scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Mediation of Plant-Plant Interactions in a Marshland Plant Community

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Qixiang Sun ◽  
Roger T. Koide ◽  
Zhenhua Peng ◽  
Jinxing Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Community ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Removal Experiment ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Kummerowia Striata ◽  
High Species Richness

Obligate aerobic AMF taxa have high species richness under waterlogged conditions, but their ecological role remains unclear. Here we focused on AM fungal mediation of plant interactions in a marshland plant community. Five cooccurring plant species were chosen for a neighbor removal experiment in which benomyl was used to suppress AMF colonization. APhragmites australisremoval experiment was also performed to study its role in promoting AMF colonization by increasing rhizosphere oxygen concentration. Mycorrhizal fungal effects on plant interactions were different for dominant and subdominant plant species. AMF colonization has driven positive neighbor effects for three subdominant plant species includingKummerowia striata,Leonurus artemisia, andIxeris polycephala. In contrast, AMF colonization enhanced the negative effects of neighbors on the dominantConyza canadensisand had no significant impact on the neighbor interaction to the dominantPolygonum pubescens. AM colonization was positively related to oxygen concentration.P. australisincreased oxygen concentration, enhanced AMF colonization, and was thus indirectly capable of influencing plant interactions. Aerobic AM fungi appear to be ecologically relevant in this wetland ecosystem. They drive positive neighbor interactions for subdominant plant species, effectively increasing plant diversity. We suggest, therefore, that AM fungi may be ecologically important even under waterlogged conditions.

The rmc locus does not affect plant interactions or defence-related gene expression when tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is infected with the root fungal parasite, Rhizoctonia

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling-Ling Gao ◽  
F. Andrew Smith ◽  
Sally E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Almost All

A tomato mutant with reduced mycorrhizal colonisation, rmc, confers resistance to almost all arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal species tested, although there is variation in colonisation of different root cell layers by different fungi and one species of AM fungus can colonise this mutant relatively normally. These variations indicate a high degree of specificity in relation to AM colonisation. We explored the possibility of specificity or otherwise in interactions between rmc and three non-AM root-infecting fungi, Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis groups (AG) 4 and AG8, and binucleate Rhizoctonia (BNR). There were no differences between the wild type tomato 76R and rmc in the speed or extent to which these fungi infected roots or caused disease. Infection by R. solani induced high levels of defence-related gene expression in both tomato genotypes relative to non-infected plants. In contrast, with BNR the expression of these genes was not induced or induced to a much lower extent than with R. solani. The expression of defence-related genes with these two non-AM fungi was very similar in the two plant genotypes. It was different from effects observed during colonisation by AM fungi, which enhanced expression of defence-related genes in rmc compared with the wild type tomato. The specificity and molecular mechanisms of rmc in control of AM colonisation are discussed.

scholarly journals 406 Plant Diversity Influences Effectiveness of Associated Arbuscular–Mycorrhizal Fungi

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 463A-463
Author(s):  
Rhoda Burrows ◽  
Francis Pfleger
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Little Bluestem

Growing a plant host in association with other plant species (i.e., increasing diversity) changes the composition of the associated arbuscular–mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community. We tested whether this alteration in the fungal community causes significant differences in the growth of Schizachyrium scoparium L. (Little Bluestem, a C4 grass) or Lespedeza capitata L. (Bush clover, a legume). Seedlings were transplanted into pasteurized soil inoculated with soil from monoculture plots of Schizachyrium or Lespedeza, respectively, vs. plots containing one, seven, or 15 additional plant species. Soil washes from a composite of the plots were added to all pots, including non-inoculated controls, to reduce differences in the non-AM microbial communities. Spore counts of the inoculum from Lespedeza plots showed increasing numbers of AM fungal spores and species richness with increasing plant diversity; this was not true with the Schizachyrium plots, possibly because Schizachyrium may be a better host to more species of AM fungi than Lespedeza. Both Schizachyrium and Lespedeza responded to inoculation with increased growth compared to non-inoculated controls. Tissue analyses of both species showed that inoculation increased the percentage of Cu, and lowered the percentage of Mn compared to control plants. Schizachyrium showed no significant differences in growth due to inoculum source (1-, 2-, 8-, or 16-species plots); while Lespedeza showed increases in root and shoot weights with increasing source-plot diversity.

scholarly journals Endophytic fungal association in roots of exotic medicinal plants cultivated in the Nilgiris, Western Ghats, Peninsular India

2021 ◽  
pp. 161-174
Author(s):  
Nagarajan Bharathy ◽  
Srinivasan Sowmiya ◽  
Shanmugam Karthik ◽  
Ravichandran Koshila Ravi ◽  
Mayakrishnan Balachandar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Western Ghats ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Fungal Spore ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Peninsular India ◽  
The Nilgiris ◽  
The Western Ghats

