scholarly journals Differences in Swallowing between High and Low Concentration Taste Stimuli

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Nagy ◽  
Catriona M. Steele ◽  
Cathy A. Pelletier
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Taste Stimulus ◽  
Taste Intensity ◽  
Age Group ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Perceived Intensity ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Stimulus Concentration ◽  
Swallowing Pressure ◽  
Two Age Groups

Taste is a property that is thought to potentially modulate swallowing behavior. Whether such effects depend on taste, intensity remains unclear. This study explored differences in the amplitudes of tongue-palate pressures in swallowing as a function of taste stimulus concentration. Tongue-palate pressures were collected in 80 healthy women, in two age groups (under 40, over 60), stratified by genetic taste status (nontasters, supertasters). Liquids with different taste qualities (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter) were presented in high and low concentrations. General labeled magnitude scale ratings captured perceived taste intensity and liking/disliking of the test liquids. Path analysis explored whether factors of taste, concentration, age group, and/or genetic taste status impacted: (1) perceived intensity; (2) palatability; and (3) swallowing pressures. Higher ratings of perceived intensity were found in supertasters and with higher concentrations, which were more liked/disliked than lower concentrations. Sweet stimuli were more palatable than sour, salty, or bitter stimuli. Higher concentrations elicited stronger tongue-palate pressures independently and in association with intensity ratings. The perceived intensity of a taste stimulus varies as a function of stimulus concentration, taste quality, participant age, and genetic taste status and influences swallowing pressure amplitudes. High-concentration salty and sour stimuli elicit the greatest tongue-palate pressures.

scholarly journals Sweet and Umami Taste Perception Differs with Habitual Exercise in Males

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Feeney ◽  
Laura Leacy ◽  
Mark O’Kelly ◽  
Niamh Leacy ◽  
Abbie Phelan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Taste Intensity ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Umami Taste ◽  
Perceived Intensity ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Habitual Exercise

Taste is influenced by several factors. However, whether habitual exercise level is associated with differences in taste perception has received little investigation. The aim of this study was to determine if habitual exercise is associated with differences in taste perception in men. Active (n = 16) and inactive (n = 14) males, between ages 18–55, underwent two days of sensory testing, using prototypical taste stimuli of high and low concentrations for sweet, salt, bitter, sour, umami, and carbohydrate (maltodextrin). Mean perceived intensity and hedonic ratings were recorded. Eating behaviour was assessed by the three factor eating questionnaire and food intake by EPIC food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). There were moderate to large differences between the two groups in perceived intensity for sweet taste at the high concentration and umami taste at both high and low concentrations, with active males recording a higher perceived intensity (p < 0.05 for all). The active group also recorded a greater dislike for umami low and carbohydrate low concentration (p < 0.01). Salt, bitter and sour perception did not significantly differ between the two groups. FFQ analysis showed no difference in % energy from macronutrients between the groups. Eating behaviour traits correlated with sweet taste intensity and umami taste liking, independent of activity status. Results indicated that sweet and umami taste perception differ in active compared to inactive males. Habitual exercise level should be considered in taste perception research and in product development. Whether differences in taste perception could be one factor influencing food intake and thus energy balance with habitual exercise warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals Dynamic Smile Visualization and Quantification in different age groups

2016 ◽  
Vol 06 (04) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Harshitha V. ◽  
M.S. Ravi ◽  
Reshma Raveendran ◽  
Raed Saeed ◽  
Kiran Kumar C.
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
T Test ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Buccal Corridor ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Two Age Groups

Abstract Aims and Objectives: To assess the posed and dynamic smile and to compare the various attributes of smile in frontal, oblique and sagittal dimensions, in two different age groups (10- 15years and 18-25 years). Materials and Methods: The posed and dynamic smile parameters were measured using digital video clips in 80 subjects of two different age groups (10-15years and 18-25 years). Total of 15 parameters were studied in 3 planes of space. The data was analysed using student`s t-test to compare smile parameters across the age groups, paired t-test was used to analyse the parameters of posed and unposed smile within the same age group and chi-square test was performed for the discrete data. Results: The present study revealed significant differences in dynamic smile parameters between the two age groups. The parameters like Philtrum height and Smile index are more in older age group whereas the buccal corridor was more in younger age group. Significant differences were also recorded in various parameters in both the groups when the posted smile is compared with that of the dynamic smile. Conclusion: In both the age groups, the dynamic and posed smile attributes are significantly different, except for buccal corridor and interlabial gap.

