scholarly journals Delaying Onset of Dementia: Are Two Languages Enough?

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morris Freedman ◽  
Suvarna Alladi ◽  
Howard Chertkow ◽  
Ellen Bialystok ◽  
Fergus I. M. Craik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Significant Protective Effect ◽  
Multicultural Perspective

There is an emerging literature suggesting that speaking two or more languages may significantly delay the onset of dementia. Although the mechanisms are unknown, it has been suggested that these may involve cognitive reserve, a concept that has been associated with factors such as higher levels of education, occupational status, social networks, and physical exercise. In the case of bilingualism, cognitive reserve may involve reorganization and strengthening of neural networks that enhance executive control. We review evidence for protective effects of bilingualism from a multicultural perspective involving studies in Toronto and Montreal, Canada, and Hyderabad, India. Reports from Toronto and Hyderabad showed a significant effect of speaking two or more languages in delaying onset of Alzheimer’s disease by up to 5 years, whereas the Montreal study showed a significant protective effect of speaking at least four languages and a protective effect of speaking at least two languages in immigrants. Although there were differences in results across studies, a common theme was the significant effect of language use history as one of the factors in determining the onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, the Hyderabad study extended the findings to frontotemporal dementia and vascular dementia.

Protective Effects Of Isothiocyanates Against Alzheimer's Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 07 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Asif ◽  
Chandra Kala ◽  
Sadaf Jamal Gilani ◽  
Syed Sarim Imam ◽  
Mohamad Taleuzzaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Therapeutic Agent ◽  
Pharmaceutical Research ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
Extensive Search

Background: The extensive search for a novel therapeutic agent against Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in medical and pharmaceutical research still continues. Despite a lot being explored about its therapeutics, there is still much more to learn in order to achieve promising therapeutic agents against ADAlzheimer's. Phytochemicals, especially secondary metabolites, are the major focus of the investigators for AD treatment. Objective: To describe major therapeutics targets of AD and the role of isothiocyanates (ITCs) in modulating these targets. Methods: Scientific databases, including Elsevier, Science Direct, Pub med, were explored. The explored literature was mainly journal publications on pathogenesis and targets of AD, and the effect of various ITCs in the modulation of these targets. Results: The major targets of AD include the Nrf-2/ARE signaling pathway, MAPKs pathway, GSK-3 signaling, and Ubiquitin-Protease system. ITCs, such as Sulforaphane, Allyl isothiocyanates, Moringin, 6-(methylsulfinyl) hexyl ITC, Phenethyl isothiocyanates, and Erucin, were reported to exert a protective effect against AD via modulating one of the several above mentioned targets. Conclusion: This article gives a detailed description of the therapeutic targets of AD and sheds light that phytochemicals, such as ITCs, can exert a protective effect against AD by targeting those pathways. However, properly designed research and clinical trials are required to include ITCs as a mainstream agent against AD.

Lifelong bilingualism, cognitive reserve and Alzheimer’s disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 171-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian T. Gold
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Aging Society ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Growing Body

Abstract Increasing our understanding about neuroprotective lifestyle variables has become a practical imperative in our aging society. Cognitive reserve (CR) refers to the use brain resources in a way that allows for coping with neuropathology and maintaining cognitive functioning. A growing body of evidence suggests that bilingualism may represent a form of CR against Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The purpose of the present review is to summarize both behavioral and neuroimaging evidence for bilingualism as a reserve variable against AD. The potential influences of literacy, intelligence, immigration status are discussed. Evidence is reviewed suggesting that bilingualism may delay clinical AD symptoms by protecting against age-related declines in the brain’s executive control circuitry. It is suggested that such potential beneficial effects within executive control systems may enable bilinguals to circumvent the typical effects of AD pathology on symptom expression for several years.

Effects of Educational Attainment and Occupational Status on Cognitive and Functional Decline in Persons With Alzheimer-Type Dementia

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Fritsch ◽  
Mckee J. McClendon ◽  
Kathleen A. Smyth ◽  
Paula K. Ogrocki
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Rate Of Decline