Algunos microbios beneficiosos para el suelo ayudan en el establecimiento y crecimiento de plantas medicinales exóticas. Por lo tanto, evaluamos la presencia y el estado de la asociación de endófitos de raíces [hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (AM) y hongos endofíticos septados oscuros (DSE)] en diez especies de plantas medicinales exóticas cultivadas en Nilgiris de los Ghats occidentales. El alcance de las variables endófitas de hongos y las características del pelo de la raíz difirieron significativamente entre las plantas medicinales. Se identificaron seis morfotipos de esporas de hongos AM en las muestras de suelo. Por lo tanto, este estudio indicó la asociación de plantas medicinales exóticas con hongos nativos AM y DSE que podrían explotarse para promover el crecimiento y aumentar la producción de metabolitos secundarios en estas especies de plantas. Some soil beneficial microbes help in the establishment and growth of exotic medicinal plants. Therefore, we evaluated the presence and status of root endophyte [arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi] association in ten exotic medicinal plant species cultivated in the Nilgiris of the Western Ghats. The AM fungi colonized all the examined plant species and eight plants had the co-occurrence of DSE fungi. The extent of fungal endophyte variables and root hair characteristics significantly differed among the medicinal plants. Six AM fungal spore morphotypes were identified in the soil samples. Thus, this study indicated the association of exotic medicinal plants with native AM and DSE fungi which could be exploited to promote growth and increase secondary metabolite production in these plant species.

scholarly journals Benefits of Native Mycorrhizal Amendments to Perennial Agroecosystems Increases with Field Inoculation Density

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liz Koziol ◽  
Timothy E. Crews ◽  
James D. Bever
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Field Inoculation ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Inoculation Density

Perennial polyculture cropping systems are a novel agroecological approach used to mirror some of the ecological benefits provided by native perennial ecosystems including increased carbon and nitrogen storage, more stable soils, and reduced anthropogenic input. Plants selected for perennial agroecosystems are often closely related to native perennials known to be highly dependent on microbiome biota, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. However, most plantings take place in highly disturbed soils where tillage and chemical use may have rendered the AM fungal communities less abundant and ineffective. Studies of mycorrhizal amendments include inoculation densities of 2–10,000 kg of inocula per hectare. These studies report variable results that may depend on inocula volume, composition, or nativeness. Here, we test the response of 19 crop plant species to a native mycorrhizal fungal community in a greenhouse and field experiment. In our field experiment, we chose eight different densities of AM fungal amendment, ranging from 0 to 8192 kg/hectare, representing conventional agricultural practices (no AM fungi addition), commercial product density recommendations, and higher densities more typical of past scientific investigation. We found that plant species that benefited from native mycorrhizal inocula in the greenhouse also benefited from inoculation in the field polyculture planting. However, the densities of mycorrhizal inocula suggested on commercial mycorrhizal products were ineffective, and higher concentrations were required to detect significant benefit plant growth and survival. These data suggest that higher concentrations of mycorrhizal amendment or perhaps alternative distribution methods may be required to utilize native mycorrhizal amendment in agroecology systems.

Shared mycorrhizal networks of forest herbs: Does the presence of conspecific and heterospecific adult plants affect seedling growth and nutrient acquisition?

Botany ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 1048-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Forest Herbs ◽  
Mycorrhizal Network ◽  
Conspecific Adult ◽  
Adult Plants

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can colonize the roots of a large number of plant species and individuals, simultaneously creating a network of hyphae connecting the roots of many plants. In this study, I examined the effect of the mycorrhizal network produced by conspecific and heterospecific adult plants on growth and nutrient content of seedlings of Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott. and Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link ssp. racemosum. Seedlings of both plant species were planted so that they could become colonized by the mycorrhizal network or remain uncolonized, and were planted in the presence of a conspecific or heterospecific adult plant. After 2 years of growth, seedlings were harvested and biomass and nutrient content were determined. Biomass of A. triphyllum seedlings was not affected by the identity of the adult plant or colonization by mycorrhizal fungi. Biomass of M. racemosum seedlings was significantly affected by adult plant identity and mycorrhizal colonization. Maianthemum racemosum seedlings grown near a conspecific adult were significantly larger than when grown near a heterospecific adult, and mycorrhizal M. racemosum seedlings grown near a heterospecific adult had significantly less biomass than nonmycorrhizal seedlings. This suggests that the mycorrhizal network of some plants may confer positive or negative effects on mycorrhizal seedlings as compared to nonmycorrhizal seedlings.

scholarly journals Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal response to fire and urbanization in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie N. Kivlin ◽  
V. Rosanne Harpe ◽  
Jackson H. Turner ◽  
Jessica A. M. Moore ◽  
Leigh C. Moorhead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
National Park ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
The United States ◽  
Burn Severity ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Wildland Urban Interface ◽  
Great Smoky Mountains ◽  
Smoky Mountains

