scholarly journals The Role of Antioxidants in Skin Cancer Prevention and Treatment

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Godic ◽  
Borut Poljšak ◽  
Metka Adamic ◽  
Raja Dahmane
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Skin Aging ◽  
Skin Cancer Prevention ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Skin Damage ◽  
Endogenous Protection

Skin cells are constantly exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress from exogenous and endogenous sources. UV radiation is the most important environmental factor in the development of skin cancer and skin aging. The primary products caused by UV exposure are generally direct DNA oxidation or generation of free radicals which form and decompose extremely quickly but can produce effects that can last for hours, days, or even years. UV-induced generation of ROS in the skin develops oxidative stress when their formation exceeds the antioxidant defense ability. The reduction of oxidative stress can be achieved on two levels: by lowering exposure to UVR and/or by increasing levels of antioxidant defense in order to scavenge ROS. The only endogenous protection of our skin is melanin and enzymatic antioxidants. Melanin, the pigment deposited by melanocytes, is the first line of defense against DNA damage at the surface of the skin, but it cannot totally prevent skin damage. A second category of defense is repair processes, which remove the damaged biomolecules before they can accumulate and before their presence results in altered cell metabolism. Additional UV protection includes avoidance of sun exposure, usage of sunscreens, protective clothes, and antioxidant supplements.

Sun Exposure, Sunscreens, and Skin Cancer Prevention: A Year-Round Concern

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 662-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C Farmer ◽  
Mark F Naylor ◽  
Juan Roca-Acén ◽  
Marie Larouche
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Skin Aging ◽  
Skin Cancer Prevention ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Sunscreen Use

Objective To review the role of sunlight in skin aging and skin cancer formation, and to provide guidelines on the use of sunscreens to minimize the adverse effects of sun damage. Data Sources A MEDLINE search of applicable articles on ultraviolet (UV) radiation, melanoma, sunscreens, and skin cancer, evaluating both human and animal studies. Published and unpublished original research as well as clinical experience were also used. Data Synthesis The interaction of UV radiation and skin type plays a central role in melanoma formation. Mortality from melanoma is highest in geographic locations near the equator, where UV intensity is greatest. The incidence of melanomas in light-complected individuals (skin types I-III) is several times higher than those with darker skin types (types IV-VI), even in similar geographic regions. The UVB portion of the spectrum appears to be primarily responsible for skin cancer formation and photoaging, while short wave UVA rays play a significant contributing role. Regular sunscreen use has been shown to reduce the formation of precancerous actinic keratoses (AK) lesions by 36%. A dose-response relationship has also been found between the amount of sunscreen used and AK formation. Conclusions Sunscreens have now been shown to reduce the carcinogenic effects of sunlight in humans. Patients should be advised of the long-term consequences of sun exposure and the benefits of regular sunscreen use.

A qualitative exploration of parental perceptions regarding children’s sun exposure, sun protection, and sunburn

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karlijn Thoonen ◽  
Liesbeth van Osch ◽  
Rowan Drittij ◽  
Hein de Vries ◽  
Francine Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Sun Protection ◽  
Parental Perceptions ◽  
Skin Cancer Prevention ◽  
Protection Measure ◽  
Sun Safety ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

