scholarly journals Immunocontraceptives: New Approaches to Fertility Control

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiranjeet Kaur ◽  
Vijay Prabha
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Current Status ◽  
World Population ◽  
Contraceptive Methods ◽  
Unintended Pregnancies ◽  
Future Fertility

The rapidly increasing global population has bowed the attention of family planning and associated reproductive health programmes in the direction of providing a safe and reliable method which can be used to limit family size. The world population is estimated to exceed a phenomenal 10 billion by the year 2050 A.D., thus presenting a real jeopardy of overpopulation with severe implications for the future. Despite the availability of contraceptive methods, there are over one million elective abortions globally each year due to unintended pregnancies, having devastating impact on reproductive health of women worldwide. This highlights the need for the development of newer and improved contraceptive methods. A novel contraceptive approach that is gaining substantial attention is “immunocontraception” targeting gamete production, gamete outcome, or gamete function. Amongst these, use of sperm antigens (gamete function) seems to be an exciting and feasible approach. However, the variability of immune response and time lag to attain titer among vaccinated individuals after active immunization has highlighted the potential relevance of preformed antibodies in this league. This review is an attempt to analyze the current status and progress of immunocontraceptive approaches with respect to their establishment as a future fertility control agent.

scholarly journals Utilization of modern contraceptive methods and its determinants among youth in Myanmar: Analysis of Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey (2015-2016)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258142
Author(s):  
Ciin Ngaih Lun ◽  
Thida Aung ◽  
Kyaw Swa Mya
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Contraceptive Methods ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Never Married ◽  
Unintended Pregnancies ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Contraceptive Utilization ◽  
Contraceptive Prevalence ◽  
Married Female

Reproductive health service is crucial for youth to reduce maternal and child mortality. However, many young women face unintended pregnancies and pregnancy-related complications due to insufficient knowledge of contraceptive methods and low contraceptive utilization. This study aims to assess the modern contraceptive prevalence rates among youth and identify factors influencing modern contraceptive utilization among youth. We used Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey (2015–2016) data. This study included 1,423 men and 3,677 women aged 15–24 years from all states and regions of Myanmar. We used multivariable binary logistic regression analysis and reported the results using adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). Data analysis was done by STATA software (version 15.1). Ever-married youth used mainly injectable contraception, followed by oral contraceptive pills. Never-married male youth mainly used oral contraceptive pills; however, almost all never-married female youth did not use contraception. The modern contraceptive prevalence rates were 14.9% among total youth, 10% among males, 16.8% among females, 1.5% among never-married males, 44.7% among ever-married males, and 54% among ever-married female youth. The knowledge on modern contraceptive methods favored the utilization. Sexually active youth utilized more contraception than sexually inactive youth. We also found geographical variation and low utilization among rural youth. The desire for more children was also a significant predictor of contraceptive utilization among married youth. The utilization of modern contraception was low among Myanmar youth. Reproductive health program needs to be emphasized on the youth population especially in the area with low utilization to have equitable access to quality reproductive health services. Moreover, the revitalization of Youth Information Corner and youth-friendly reproductive health education programs should be implemented to increase reproductive health knowledge and prevent unsafe sex, unintended pregnancies, and abortions which might help in reducing maternal and child mortality. We warranted conducting mixed method studies to explore the barriers and challenges of contraceptive utilization and male involvement in the choice of contraception among youth.

scholarly journals “This is not my decision; I have no alternative”. Perceptions and experiences of marriage age and family planning among Syrian women and men: a primary care study

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pinar Döner ◽  
Kadriye Şahin
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Family Planning ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Contraceptive Methods ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Primary Health