Character introductions in oral narratives of Swedish–German bilingual preschoolers

2020 ◽  
pp. 014272371989744
Author(s):  
Josefin Lindgren ◽  
Valerie Reichardt ◽  
Ute Bohnacker
Keyword(s):  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Morphological Form ◽  
Information Status ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Old Swedish ◽  
As Effects ◽  
Two Age Groups

Closely related Swedish and German both mark information status of referents morphologically, though little is known about its acquisition. This study investigates character introductions in the narratives of 4- and 6-year-old Swedish–German bilinguals ( N = 40) in both languages, elicited with MAIN Cat/Dog. We analyse effects of age group, language and animacy (human vs nonhuman characters) on the type of referring expression (indefinite NP and pronoun), as well as effects of language proficiency and exposure on the use of indefinite NPs for each language. We also explore which syntactic constructions indefinite NPs occur in. A significant difference was found between the two age groups, but not between languages. No effect was found of language skills or exposure. Four-year-olds used more pronouns and a lower proportion of indefinite NPs than 6-year-olds. Pronouns were more frequent for the human character than for nonhuman animate characters. Whilst animacy (humanness) promoted the use of pronouns, it did not affect the choice of morphological form for lexical NPs (indefinite/definite). The age groups differed in how indefinite NPs were used. Four-year-olds produced fewer narrative presentations (where a character is introduced as part of a typical story opening, e.g. Once upon a time there was a cat) than 6-year-olds, and more labellings (with only an NP, or a clausal predicative, e.g. That’s a cat). Qualitative analyses suggest that the children’s indefinite NPs in labelling constructions can be both referential (when setting the narrative scene), and type-denoting (when naming referents in individual pictures). Whilst the children’s abilities to introduce story characters develop measurably from 4 to 6 years in Swedish and German, appropriateness of character introductions not only depends on whether an indefinite NP is chosen, but also on the syntactic construction this indefinite NP is used in.

scholarly journals Pancreatic Surgery in the Older Population: A Single Institution’s Experience over Two Decades

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhaumik Brahmbhatt ◽  
Abhishek Bhurwal ◽  
Frank J. Lukens ◽  
Mauricia A. Buchanan ◽  
John A. Stauffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Resection ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Pancreatic Resections ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Younger Patient ◽  
Two Age Groups

Objectives. Surgery is the most effective treatment for pancreatic cancer. However, present literature varies on outcomes of curative pancreatic resection in the elderly. The objective of the study was to evaluate age as an independent risk factor for 90-day mortality and complications after pancreatic resection. Methods. Nine hundred twenty-nine consecutive patients underwent 934 pancreatic resections between March 1995 and July 2014 in a tertiary care center. Primary analyses focused on outcomes in terms of 90-day mortality and postoperative complications after pancreatic resection in these two age groups. Results. Even though patients aged 75 years or older had significantly more postoperative morbidities compared with the younger patient group, the age group was not associated with increased risk of 90-day mortality after pancreatic resection. Discussion. The study suggests that age alone should not preclude patients from undergoing curative pancreatic resection.

scholarly journals Lipid oxidation by heart mitochondria from young adult and senescent rats

1978 ◽  
Vol 170 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Hansford
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Heart Mitochondria ◽  
Synthetase Activity ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Carnitine Acetyltransferase ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
First Order ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Two Age Groups

