (90.0 s), and temperature (25.0 °C). The values of dependent variables were observed, such as polydispersity index (PDI), particle size, and zeta potential (ZP)—that is, 0.106 ± 0.01, 93.46 ± 3.94 nm, and −12.63 ± 0.08 mV, respectively. The ZPs of CS-coated PLGA–NPs were changed from negative to positive value with some alteration in the distribution of particle size. Excellent mucoadhesive-nature of CS–CH–PLGA–NPs as compared with CH–S and CH–PLGA–NPs was seen, with a retention time of 0.856 min and m/z of 289.23/245.20 for CH, together with a retention time of 1.04 min and m/z of 301.21/151.21 for Quercetin as an internal standard (IS). For a linear range (1–1000 ng mL−1), % accuracy (93.07–99.41%) and inter- and intraday % precision (0.39–4.90%) were determined. The improved Cmax with area under curve (AUC)0–24 was found to be highly significant (p < 0.001) in Wistar rats’ brain as compared with the i.n. and i.v. treated group based on the pharmacokinetics (PK) results. Furthermore, CS–CH–PLGA–NPs were found to be more significant (p < 0.001) for the treatment of seizure threshold rodent models, that is, increasing current electroshock and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. A significant role of CS–CH–PLGA–NPs was observed, that is, p < 0.001, for the enhancement of brain bioavailability and the treatment of epilepsy.

Computer Optimization of Stealth Biodegradable Polymeric Dual-loaded Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy Using Central Composite Face-centered Design

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-132
Author(s):  
Yvonne A. Berko ◽  
Emmanuel O. Akala
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Statistical Experimental Design ◽  
Factor Combination ◽  
Face Centered ◽  
Composite Face ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
Response Variables

Background: Combination chemotherapy capable of overcoming cancer drug resistance can be facilitated by nanotechnology. Objective: Synthesis, characterization, statistical experimental design, analysis and optimization of stealth pH-sensitive polymeric nanoparticles suitable as a platform for simultaneous delivery of paclitaxel and 17-AAG in breast cancer therapy were investigated. Methods: An acetal crosslinker and a poly(ɛ)caprolactone macromonomer were synthesized and characterized. The statistical experimental design used was the response surface method (RSM). We used the central composite face-centered design (CCF) in three independent factors and seventeen runs. Nanoparticles were fabricated by dispersion polymerization techniques. Response variables evaluated were: particle size, drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro availability. Results: Scanning electron micrographs showed the formation of spherical nanoparticles. Computer software was used for the analysis of variance with a 95% confidence level and Q2 (goodness of prediction) to select an appropriate model for each of the response variables. Each term in each of the models was tested for the significance of the regression coefficients. The computer software optimizer was used for optimization to select factor combination to minimize particle size, time (h) for maximum release of paclitaxel and 17-AAG, to maximize paclitaxel and 17-AAG loading efficiency and to maximize paclitaxel and 17-AAG encapsulation efficiency. Conclusion: The optimization was successful, as shown by the validation data which lie within the confidence intervals of predicted values of the response variables. The selected factor combination is suitable for the in vivo evaluation of the nanoparticles loaded with paclitaxel and 17-AAG.

scholarly journals Impact of Process Parameters on the Diameter of Nanobubbles Generated by Electrolysis on Platinum-Coated Titanium Electrodes Using Box–Behnken Experimental Design

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2542
Author(s):  
Karol Ulatowski ◽  
Radosław Jeżak ◽  
Paweł Sobieszuk
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Multiphase System ◽  
Anova Analysis ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Parameter Function

(1) The generation of nanobubbles by electrolysis is an interesting method of using electrical energy to form bubble nuclei, effectively creating a multiphase system. For every process, the effectiveness of nanobubble generation by electrolysis depends on various process parameters that impact should be determined. (2) In this work, the electrolytic generation of hydrogen and oxygen bubbles was performed in a self-built setup, in which a Nafion membrane separated two chambers. The generation of bubbles of both gases was investigated using Box–Behnken experimental design. Three independent variables were salt concentration, current density, and electrolysis time, while the dependent variables were Sauter diameters of generated bubbles. An ANOVA analysis and multivariate regression were carried out to propose a statistical and power model of nanobubble size as a process parameter function. (3) The generation of bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis showed that different factors or their combinations determine their size. The results presented in this work proved to be complementary to previous works reported in the literature. (4) The Sauter diameter of bubbles increases with salt concentration and stays constant with increasing current density in investigated range. The proposed correlations allow the Sauter diameters of nanobubbles generated during electrolysis to be predicted.