Abstract Purpose: Reproductive health includes the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide. In this context, both women and men have rights. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the obstacles in using these rights and to describe perceptions on marriage and family planning (FP) of Syrian women and men and to increase awareness for developing new policies on the Primary Health Care. Methods: The study was conducted using qualitative method, consisting of in-depth interviews with 54 participants; 43 women and 11 men who had to emigrate from varied regions of Syria at different times since 2011. Syrian women living in Hatay, in the south of Turkey were identified from Primary Health Care Center. Most of the Syrian women had given birth to the first two children before the age of 20 years. The interviewees were selected by purposive and snowball sampling. Results: The result was examined under seven headings: knowledge about FP and contraceptive methods, hesitation about contraceptive methods, emotional pressure of family and fear of maintaining marriage, embarrassing of talking about sexuality and contraception, the effects of belief and culture on contraception, psychological reflections of war, and changes in the perception of health during the process of immigration. The most significant factors affecting the approaches to FP and contraceptive methods of the women in this study were determined to be education, traditions, economic status, and religious beliefs. The most important factors affecting participants’ FP and contraceptive method approaches are education, cultural beliefs, economic status, and religious beliefs. Conclusions: The primary healthcare centers are at a very strategical point for offering FP services to help address patients’ unmet contraceptive needs and improve pregnancy outcomes. More attention should be paid to social determinants that influence the access to reproductive health. Moreover, efforts can be done to address gender inequality that intercept FP. The most important strategy for primary health systems to follow the gender barriers that hinder access to FP services and men are empowered to share responsibility for FP.

scholarly journals Predictors of contraceptive method discontinuation among adolescent and young women in three West African countries (Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adja Mariam Ouédraogo ◽  
Adama Baguiya ◽  
Rachidatou Compaoré ◽  
Kadari Cissé ◽  
Désiré Lucien Dahourou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Contraceptive Method ◽  
Occupation Number ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Contraceptive Methods ◽  
Unintended Pregnancies ◽  
Contraceptive Discontinuation

Abstract Background The effective use of contraception among adolescents and young women can reduce the risk of unintended pregnancies. However, the prevalence of contraceptive use remains low in this age group. The objective of this study was to estimate the rate of contraceptive method discontinuation among adolescents and young women and to identify its associated factors in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger. Method This was a secondary analysis of data from Demographic and Health Surveys of Burkina Faso (2010), Mali (2012–2013), and Niger (2012). The dependent variable was the time to discontinuation of contraceptive methods. Independent variables were represented by sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and cultural characteristics. Mixed-effects survival analysis with proportional hazards was used to identify the predictors. Results A total of 2,264 adolescents and young women aged 15 to 24 years were included in this analysis, comprising 1,100 in Burkina Faso, 491 in Mali, and 673 in Niger. Over the last five years, the overall contraceptive discontinuation rate was 68.7% (50.1% in Burkina Faso, 59.6% in Mali, and 96.8% in Niger). At the individual level, in Burkina Faso, occupation (aHR = 0.33), number of living children (aHR = 2.17), marital status (aHR = 2.93), and region (aHR = 0.54) were associated with contraceptive discontinuation. Except for education and marital status, we found the same factors in Mali. In Niger, a women's education level (aHR = 1.47) and her partner (aHR = 0.52) were associated with discontinuation. At the community level, the region of origin was associated with discontinuation of contraceptive methods. Conclusion Most adolescents and young women experienced at least one episode of discontinuation. Discontinuation of contraceptive methods is associated with the level of education, occupation, number of children, marital status, and desire for children with the spouse. Promotion of contraceptive interventions should target adolescents, young women, and their partners, as well as those with a low education level or in a union.

Contraception

2020 ◽  
pp. 665-677
Author(s):  
Zephne M. van der Spuy ◽  
Petrus S. Steyn
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Unplanned Pregnancy ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
Contraceptive Counselling ◽  
Unintended Pregnancies ◽  
Contraceptive Service ◽  
Effective Contraception ◽  
Health Organization

Effective contraception is central to reproductive health and unintended pregnancies have a major negative impact on both maternal and child health. It is recognized that there is a global unmet need for effective contraception and often the unplanned pregnancy is terminated, sometimes by unsafe practices. There is recognition of the importance of accessible, effective fertility regulation both in the Millennium Development Goal 5b and now in Sustainable Development Goal 3. It is hoped that contraceptive provision will be expanded and made accessible to many women who previously were not able to address their fertility needs. The World Health Organization offers input and excellent clinical advice through the Medical Eligibility Criteria for contraceptive use which are regularly updated. It is recommended that these should be adapted for local use where appropriate. An understanding of the success of contraceptive methods with typical rather than perfect use is central to advising women and their partners on their contraceptive options. Attention to women with special needs such as those with medical disorders, young women, and women living with HIV must be central to any contraceptive service. Counselling should include discussing the risks and benefits of appropriate methods, the availability of emergency contraception, and the ongoing access to contraceptive counselling and reproductive health services. The aim of contraceptive service provision is to avoid unintended pregnancies and ensure that women feel empowered in the choices they make. Services providers are encouraged to provide a spectrum of contraceptive options which are accessible and acceptable to all clients.