Sun protection among children is of utmost importance since sunburn in early life is a major risk factor for skin cancer development. Because parents play a vital role in enhancing sun safety among children, this study explored parental perceptions concerning sun exposure, sun protection behaviors, and sunburn in children. Additionally, the context in which children experience sunburn in order to assist the development, optimization, and targeting of sun safety interventions for parents is revealed.A qualitative study design, using a semi-structured interview guide addressing several themes (e.g. sun exposure, sun protection, and sunburn experiences), was used. Data were collected in the Netherlands in the fall of 2019. Parents were recruited via purposive sampling at schools, youth services centers, and social media. In total, 26 interviews were performed. Execution, transcription, and coding of the interviews was done by two researchers, using the qualitative analyzing program Nvivo (interrater reliability of d =.84). Comprehensive findings concerning various themes were retrieved. It was found that sunburn was frequently prevalent among children, even though all parents reported using at least one sun protection measure. Parents were often unaware of their child’s sunburn and its severity. Regarding sun protection measures, parents demonstrated an overreliance on sunscreen, often failing to adequately protect their children’s skin. Water-related activities, a lack of shade, and lack of knowledge regarding UV-index were often related to sunburn. Moreover, unexpected sun exposure or longer exposure duration than initially planned were reported as challenging situations. The majority of parents had positive perceptions regarding tanned skin for both themselves as for children.This study provides directions for future skin cancer prevention efforts targeted at both parents and their children. Since a lack of knowledge regarding sufficient sun protection measures and sunburn occurrence in various situations was reported, educational efforts are warranted. Additionally, focusing on clothing, shade-seeking, and adequate sunscreen use is recommended to increase children’s sun safety. By intervening in the physical environment as well (e.g. providing shady areas), sun protection barriers can be reduced. Lastly, the general positive attitude toward tanned skin evident in this study is certainly worthy of attention in future interventions.

Identification of socio-cognitive determinants of parental sun protection behaviors to optimize intervention development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karlijn Thoonen ◽  
Liesbeth van Osch ◽  
Rik Crutzen ◽  
Hein de Vries ◽  
Francine Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Sun Protection ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Skin Cancer Prevention ◽  
Sun Safety ◽  
Cognitive Determinants

Background: Adequate sun safety during childhood is crucial for decreasing skin cancer risk in later life. Although parents are an essential target group in applying sun protection measures for their children, interventions are often not directed at parents. This study identifies the most relevant determinants in predicting parental sun protection intentions and behaviors to provide guidance for future intervention development.Methods: A longitudinal survey study with two measurements was conducted among Dutch parents (N=670) of children (4-12 years old). Twenty-seven socio-cognitive determinants were examined in terms of relevance regarding four parental sun protection behaviors in different sun exposure situations. The CIBER approach was used to visualize room for improvement (sample means) on all determinants and their association strengths (correlations) with sun protection intentions and behaviors.Results: Behavior-specific rather than generic determinants were most relevant in explaining all sun protection behaviors. Of these determinants, attitude, self-efficacy and action planning, and especially parental feelings of difficulty in performing sun protection behaviors, were most relevant. Altogether, the explained variance of all socio-cognitive determinants was highest for shade-seeking behavior (R2= .41 and .43) and lowest for supportive behavior (R2=.19 and .29) in both planned and incidental sun exposure situations respectively.Discussion: This study provides detailed insight into relevant socio-cognitive determinants of parental sun protection behaviors in various sun exposure situations. This insight provides guidance for composing parental skin cancer prevention interventions. Future composition of sun safety interventions should emphasize on enhancing parental feelings of self-efficacy, especially for shade-seeking and clothing behaviors.

scholarly journals Identification of Relevant Sociocognitive Determinants Explaining Multiple Parental Sun Protection Behaviors

2021 ◽  
pp. 109019812110104
Author(s):  
Karlijn Thoonen ◽  
Liesbeth van Osch ◽  
Rik Crutzen ◽  
Hein de Vries ◽  
Francine Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Sun Protection ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Skin Cancer Prevention ◽  
Sun Safety ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Insight Into