scholarly journals Analysis of Chemisorbed Tribo-Film for Ceramic-on-Ceramic Hip Joint Prostheses by Raman Spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Risha Rufaqua ◽  
Martin Vrbka ◽  
Dušan Hemzal ◽  
Dipankar Choudhury ◽  
David Rebenda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Hip Joint ◽  
Total Joint Replacement ◽  
Film Formation ◽  
Frictional Coefficient ◽  
Synovial Fluids ◽  
Frictional Coefficients ◽  
Joint Prostheses ◽  
Ceramic On Ceramic

To understand the possible lubricant mechanism in ceramic-on-ceramic hip joint prostheses, biochemical reactions of the synovial fluid and the corresponding frictional coefficients were studied. The experiments were performed in a hip joint simulator using the ball-on-cup configuration with balls and cups made from two types of ceramics, BIOLOX®forte and BIOLOX®delta. Different lubricants, namely albumin, γ-globulin, hyaluronic acid and three model synovial fluids, were studied in the experiments and Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze the biochemical responses of these lubricants at the interface. BIOLOX®delta surface was found less reactive to proteins and model fluid lubricants. In contrast, BIOLOX®forte ball surface has shown chemisorption with both proteins, hyaluronic acid and model fluids imitating total joint replacement and osteoarthritic joint. There was no direct correlation between the measured frictional coefficient and the observed chemical reactions. In summary, the study reveals chemistry of lubricant film formation on ceramic hip implant surfaces with various model synovial fluids and their components.

scholarly journals Influence of Brazilian pine seed flour addition on rheological, chemical and sensory properties of gluten-free rice flour cakes

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mônica Ikeda ◽  
Carlos Wanderlei Piler Carvalho ◽  
Cristiane Vieira Helm ◽  
Henriette Monteiro Cordeiro de Azeredo ◽  
Rossana Catie Bueno de Gogoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Rice Flour ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Araucaria Angustifolia ◽  
Sensory Acceptance ◽  
Seed Flour ◽  
Flour Sample ◽  
Paste Viscosity

ABSTRACT: Brazilian pine seeds (pinhão) are gluten-free seeds produced by the native pine species named Araucaria angustifolia. In this study, gluten-free cake mixes composed of Brazilian pine seed flour and rice flour were developed. The cake mixes were produced following a Simplex Centroid experimental design, with rice flour and Brazilian pine seed flour contents ranging from 50 to 100% and from 0 to 50%, respectively. Mixes were analyzed for chemical composition, apparent paste viscosity, and particle size distribution. The resulting cakes were analyzed for sensory acceptance, texture, specific volume and chemical composition. The Brazilian pine seed flour showed a peak viscosity on heating of 1.761Pa.s against 4.747Pa.s for the 100% rice flour sample. The variation of firmness of cakes decreased with increasing percentage of Brazilian pine seed flour. Cakes containing Brazilian pine seed flour at 25-37.5% of the formulation presented highest overall acceptance.

Supramolecular solvent-based microextraction method for cobalt traces in food samples with optimization Plackett–Burman and central composite experimental design

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (115) ◽  
pp. 94879-94886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Funda Aydin ◽  
Erkan Yilmaz ◽  
Mustafa Soylak
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Supramolecular Solvent ◽  
Central Composite Experimental Design ◽  
Central Composite

A new microextraction method based on formation of supramolecular solvent (Ss) was developed by using of chemometric optimization method for cobalt determination with microsampling flame atomic absorption spectrometry (MS-FAAS).

scholarly journals Translating the fabrication of protein-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles from bench to scale-independent production using microfluidics

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 582-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla B. Roces ◽  
Dennis Christensen ◽  
Yvonne Perrie
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Glycolic Acid ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Protein Encapsulation ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Process Controls