1. State-3 (i.e. ADP-stimulated) rates of O2 uptake with palmitoylcarnitine, palmitoyl-CoA plus carnitine, pyruvate plus malonate plus carnitine and octanoate as respiratory substrate were all diminished in heart mitochondria isolated from senescent (24-month-old) rats compared with mitochondria from young adults (6 months old). By contrast, State-3 rates of O2 uptake with pyruvate plus malate or glutamate plus malate were the same for mitochondria from each age group. 2. Measurements of enzyme activities in disrupted mitochondria showed a decline with senescence in the activity of acyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.2 and 6.2.1.3), carnitine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.7) and 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35), but no change in the activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.21) or acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.3). 3. Measurement of dl-[3H]carnitine (in)/acetyl-l-carnitine (out) exchange in intact mitochondria showed decreased rates when the animals used were senescent. However, this followed from a decreased intramitochondrial pool of exchangeable carnitine, such that calculated first-order rate constants for exchange were identical in mitochondria from the two age groups. 4. The decline in acyl-CoA synthetase activity is thought to be the reason for the diminished rate of O2 uptake with octanoate in senescence. The decline in carnitine acetyltransferase activity is considered to be the cause of the diminished rate of O2 uptake with acetylcarnitine or with pyruvate plus malonate plus carnitine as substrate. The mechanism of the diminished rate of O2 uptake with palmitoylcarnitine in senescence is discussed.

Learned Helplessness in Physical Education: A Developmental Study of Causal Attributions and Task Persistence

1994 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Martinek ◽  
Joseph B. Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Task Persistence ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Two Age Groups ◽  
And Task

The purpose of this study was to describe the effect of age on specific psychological and behavioral measures of learned-helpless and mastery-oriented students. The study consisted of two age groups, younger and older, of learned-helplessness and mastery-oriented students. Within each age group, learned-helpless and mastery-oriented students were compared in terms of attributional profiles and levels of task persistence during instruction. Students were asked to view videotapes of their performances, to describe how they thought they did on each task, and to give reasons for their performance. Responses were classified into four attributional categories: (a) ability, (b) effort, (c) task difficulty, and (d) environment or luck. Persistence was also determined by looking at the number of times students would attempt a task. Attributional profiles and task persistence associated with the leamed-helpless condition was more prevalent with the older group than with the younger group.

The changing face of cancer in the elderly—Only a demographic change?

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 18597-18597
Author(s):  
Y. Rottenberg ◽  
T. Peretz
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Cancer Burden ◽  
Two Age Groups

18597 Background: In industrial countries, the cancer burden of the elderly is high and is increased. One reason is longer life expectancy. Increasing age standardized rates of cancer in this age group compared to younger groups may also explain this phenomenon. Methods: Two age groups were examined, above and below 65 years. Each age group was further divided into men and women. The age standardized rates for all cancers combined among the Jewish population in Israel were identified through the Israel Cancer Registry during the years 1973–2002. In addition, lung and colorectal cancers according to sexes, prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women were examined. Results: Between the first 5 years of the study (1973–1977) and the last 5 years (1998–2002) the age standardized rates for all cancers combined were raised by about one third in the two age groups. In males, the overall change was higher in the older group (42% in men aged 65 years and older compared to 31% in men younger than 65). However, the rise in the younger group was more prominent in females (42% in women younger than 65 years compared to 33 % in women aged 65 and older). The most outstanding increase was in prostate cancer in men, but mainly in the younger group (176% in the older group and 368% in the younger group) followed by breast cancer in women, more prominent in the older group (64% in the older group and 50% in the younger group). In both sexes, more noticeable increases were noted in the older groups in colorectal cancer and in lung cancer. Between the years 1993–1997 and 1998–2002 shifts towards stabilization and even a decrease was noted in some of the cancers that were examined. In men aged 65 years and older rates for all cancers combined were decreased by 2.5%, among the specific tumors and a decrease was noted in lung cancer (6.7%) and prostate cancer (5.8%). The rates for all cancers combined among the older women were slightly decreasing (2.0%). No decrease was noted in the specific tumors in this group. Among the younger groups in both sexes, no decrease (defined >0.5%) was noted. Conclusions: These data argue against the hypothesis that the overall change in the cancer burden in the aged could be also explained by differences changes in the risk of developing cancer between these two age groups. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Audiovisual speech recalibration in children*

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 809-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
SABINE VAN LINDEN ◽  
JEAN VROOMEN
Keyword(s):  
Speech Sound ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Audiovisual Speech ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Exposure Phase ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Audiovisual Stimuli ◽  
Speech Identification ◽  
Two Age Groups