Wildfires are increasing in frequency and intensity as drier and warmer climates increase plant detrital fuel loads. At the same time, increases in urbanization position 9% of fire-prone land within the United States at the wildland–urban interface. While rarely studied, the compounded effects of urbanization and wildfires may have unknown synergistically negative effects on ecosystems. Previous studies at the wildland–urban interface often focus on aboveground plant communities, but belowground ecosystems may also be affected by this double disturbance. In particular, it is unclear how much fire and urbanization independently or interactively affect nutritional symbioses such as those between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and the majority of terrestrial plants. In November 2016, extreme drought conditions and long-term fire suppression combined to create a wildfire within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the neighboring exurban city of Gatlinburg, TN. To understand how the double disturbance of urbanization and fire affected AM fungal communities, we collected fine roots from the 5 dominant understory species in September 2018 at each of 18 sites spanning 3 burn severities in both exurban and natural sites. Despite large variation in burn severity, plant species identity had the largest influence on AM fungi. AM fungal colonization, richness, and composition all varied most among plant species. Fire and urbanization did influence some AM fungal metrics; colonization was lower in burned sites and composition was more variable among exurban locations. There were no interactions among burn severity and urbanization on AM fungi. Our results point to the large influence of plant species identity structuring this obligate nutritional symbiosis regardless of disturbance regime. Therefore, the majority of AM fungal taxa may be buffered from fire-induced ecosystem changes if plant community composition largely remains intact, plant species life history traits allow for AM fungal persistence after fire disturbance, and/or nearby undisturbed habitat can act as an inoculum source for recolonization following fires. Thus, it is critical to maintain natural, undisturbed habitats interspersed within the wildland–urban interface.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations of plants colonizing coal mine spoil in India

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. MEHROTRA
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Coal Mine ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Fungal Spore ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Mine Spoil ◽  
Mycorrhizal Infection ◽  
Spore Densities

A survey of soil and root samples collected beneath some pioneering plants colonizing reclaimed mine spoil at an opencast coal mine site at Chandrapur, Maharashtra State, India, was conducted in October 1994 to examine the possible host and edaphic influence on the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Thirteen plant species were sampled to determine the mycorrhizal root colonization and the number of spores of individual AM fungal species in the rhizosphere.Typical AM fungal infection was observed in roots of all the plant species examined. Mycorrhizal infection ranged from 20 to 95%. Sampled soils contained six spore-forming species of AM fungi (Acaulospora scrobiculata, Entrophospora colombiana, Glomus aggregatum, Glomus ambisporum, Scutellospora calospora and a previously undescribed species of Glomus). Fungal spore densities were not related to the mycorrhizal infection levels. E. colombiana and G. ambisporum were the leading species in terms of spore densities and frequencies. Phenotypic variations in spores of AM fungi were possibly related to the physical and chemical properties of the mine spoil.It is concluded that the pioneering plant species on mine spoils can cause the development of different populations of AM fungi. The study also indicates that certain species of AM fungi have broad environmental requirements.

scholarly journals Integrating plant species contribution to mycorrhizal and seed dispersal mutualistic networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 20180770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Correia ◽  
Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría ◽  
Sérgio Timóteo ◽  
Helena Freitas ◽  
Ruben Heleno
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Population Dynamics ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Seed Dispersers ◽  
Amf Communities ◽  
Common Plant

Mutualistic interactions like those established between plants and mycorrhizal fungi or seed dispersers are key drivers of plant population dynamics and ecosystem functioning; however, these interactions have rarely been explored together. We assembled a tripartite fungi–plant–disperser network in the Gorongosa National Park—Mozambique, to test (1) if diversity and importance of plant mutualists above- and belowground are correlated, and (2) whether biotically and abiotically dispersed plants are associated with distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). We quantified seed dispersal by animals for 1 year and characterized the AMF of 26 common plant species. Sixteen plant species were dispersed by 15 animals and colonized by 48 AMF virtual taxa (VT), while the remaining 10 plant species were not dispersed by animals and associated with 34 AMF VT. We found no evidence for a correlation between the number of plant partners above- and belowground or on plant specialization on both types of partners. We also found no evidence for differentiation of AMF communities between biotically and abiotically dispersed plants. Our results suggest that the establishment of plant interactions with seed dispersers and mycorrhizal fungi is largely independent and that both biotically and abiotically dispersed plants seem to associate with similar communities of AMF.

scholarly journals Mycorrhizal types influence island biogeography of plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille S. Delavaux ◽  
Patrick Weigelt ◽  
Wayne Dawson ◽  
Franz Essl ◽  
Mark van Kleunen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Island Biogeography ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Land Use Intensity ◽  
Endemic Plant ◽  
Limited Dispersal ◽  
Endemic Plant Species

AbstractPlant colonization of islands may be limited by the availability of symbionts, particularly arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which have limited dispersal ability compared to ectomycorrhizal and ericoid (EEM) as well as orchid mycorrhizal (ORC) fungi. We tested for such differential island colonization within contemporary angiosperm floras worldwide. We found evidence that AM plants experience a stronger mycorrhizal filter than other mycorrhizal or non-mycorrhizal (NM) plant species, with decreased proportions of native AM plant species on islands relative to mainlands. This effect intensified with island isolation, particularly for non-endemic plant species. The proportion of endemic AM plant species increased with island isolation, consistent with diversification filling niches left open by the mycorrhizal filter. We further found evidence of humans overcoming the initial mycorrhizal filter. Naturalized floras showed higher proportions of AM plant species than native floras, a pattern that increased with increasing isolation and land-use intensity. This work provides evidence that mycorrhizal fungal symbionts shape plant colonization of islands and subsequent diversification.

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