scholarly journals Use of Model-Informed Drug Development to Streamline Development of Long-Acting Products: Can These Successes Be Translated to Long-Acting Hormonal Contraceptives?

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 745-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Doanh Tran ◽  
Hao Zhu ◽  
Praveen Balimane ◽  
Gerald Willett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Contraceptive Methods ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Unintended Pregnancies ◽  
Exposure Response ◽  
The Us ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Long Acting Contraceptives ◽  
Conceptual Translation

Long-acting contraceptives are the most effective reversible contraceptive methods. Increasing patients’ access to these contraceptives may translate into fewer unintended pregnancies and lead to substantial individual and public health benefits. However, development of long-acting products can be complex and challenging. This review provides ( a) an overview of representative development programs for long-acting antipsychotics as cases for conceptual translation to long-acting contraceptives, ( b) several case examples on how modeling and simulation have been used to streamline the development of long-acting products, and ( c) examples of challenges andopportunities in developing long-acting contraceptives and information on how exposure-response relationships of commonly used progestins may enable regulators and developers to rely on prior findings of effectiveness and safety from an approved contraceptive to streamline the development of long-acting contraceptives. The US Food and Drug Administration is seeking assistance from stakeholders to provide data from studies in which pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic or clinical outcomes of hormonal contraceptives were evaluated and not previously submitted.

Evolving landscape of scholarly journals in open access environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (6/7) ◽  
pp. 550-567
Author(s):  
Sumeer Gul ◽  
Sangita Gupta ◽  
Tariq Ahmad Shah ◽  
Nahida Tun Nisa ◽  
Shazia Manzoor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Peer Review Process ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
High Income ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Finnish Meteorological Institute ◽  
Open Access Journals

Purpose Open access journals (OAJs) offer immediate, free and unrestricted online access to the scholarly literature. The purpose of this study is to trace the status and characteristics of OAJs published across the globe. Various trends that have evolved in OAJ market have been studied. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on data collected from one of the largest OA journal directory – Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). The data were downloaded on 02 January 2018 and details of OAJs added to DOAJ till 31 December 2018 were harvested, codified and further analyzed in SPSS software. A Microsoft-Excel template application – MAKESENS – developed by Finnish Meteorological Institute (Finland) in 2002, was explored to perform Mann–Kendall Test and Sen’s Slope Estimates. Findings A less score of OAJs offer access to their archival content. An increasing trend is witnessed in the OAJ publishing with Elsevier, Sciendo and BioMed Central (BMC) as the top publishers. Majority of publishers are from high-income zone countries, followed by upper-middle and lower-middle zone countries. Majority of OA publishers are from the UK, Indonesia and Brazil. A lesser score of journals offer article processing charges and/or author submission charges. Majority of OAJs from high- and lower-middle-income zone countries levy submission/processing charge to authors compared to OA journals from upper-middle- and lower-income zone countries (p < 0.01). OJS stays a prioritized platform for hosting OA journal content. Portico and CLOCKSS/LOCKSS are mostly used for long-term preservation purposes. Majority of OAJs from high-income zone countries participate in digital arching initiatives compared to ones from other income zones. Majority of the journals adopt a peer review (double-blind peer review, blind peer review, peer review and open peer review) process for validation of their scholarly content. The time lag between submission and publication ranges from one to 53 weeks, with majority of OAJs having a time lag of 11-20 weeks. Creative Commons Licenses are mainly adopted by OAJs. Research limitations/implications As the study is based on the data offered by DOAJ, any gaps in the DOAJ data will also get reflected in the study. Further, there might be other OAJs also that have yet to show compliance with DOAJ standards and get indexed with it. Originality/value The study tries to showcase the current status and characteristics of OAJs.