Background Adequate sun safety during childhood is crucial for decreasing skin cancer risk in later life. Although parents are an essential target group in applying sun protection measures for their children, insight into the determinants associated with their sun protection behaviors is limited. Aims This study aims to identify the most relevant determinants in predicting multiple parental sun protection intentions and behaviors in different sun exposure situations. Method A longitudinal survey study with two measurements was conducted among Dutch parents ( N = 670) of children (4–12 years old). Twenty-seven sociocognitive determinants were examined in terms of relevance regarding four parental sun protection behaviors in different sun exposure situations. The Confidence Interval-Based Estimation of Relevance approach was used to visualize room for improvement (sample means) on all determinants and their association strengths (correlations) with sun protection intentions and behaviors. Results Behavior-specific rather than generic determinants were most relevant in explaining all sun protection behaviors. Of these determinants, attitude, self-efficacy and action planning, and especially parental feelings of difficulty in performing sun protection behaviors, were most relevant. Altogether, the explained variance of all sociocognitive determinants was highest for shade-seeking behavior ( R2 = .41 and .43) and lowest for supportive behavior ( R2 = .19 and .29) in both planned and incidental sun exposure situations, respectively. Discussion This study provides detailed insight into relevant sociocognitive determinants of parental sun protection behaviors in various sun exposure situations and directions for composing parental skin cancer prevention interventions. Conclusions Future composition of sun safety interventions should emphasize on enhancing parental feelings of self-efficacy, especially for shade-seeking and clothing behaviors.

Skin cancer on Instagram: implications for adolescents and young adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey H. Basch ◽  
Grace C. Hillyer
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Skin Cancer Prevention ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Protective Gear ◽  
Considerable Portion

AbstractGiven the popularity and reach of Instagram among American adolescents and young adults (AYA), the well-known influence of social media on the behaviors of youth, and the rising rates of melanoma in this age group, this study sought to examine and describe the content of a sample of Instagram posts related to skin cancer. At three different times, a search of Instagram was conducted using #skincancer as the hashtag. Descriptive analyses of Instagram characteristics and content was performed. Overall, content focused on prevention (33.3%), skin cancer treatment (29.3%) and preventive measures such as using sunscreen and protective gear (29.3%). Nearly one-quarter discussed the ABCDEs (Asymmetrical; Borders are irregular; Color is not even; Diameter is large; Evolving) of screening and detection. Instagram postings that covered skin cancer prevention (n = 50, 33.3%) more often discussed the role of sun exposure in the development of skin cancer (28.0% vs. 10.0%, p = 0.005) and use of sunscreen and protective gear (62.0% vs. 13.0%, p < 0.001). The findings of this study indicate that a considerable portion of the Instagram posts included in this study focused on prevention. Thus, indicating that Instagram could be used to promote health, particularly among AYA.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of New Multifunctional Self-Boosted Filters for UV Protection: ZnO Complex with Dihydroxyphenyl Benzimidazole Carboxylic Acid

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (24) ◽  
pp. 4546
Author(s):  
Mattia Battistin ◽  
Elisa Durini ◽  
Valeria Dissette ◽  
Alessandro Bonetto ◽  
Antonio Marcomini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Skin Cancer Prevention ◽  
Protection Factor ◽  
Full Characterization ◽  
New Class ◽  
Chemical Combination ◽  
Direct Functionalization

The incidence of skin cancer is increasing both because of climate change and the increase in pollution than people’s incorrect habits of sun exposure. In these regards, sunscreen and photoprotection are essential tools in consenting the benefits induced by safe solar light exposition and skin cancer prevention. In this work, a new class of sunscreen filter was synthesized by chemical combination of a physical filter (ZnO) and Oxisol (dihydroxyphenyl benzimidazole carboxylic acid), an antioxidant molecule with booster effect. In this work, a new class of filters with new properties was achieved by direct functionalization of particles surface. A full characterization of this multifunctional ingredient (ZnO–Ox) was conducted: Compared with the simple mixture, the new filter acts as a multifunctional molecule showing a higher Sun Protection Factor (SPF), a better cytotoxic profile (MTT and NRU assay), and anti-acne activity. A strong reduction of photocatalytic activity of ZnO was observed, also improving the safety profile.