Researchers have suggested that educational attainment and occupational status—indicators of cognitive and/or neurologic “reserve”—can help persons compensate for clinical manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as the rates of cognitive and functional decline. The effects of educational attainment on rates of decline could be “direct” (independent of occupational status), “indirect” (working through occupational status), or both. We used multilevel analysis for repeated measures to study the effects of educational attainment and occupational status on rates of decline in cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE) and function (Cleveland Scale for Activities of Daily Living). Subject included persons with “probable” or “possible” AD, drawn from our Alzheimer's Disease Research Center registry (N = 482 in the analysis of cognitive decline, and N = 450 in the analysis of functional decline). When controlling for year of birth, gender, ethinicity, and duration of illness, we found that there was an inverse relationship between number of years of education and rate of decline in MMSE, but effects of occupational status were not significant. This implies a “direct” effect of education on decline in MMSE, but no “indirect” effect through occupational status. Neither educational attainment nor occupational status affected rate of decline in functional ability. We conclude that education slows the rate of cognitive decline in persons with AD, but not through its impact on occupational status. Thus the protective effects of reserve may be established early in life, before people enter the workforce.

scholarly journals Protective effect of dietary supplements against streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer’s disease in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-435
Author(s):  
Doha Mohamed ◽  
Marwa El-Shamarka ◽  
Sherein Abdelgayed ◽  
Rasha Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Flaxseed Oil ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3

Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative problem that is increased progressively due to the increment of aging worldwide. Phytochemicals play an important role in the protection from neurodegeneration. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of two dietary supplements (DS) rich in betalains, anthocyanins, and omega-3 fatty acids against AD. Methods: Two dietary supplements (DS I and DS II) were prepared; the first one was a mixture of anthocyanin-rich extract of purple carrot and flaxseed oil (DS I), while the second was a mixture of betalains-rich extract of beetroot and flaxseed oil (DS II). The protective effects of both DS were evaluated in an AD model. AD was induced in mice by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (3 mg/kg). Biochemical changes in brain tissue and plasma were determined. Behavioral of mice was evaluated through Y–maze test, Morris water maze, and novel object recognition test. Changes in brain tissues were assessed through histopathological examination. In vitro antioxidant activities of DS I and DS II were evaluated. Also, the contents of total phenolics, anthocyanins, betalains, and fatty acids profile were assessed. Results: Both DS investigated in the present study showed significant improvement (P < 0.05) in acetylcholinesterase, antioxidant enzymes, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and malondialdehyde (MDA)in brain tissue and butyrylcholinesterase in plasma in association with amelioration in the behavioral tests and histopathological changes of the brain tissue. Conclusion: Both DS showed protective effects against STZ induced AD in mice due to the presence of anthocyanins, betalains, and omega-3 fatty acids.

P2-296: BILINGUALISM, EXECUTIVE CONTROL, AND COGNITIVE RESERVE: IMPLICATIONS FOR PREVENTION OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. P586-P586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Martyr ◽  
John V. Hindle ◽  
Christopher J. Whitaker ◽  
Fergus I.M. Craik ◽  
Ellen Bialystok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Cognitive Reserve

scholarly journals Antia, a Natural Antioxidant Product, Attenuates Cognitive Dysfunction in Streptozotocin-Induced Mouse Model of Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease by Targeting the Amyloidogenic, Inflammatory, Autophagy, and Oxidative Stress Pathways

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Nesrine S. El Sayed ◽  
Mamdooh H. Ghoneum
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Sporadic Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Stat3 Pathway ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Background. Many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease are associated with oxidative stress. Therefore, antioxidant therapy has been suggested for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Objective. We investigated the ability of the antioxidant Antia to exert a protective effect against sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (SAD) induced in mice. Antia is a natural product that is extracted from the edible yamabushitake mushroom, the gotsukora and kothala himbutu plants, diosgenin (an extract from wild yam tubers), and amla (Indian gooseberry) after treatment with MRN-100. Methods. Single intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (3 mg/kg) was used for induction of SAD in mice. Antia was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) in 3 doses (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day) for 21 days. Neurobehavioral tests were conducted within 24 h after the last day of injection. Afterwards, mice were sacrificed and their hippocampi were rapidly excised, weighed, and homogenized to be used for measuring biochemical parameters. Results. Treatment with Antia significantly improved mice performance in the Morris water maze. In addition, biochemical analysis showed that Antia exerted a protective effect for several compounds, including GSH, MDA, NF-κB, IL-6, TNF-α, and amyloid β. Further studies with western blot showed the protective effect of Antia for the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Conclusions. Antia exerts a significant protection against cognitive dysfunction induced by ICV-STZ injection. This effect is achieved through targeting of the amyloidogenic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress pathways. The JAK2/STAT3 pathway plays a protective role for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases such as SAD.

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