Using Social Ecological Theory to Identify Factors Associated With Risky Sexual Behavior in Cambodian Adolescent Girls and Young Women Aged 10 to 24 Years: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 71-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farwa Rizvi ◽  
Joanne Williams ◽  
Humaira Maheen ◽  
Elizabeth Hoban
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Risky Sexual Behavior ◽  
Sexual And Reproductive Health ◽  
Sexual Debut ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Unintended Pregnancies ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
Increased Risk

There is an increase in risky sexual behavior (RSB) in Cambodian female youth aged 10 to 24 years, which can contribute to detrimental sexual and reproductive health due to the increased risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections, unintended pregnancies, or abortions. Bronfenbrenner’s social ecological model was used to identify factors at personal, microenvironment, and macroenvironment levels potentially associated with RSB. A systematic literature review employing PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines was conducted to search 8 databases for articles published between 1994 and 2019. A risk of bias tool was applied for methodological quality of the 4 included studies. RSB is associated with multiple factors including sexual debut at young age, alcohol and substance abuse, multiple partners, living away from parents or orphan status, peer delinquency, non-use of condoms by partners, transactional sex, low education and socioeconomic status, and no access to sexual and reproductive health services. Multipronged preventive strategies operating at different levels are recommended in terms of including sex education and increasing reproductive health literacy programs at the schools and community programs for safe sex, condom use and sexual negotiation skills, and access to modern contraceptive methods.

Stability of cabergoline in fox baits in laboratory and field conditions

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart McLean ◽  
Susan Brandon ◽  
Roger Kirkwood
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Acetic Acid Solution ◽  
Hydrolysis Product ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Fox Control

Cabergoline is a potent inhibitor of prolactin release and a potential fertility control agent for foxes. To understand how cabergoline could behave in baits deployed for fox control, we conducted laboratory and field trials to investigate the stability of cabergoline when (1) in solution, (2) injected into a bait (deep-fried liver and Foxoff®) and (3) exposed to a range of environmental conditions, including burial. Cabergoline, dissolved in a 1% acetic acid solution, and its carboxylic acid hydrolysis product can be assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. When stored at 4°C and at room temperature, cabergoline in solution was stable for up to 36 days. When stored under cool (≤15°C), dry conditions, cabergoline (800 µg) in commercial Foxoff® and deep-fried ox-liver baits was stable for 28 and 7 days, respectively; stability was reduced by increases in temperature (tested up to 40°C) and humidity. Recovery of cabergoline from buried baits exposed to a range of field conditions decreased rapidly in the first week, but after 56 days remained detectable at levels of 6–22% of the injected amounts. This study has important implications for baiting campaigns that use cabergoline for fox control.

scholarly journals Psychological Aspects of Contraception, Unintended Pregnancy, and Abortion

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia R. Steinberg ◽  
Lisa R. Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Unintended Pregnancy ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Family Care ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Psychological Aspects ◽  
Unintended Pregnancies

The knowledge of important biopsychosocial factors linking women’s reproductive health and mental health is increasing. This review focuses on psychological aspects of contraception, unintended pregnancy, and abortion because these are common reproductive health experiences in U.S. women’s lives. This review addresses the mental-health antecedents and consequences of these experiences, mostly focusing on depression and depressive symptoms before and after unintended pregnancy and contraception. As mental-health antecedents, depressive symptoms predict contraceptive behaviors that lead to unintended pregnancy, and mental-health disorders have been associated with having subsequent abortions. In examining the mental-health consequences, most sound research does not find abortion or contraceptive use to cause mental-health problems. Consequently, evidence does not support policies based on the notion that abortion harms women’s mental health. Nevertheless, the abortion-care setting may be a place to integrate mental-health services. In contrast, women who have births resulting from unintended pregnancies may be at higher risk of postpartum depression. Social policies (e.g., paid maternity leave, subsidized child care) may protect women from mental-health problems and stress of unplanned children interrupting employment, education, and pre-existing family care responsibilities.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document