Development of a Skin Cancer Prevention Program

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Hatmaker
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Prevention Program ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
School Nurses ◽  
Premature Aging ◽  
Skin Cancer Prevention ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Ultraviolet Rays ◽  
Cancer Prevention Program

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) now categorizes skin cancer as epidemic. Nearly 90% of these deadly cancers start from sun exposure during the childhood years. This makes sun exposure in school-age children a serious public health risk, also one that school nurses can address. Solar radiation is now classified as a “known human carcinogen,” with ultraviolet rays joining the ranks of other known cancer-causing elements such as tobacco, arsenic, and radon. Sun exposure to unprotected skin results in painful burns, premature aging, cataracts, and weakened immune systems. School nurses can use the new CDC guidelines along with other local and state resources to develop a specific skin cancer prevention program for their schools. They are in a pivotal position to partner with students, parents, administrators, teachers, and coaches to reduce the occurrence of skin cancer in children. The article describes one high school’s skin cancer prevention project.

Fighting Skin Cancer With a Musical Sound

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Potente ◽  
Vanessa Rock ◽  
Jacqueline McIver ◽  
Melinda Williams ◽  
Christopher Magee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Sun Protection ◽  
Skin Cancer Prevention ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Media Campaigns ◽  
Social Marketing Campaign ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Media ◽  
Key Barrier

Australian youth have good knowledge about skin cancer prevention as a result of over three decades of traditional mass media campaigns. However, youth sun protection behavior remains poor. This case study describes the results of a unique social marketing campaign (the Sun Sound) aimed at translating youths’ knowledge into improved sun protection behavior. Formative research identified that a key barrier to sun protection was youth regularly forgot to protect their skin. As such, the campaign centered on a musical jingle that was broadcast at outdoor recreational settings as a “cue to action” reminder to use sun protection at the time and point of sun exposure. The Sun Sound was trialed at two coastal communities in New South Wales, Australia, during summer 2009–2010. The media launch generated 17.6 million Australian audience impressions (advertising value A$257,785). Intercept surveys conducted with 467 youth aged 12–18 years found there was high unprompted recall (41%) and understanding (79%) of the Sun Sound message. The Sun Sound was found to be an effective cue to action in prompting sun protection behaviors when heard, with over a third (38%) of respondents reporting use of additional sun protection upon hearing the jingle. Since the pilot, the Sun Sound has expanded to over 60 pools, beaches, and selected venues across Australia. The campaign demonstrates it is possible to influence behavior by targeting audiences at the actual point that behavior occurs, using research-informed insights and a relevant marketing mix.

scholarly journals Tylosin Inhibited Growth of Chlorella Vulgaris and Raphidocelis Subcapitata by Inducing Oxidative Stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denglong Lu ◽  
Zhihua Ma ◽  
Jianglin Peng ◽  
Yibo Zhang ◽  
Shan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Raphidocelis Subcapitata

Abstract Two model algae Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) and Raphidocelis subcapitata (R. subcapitata) were generally used to test chemicals with antimicrobial properties during registration process. However, it has been reported that significant sensitivity difference in two algae when exposure to antibiotics. Furthermore, the selection of an appropriate test species play a vital role in evaluate of environmental hazards and risks of compounds. Since the balance between oxidative stress and antioxidant is a crucial factor on alga growth. This experiment is performed to investigate the working of oxidative stress and mechanism of antioxidant defense system of algae under antibiotic stress. A series of concentration of Tylosin (TYN), a macrolide antibiotic, were used to test in this study. Oxidative stress biomarkers (Malondialdehyde (MDA)), non-enzymatic antioxidants (Reduced glutathione (GSH)), antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GP), Glutathione S-transferase (GST)) and photosynthetic pigments were measured to investigate antioxidant defense system. R. subcapitata was significantly inhibited with increasing concentration of TYN, whereas no effects on C. vulgaris. The contents of MDA increased significantly when species were inhibited, and thus, activating the antioxidant system, companying with the significantly increasing of SOD and CAT.

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