ABSTRACTIn order to examine whether children adjust their phonetic speech categories, children of two age groups, five-year-olds and eight-year-olds, were exposed to a video of a face saying /aba/ or /ada/ accompanied by an auditory ambiguous speech sound halfway between /b/ and /d/. The effect of exposure to these audiovisual stimuli was measured on subsequently delivered auditory-only speech identification trials. Results were compared to a control condition in which the audiovisual exposure stimuli contained non-ambiguous and congruent sounds /aba/ or /ada/. The older children learned to categorize the initially ambiguous speech sound in accord with the previously seen lip-read information (i.e. recalibration), but this was not the case for the younger age group. Moreover, all children displayed a tendency to report the stimulus that they were exposed to during the exposure phase. Methodological improvements for adjusting such a response bias are discussed.

Evaluation of intra-uterine contraception in selected mission hospitals in India

1973 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sadashivaiah ◽  
M. S. Subba Rao
Keyword(s):  
Post Partum ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Living Children ◽  
Two Age Groups

SummaryIntra-uterine contraception is a useful method of fertility control, because of its applicability at all levels of socio-economic development and it has been the mainstay of the fertility control programme in many countries.The present evaluation is based on the hospital follow-up records of 4067 IUD cases from randomly selected mission hospitals for the years 1967 and 1968. Of the insertions, 97·7% were non-post-partum, and 60% of the acceptors were from the age group 25–34 years with a median age of 29·8 years; nearly 70% had fewer than four living children. The pattern of distribution by religion is similar to that of the 1961 census figures.The average number of women months (6·7) of IUD use is very low in a follow-up study of 24 months but is more or less consistent, both by age and parity.The incidence of expulsion, removal and pregnancy was 8·2, 12·9 and 0·6 respectively for all ages and although these rates were higher with the 27½-mm loop than the 30-mm loop the differences are not statistically significant.The rates of expulsion, removals and complaints were greatest during the first 6 months of use and decreased gradually with increase in duration of use.Bleeding, or other symptoms associated with bleeding, were the main reasons for the removals.Incidence of re-insertion was higher among those aged <25 years than among those aged ≥25 years and the difference in the proportion of re-insertions between the two age groups is statistically significant.The size of the loop seems to have no bearing on the incidence of re-insertions.Total termination rates at the end of 6, 12, 18 and 24 months were 9·9, 15·2, 25·0 and 55·9 per 100 first insertions respectively.

scholarly journals A comparative study of the clinical characteristics and outcomes of HR-positive HER2-negative breast cancer patients over and under 65 years old

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Chang Shin Jung ◽  
Youn Joo Jung ◽  
Dong Il Kim ◽  
Seungju Lee ◽  
Seok Kyung Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Her2 Breast Cancer ◽  
Surgical Methods ◽  
Two Age Groups

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of hormone receptor-positive (HR+) human epidermal growth factor 2-negative (HER2–) breast cancer among elderly patients (over 65 years old) and younger patients.Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of 328 patients who were treated for breast cancer at Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital between January 2009 and December 2014. Tumor characteristics, surgical methods, and survival outcomes were compared between the two age groups (<65 and ≥65 years old). Kaplan-Meier curves for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were also constructed according to the age groups.Results: Among the 328 patients with HR+ HER2– breast cancer, 184 (56.1%) were <65 years old and 144 (43.9%) were ≥65 years old. Breast cancer stages were similar between the two age groups, but the older patients were treated less often with chemotherapy (81% vs. 66%, P=0.002). During the follow-up period, 17 deaths and 36 cases of recurrence or metastasis were reported. There was no difference in DFS between the two groups (P=0.840); however, the OS of the older age group was significantly lower than that of the younger age group (P=0.015).Conclusion: This study suggested that HR+ HER2– breast cancer patients belonging to the two age groups had no significant difference in DFS. However, older age is an independent factor affecting OS rate. Therefore, even if patients are old, but their physical condition is satisfactory, standard and active treatment may be necessary, similar to that given to younger patients.

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