AbstractIn the formulation of nanoparticles, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is commonly employed due to its Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency approval for human use, its ability to encapsulate a variety of moieties, its biocompatibility and biodegradability and its ability to offer a range of controlled release profiles. Common methods for the production of PLGA particles often adopt harsh solvents, surfactants/stabilisers and in general are multi-step and time-consuming processes. This limits the translation of these drug delivery systems from bench to bedside. To address this, we have applied microfluidic processes to develop a scale-independent platform for the manufacture, purification and monitoring of nanoparticles. Thereby, the influence of various microfluidic parameters on the physicochemical characteristics of the empty and the protein-loaded PLGA particles was evaluated in combination with the copolymer employed (PLGA 85:15, 75:25 or 50:50) and the type of protein loaded. Using this rapid production process, emulsifying/stabilising agents (such as polyvinyl alcohol) are not required. We also incorporate in-line purification systems and at-line particle size monitoring. Our results demonstrate the microfluidic control parameters that can be adopted to control particle size and the impact of PLGA copolymer type on the characteristics of the produced particles. With these nanoparticles, protein encapsulation efficiency varies from 8 to 50% and is controlled by the copolymer of choice and the production parameters employed; higher flow rates, combined with medium flow rate ratios (3:1), should be adopted to promote higher protein loading (% wt/wt). In conclusion, herein, we outline the process controls for the fabrication of PLGA polymeric nanoparticles incorporating proteins in a rapid and scalable manufacturing process.

scholarly journals In the Purchase’s Essence: Sensory and symbolic elements in the descriptions of perfume sales over the Internet

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
Brenda Allana Santos De Paula ◽  
Miriam Leite Farias ◽  
Salomão Alencar de Farias ◽  
Ilda Maria Moraes e Silva
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Internet Sales ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Product Description ◽  
Do So

This study aimed to analyse whether sensory and symbolic elements used in perfume descriptions in internet sales can positively influence the level of involvement and consumer buying intention. To do so, a quasi-experimental design was adopted with the creation of three scenarios: one control group and two experimental groups.  Each participant was presented to only one of the scenarios created, characterizing the model between subjects. Regarding the results, it was found that it is not possible to perceive differences between the means of the groups in relation to the dependent variables, except for a negative association between sensory aspects and the level of involvement. Therefore, it was concluded that it may not be advantageous to invest in sensory and symbolic aspects present in the product description in internet sales, it is necessary to rethink this strategy due the fact that this environment has a certain limitation with hedonics products.

Optimal Physical Pretreatment Conditions for the Release of Carbohydrate and Protein from Dairy Manure

2013 ◽  
Vol 291-294 ◽  
pp. 383-389
Author(s):  
Jian Ping Sun ◽  
Jun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Pretreatment Conditions

Various physical factors including particle size, pH, temperature and so on may influence the release of organic materials from dry dairy manure. The effect of these factors on release of protein and carbohydrate was investigated in this study using Box-Behnken Experimental Design with three factors (particle size, temperature and pH) at three levels. Test results suggested that particle size of 0.15-0.25 mm accounted for almost half of the dry manure particles and the optimum condition for release of protein and carbohydrate were pH 2, particle size 1.0-1.4 mm under reaction temperature of 90 oC, under which the protein and carbohydrate release rates could reach 1570.57 and 2813.29 mg l-1, respectively. The degree to which these factors affected organics release was in the order from high to low of temperature > particle size > pH.

scholarly journals Polyelectrolyte Nanoparticles of Amphiphilic Chitosan/Pectin from Banana Peel as Potential Carrier System of Hydrophobic Molecules

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2109
Author(s):  
Paula A. Méndez ◽  
Betty L. López
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Nile Red ◽  
Banana Peel ◽  
Loading Capacity ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Carrier System ◽  
Acid Type ◽  
Hydrophobic Molecule ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Banana Wastes

In this study, pectins were extracted from banana wastes Musa paradisiaca under different acidic conditions, obtaining pectins with different degrees of esterification (DE) depending on the acid type and pH. The formation of the polyelectrolyte nanoparticles was evaluated according to the DE of the pectin, the mass ratio of the polymers of pectin to amphiphilic chitosan (AmCh), and their concentration. The properties of the polyelectrolyte nanoparticles were evaluated at different pH and temperatures. The pectin with 24.3% DE formed polyelectrolyte nanoparticles through the electrostatic interaction with AmCh, which was evidenced by changes in the zeta potential and particle size. The study of mass ratio AmCh:Pectin, to get a stable system, showed that it must be at least equal (1:1), or AmCh must be in higher proportion (6:1, 50:1, 100:1), and the polymers concentration must be 1 mg/mL. The study of the temperature effect showed that, when the temperature increases, the particle size decreases, and the pH study showed a stable particle size for the polyelectrolyte nanoparticles in the range of pH 5–6. Nile Red (NR), a hydrophobic molecule, was encapsulated in the polyelectrolyte nanoparticles with a loading capacity of 1.8% and an encapsulation efficiency of 80%.

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